齐口裂腹鱼鳞片发生及覆盖过程研究

观察了实验室养殖条件下齐口裂腹鱼稚鱼鳞片的发生和覆盖过程。结果表明,稚鱼体长为30.7—32.3 mm时,鳞片最先出现在鳃盖后缘侧线处;体长为45.3—47.9 mm时,鳞片覆盖完毕,体长和日龄对鳞片覆盖均有显著影响。在鳞片覆盖过程中出现6个鳞片发生起始位置,依次是鳃盖后缘侧线处、尾柄部侧线处、臀鳍基部、腹鳍基部、背鳍基部和峡部。此外,组织切片的观察结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼鳞片发育主要经历了形态发生早期、形态发生晚期、分化早期、分化晚期和折叠期五个阶段。这些研究结果丰富了齐口裂腹鱼早期发育的生物学资料,将有助于了解其在系统学和功能形态学上的特征。     

重口裂腹鱼鳞片发育和覆盖过程研究

为探讨重口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax davidi)鳞片发育规律,采用茜素红饱和中性水溶液染色法和组织学方法观察了实验室养殖的重口裂腹鱼稚鱼鳞片发生和覆盖过程。结果显示,重口裂腹鱼鳞片开始发生和覆盖完成的时间分别为出膜后第62天和第110天。鳞片覆盖过程中,出现的6个鳞片发生的起始位置(出现时间)依次为鳃盖后缘侧线处(出膜后62天)、尾柄中部侧线处(出膜后71天)、臀鳍基部(出膜后79天)、腹鳍基部(出膜后83天)、背鳍基部前缘(出膜后91天)和峡部(出膜后104天)。组织学观察结果表明,鳞片发育主要经历了形态发生早期、形态发生晚期、分化早期、分化晚期和鳞片折叠期5个阶段。鳞被覆盖过程中,鳞被覆盖率(CR,%)与日龄(D,d)和体长(L,mm)的关系分别为:CR=-0.001 4D3+0.357 3D2-28.408 0D+712.78(拟合度判定系数R2=0.980 5,n=77,P0.000 1),CR=0.007 7L3-0.944 4L2+43.092 0L-634.35(拟合度判定系数R2=0.508 4,n=77,P0.000 1),鳞被覆盖率与日龄显著相关(r=0.984,P0.000 1),与体长的相关性较低(r=0.771,P0.000 1),这表明重口裂腹鱼鳞片发生和覆盖与日龄关系密切。这些研究结果丰富了重口裂腹鱼早期发育生物学资料,有助于了解其在系统学和功能形态学上的特征。     

伊洛瓦底江中国境内江段裂腹鱼属二新种描述及分类整理

该文对伊洛瓦底江水系的裂腹鱼属进行分类订正。发现了两种未被描记的鱼类新种,即白体裂腹鱼(Schizothorax leukussp.nov.)和奇异裂腹鱼(Schizothorax heteri sp.nov.)。白体裂腹鱼下唇完整不分叶、表面具发达乳突,下唇后缘平直呈横带形;下颌内侧角质突起甚厚,充满整个口腔,角质前缘锐利;胸鳍末端之前的峡部和腹部裸露无鳞;须长约等于眼径;背鳍末根不分枝鳍条较软,基部～1/3扩大变硬、后缘具明显锯齿;侧线鳞94～105,侧线上鳞26～34,侧线下鳞21～27;第一鳃弓外侧鳃耙16～20;体侧暗褐色,无明显黑斑。这些特征可将白体裂腹鱼与本属其他种类相区分。奇异裂腹鱼吻皮与上唇约等厚;下唇发达,分三叶,中间叶小,约与触须基部直径相当;唇后沟连续;下颌无锐利角质;胸鳍末端之前的峡部和腹部裸露无鳞;须长约等于眼径;背鳍末根不分枝鳍条扩大,为粗状的硬齿,后缘具强锯齿;背鳍起点位于腹鳍起点之后;侧线鳞89～104,侧线上鳞24～33,侧线下鳞19～29;通体浅灰色,体侧无斑纹;这些特征可将白体裂腹鱼与本属其他种类相区分。该研究否定了圆颌裂腹鱼(S.rotundimaxillaris)的有效性,澄清了墨脱裂腹鱼(S.molesworthi)、灰裂腹鱼(S.griseus)和保山裂腹鱼(S.paoshanensis)等在伊洛瓦底江水系的记录均属误订,确定该水系中国境内裂腹鱼属有效种为8种,并制定了伊洛瓦底江裂腹鱼属种检索表。     

西藏巨须裂腹鱼早期发育特征

巨须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax macropogon)隶属裂腹鱼亚科, 裂腹鱼属, 是西藏特有经济鱼类, 因过度捕捞, 其种群数量和分布面积下降, 在2009年中国红色名录评为“濒危”等级。研究通过研究巨须裂腹鱼早期发育特征, 旨在为该鱼的科学养护提供技术支撑。结果表明: 巨须裂腹鱼受精卵直径3.0—3.2 mm, 遇水开始具有微黏性, 随后脱黏, 经过准备卵裂阶段、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠胚阶段、神经胚阶段、器官分化阶段、 孵化阶段, 在水温10℃的条件下, 经过460.67h孵化出来。初孵仔鱼体长9.9—1.1 mm, 心率48—50次/min, 鳃盖骨清晰可见, 下颌原基、尾鳍下骨原基可见。第2天鼻凹出现; 第3天肝胰脏原基出现; 第4天鳃耙、肩带原基出现; 第6天仔鱼上下颌开始张合; 第7天心血管分化结束, 仔鱼开始进入混合营养期; 第14天鳔一室和体侧色素带形成; 第26天肋骨原基出现; 第35天鳔二室出现, 卵黄囊耗尽; 第63天背鳍分化结束; 第83天臀鳍分化结束。巨须裂腹鱼胚胎具有独特的发育时序: 体节的出现先于胚孔封闭, 是对高原环境的一种适应和进化。     

东方百合鳞片繁殖小鳞茎发生的形态学观察

采用解剖学方法研究东方百合鳞片扦插繁殖中小鳞茎的组织发生过程。结果表明:小鳞茎的形态发生起源于鳞片近轴面基部的几层薄壁细胞,细胞脱分化后形成分生组织,再经过器官发生途径形成小鳞茎,属于外起源。小鳞茎发生过程可分为未分化期、启动期、生长锥形成期、小鳞片原基和根原基形成期、小鳞茎形成期。     

西藏双须叶须鱼八种年龄鉴定材料的比较研究

用微耳石、星耳石、脊椎骨、鳃盖骨、臀鳞、胸鳞、侧线鳞和背鳞等8种年龄鉴定材料识别和鉴定西藏双须叶须鱼的年龄特征并进行比较分析, 以确定适宜的年龄鉴定材料。结果显示: 臀鳞形态特化严重, 胸鳞、侧线鳞、背鳞的年轮特征不明显, 与微耳石比较的平均百分比误差(IAPE)分别为41.63%、51.26%、50.50%和51.26%, 其他4种年龄材料与微耳石比较的IAPE相差不大, 依次为: 星耳石(12.28%)、脊椎骨(15.67%)、鳃盖骨(17.81%); 低于23龄时, 微耳石鉴定的平均年龄与耳石和脊椎骨鉴定的平均年龄较为接近(P>0.05), 分别为14.39龄、13.13龄和13.20龄, 显著高于鳃盖骨和4种鳞片(P<0.05); 高于23龄时, 7种年龄鉴定材料都显著低于微耳石所鉴定的平均年龄(P<0.05)。用微耳石鉴定所得的最大年龄为49龄, 星耳石鉴定所得的最大年龄为35龄, 脊椎骨鉴定所得最大年龄为34龄, 鳃盖骨为34龄, 臀鳞为22龄, 胸鳞为19龄, 侧线鳞为16龄, 背鳞为17龄。微耳石年龄鉴定的年龄读数与体长呈极显著的对数函数关系(P<0.01)。综合分析认为, 微耳石最适宜作为双须叶须鱼的年龄鉴定材料。     

山茶象(Chevrolat,1878)

正山茶象Curculio chinensis(Chevrolat,1878),又名油茶象甲、茶籽象甲,隶属于鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、象虫科(Curculionidae)。体长6.7-8.0 mm,体壁黑色,覆盖白色和黑褐色鳞片。前胸背板两侧基部和小盾片的白色鳞片密集,鞘翅的白色鳞片排列成不规则斑点,中间之后有1横带,腹面完全散布白毛。喙细长,雌虫喙长几乎等于体长,触角着生于喙基部1/3处,雄虫喙较短,为体长的2/3,触     

基于mtDNA Cyt b序列分析齐口裂腹鱼群体遗传多样性

研究测定了长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)野生群体(重庆巫溪、重庆城口、四川雅安、四川阿坝)共104个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因部分序列, 以探讨齐口裂腹鱼野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明: 在104个个体Cyt b序列中共检测到43个多态性位点, 25个单倍型。4个齐口裂腹鱼群体的单倍型多样性介于0.704—0.884, 核苷酸多样性介于0.007—0.012。群体间Kimura双参数遗传距离介于0.008—0.017, 其中四川雅安群体与四川阿坝群体间遗传距离最近, 基因交流频繁。重庆城口群体与四川雅安群体间遗传距离最远, 基因交流受阻。AMOVA分析表明, 齐口裂腹鱼的遗传分化主要来自群体内部, 且组群间、组群内群体间和群体内存在显著的遗传分化。中性检验得到Tajima’s D和 Fu’s F_s的值不显著, 且歧点分布图呈多峰, 表明长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼野生群体未经历过种群扩张。研究旨为齐口裂腹鱼野生资源保护提供必要参考意见, 同时为齐口裂腹鱼种质资源合理开发和利用提供理论依据。     

雅砻江短须裂腹鱼胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼的形态发育

当前短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)已被列为雅砻江和金沙江的增殖放流保护鱼类,为探讨两水系的环境差异对其早期发育产生的影响,本文以雅砻江短须裂腹鱼为研究对象,通过人工授精获得受精卵,对胚胎和早期仔鱼的形态发育特征进行了观察,并与已有报道的金沙江短须裂腹鱼胚胎与仔鱼早期发育研究进行比较。研究结果显示,雅砻江短须裂腹鱼卵径(2.70±0.02)mm,较金沙江短须裂腹鱼大0.34 mm;初孵仔鱼全长(11.36±0.22)mm,比金沙江短须裂腹鱼长2.7 mm;在水温(14±1)℃时,两水系的短须裂腹鱼胚胎发育时序基本一致,但听囊等部分功能器官的发育时序存在差异;胚胎发育历时181 h,积温2 539.98 h℃,分别比金沙江短须裂腹鱼早73 h和低1 025 h℃;出膜后1~9 d,仔鱼的鳃、口、胸鳍、尾鳍、鳔、肠道等功能器官先后形成,第9天卵黄囊吸收基本完全,与金沙江短须裂腹鱼一致。比较表明,两水系短须裂腹鱼早期发育特征基本相同,但卵径大小、孵化历时、部分器官发育时序存在一定差异,可能是二者为适应环境而做出不同的选择。     

云南裂腹鱼类三新种及二新亚种

为编写中国动物志,对分布于云南的裂腹鱼类进行了全面整理,发现其中有五个以往文献中所没有记载过的新种和新亚种,现报道如下。少鳞裂腹鱼 Schizothorax oligolepis,新种（图1） 〔地方名〕冷水花 全模标本21尾,1978年2月采自盈江县铜壁关。体长110—176毫米。 背鳍条Ⅲ—7;臀鳍条Ⅱ—5;胸鳍条I—17—18;腹鳍条Ⅰ—9—10。侧线鳞第一鳃弓鳃耙,外侧13—14,内侧17—20。下咽齿3行,2.3.4     

Systematics and evolution of the genus Torrubiella (Hypocreales, Ascomycota)

Torrubiella is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi that primarily attacks spiders and scale insects. Based on the morphology of the perithecia, asci, and ascospores, it is classified in Clavicipitaceae s. lat. (Hypocreales), and is considered a close relative of Cordyceps s. 1., which was recently reclassified into three families (Clavicipitaceae s. str., Cordycipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae) and four genera (Cordyceps s. str, Elaphocordyceps, Metacordyceps, and Ophiocordyceps). Torrubiella is distinguished morphologically from Cordyceps s. lat. mainly by the production of superficial perithecia and the absence of a well-developed stipitate stroma. To test and refine evolutionary hypotheses regarding the placement of Torrubiella and its relationship to Cordyceps s. lat., a multi-gene phylogeny was constructed by conducting ML and Bayesian analyses. The monophyly of Torrubiella was rejected by these analyses with species of the genus present in Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae, and often intermixed among species of Cordyceps s. lat. The morphological characters traditionally used to define the genus are, therefore, not phylogenetically informative, with the stipitate stromata being gained and/or lost several times among clavicipitaceous fungi. Two new genera (Conoideocrella, Orbiocrella) are proposed to accommodate two separate lineages of torrubielloid fungi in the Clavicipitaceae s. str. In addition, one species is reclassified in Cordyceps s. str. and three are reclassified in Ophiocordyceps. The phylogenetic importance of anamorphic genera, host affiliation, and stipitate stromata is discussed.     

Morphology of the first-instar nymph and adult female of Kermes echinatus Balachowsky,with a comparison to K. vermilio Planchon (Hemiptera,?Coccoidea,?Kermesidae)

Thefirst-instar nymph and the adult female of Kermes echinatus Balachowsky (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae) are described and illustrated. This species is compared with Kermes vermilio Planchon, a morphologically similar species known in the Palaeractic region.     

Scale architecture of the palmar and plantar epidermis of Polychrus acutirostris Spix, 1825 (Iguania, Polychrotidae) and its relationship to arboreal locomotion

In tetrapod squamates, the diversity of micro-ornamentations of the epidermis of the contact areas of hands and feet is generally associated with constraints and modalities related to locomotion. Polychrus acutirostris is a medium-sized lizard that occurs in open heterogeneous habitats in South America, such as the cerrados, caatingas, and fallow lands. It progresses slowly on branches of various diameters in its arboreal environment. It can also move more rapidly on the ground. The hands and feet are prehensile and may be considered an adaptation for grasping and climbing. Epidermal surfaces from the palmar and plantar areas of the hands and feet of P. acutirostris were prepared for SEM examination, and studied at various magnifications. They show three major levels of complexity: (1) scale types, organized in gradients of size and imbrication, (2) scalar ornamentations, organized by increasing complexity and polarity, and (3) presence of Oberhäutchen showing typically iguanian honeycomb micro-ornamentations. The shape and surface structure of the scales with their pattern of micro-ornamental peaks, which improve grip, and the grasping hands and feet indicate that P. acutirostris is morpho-functionally specialized for arboreality.     

Blend miscibility of cellulose propionate with poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-methyl methacrylate)

The blend miscibility of cellulose propionate (CP) with poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(VP-co-MMA)) was investigated. The degree of substitution (DS) of CP used ranged from 1.6 to >2.9, and samples for the vinyl polymer component were prepared in a full range of VP:MMA compositions. Through DSC analysis and solid-state ¹³C NMR and FT-IR measurements, we revealed that CPs of DS < 2.7 were miscible with P(VP-co-MMA)s of VP ≥ ∼10 mol% on a scale within a few nanometers, in virtue of hydrogen-bonding interactions between CP-hydroxyls and VP-carbonyls. When the DS of CP exceeded 2.7, the miscibility was restricted to the polymer pairs using P(VP-co-MMA)s of VP = ca. 10–40 mol%; the scale of mixing in the blends concerned was somewhat larger (ca. 5–20 nm), however. The appearance of such a “miscibility window” was interpretable as an effect of intramolecular repulsion in the copolymer component. Results of DMA and birefringence measurements indicated that the miscible blending of CP with the vinyl polymer invited synergistic improvements in thermomechanical and optical properties of the respective constituent polymers. Additionally, it was found that the VP:MMA composition range corresponding to the miscibility window was expanded by modification of the CP component into cellulose acetate propionate.     

应用规模缩小方法的鸟苷发酵过程放大*

利用鸟苷生产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)754#,在50L发酵罐成功优化的基础上,分别在12M^3的中试规模和100M^3的生产规模进行了放大,产苷分别达到29．4g/L和21．4g/L;进而通过过程缩小(scale down)方法,从代谢流动态变化的角度研究了放大过程中存在的问题,发现DO是限制过程放大的另一重要因素,据此将50L规模克服代谢流迁移的优化工艺成功放大到生产规模,使产苦水平进一步提高了18％,达25．2g/L。     

Interpreting multiscale domains of tree cover disturbance patterns in North America

Spatial patterns at multiple observation scales provide a framework to improve understanding of pattern-related phenomena. However, the metrics that are most sensitive to local patterns are least likely to exhibit consistent scaling relations with increasing extent (observation scale). A conceptual framework based on multiscale domains (i.e., geographic locations exhibiting similar scaling relations) allows the use of sensitive pattern metrics, but more work is needed to understand the actual patterns represented by multiscale domains. The objective of this study was to improve the interpretation of scale-dependent patterns represented by multiscale domains. Using maps of tree cover disturbance covering North American forest biomes from 2000 to 2012, each 0.09-ha location was described by the proportion and contagion of disturbance in its neighborhood, for 10 neighborhood extents from 0.81 ha to 180 km². A k-means analysis identified 13 disturbance profiles based on the similarity of disturbance proportion and contagion across neighborhood extent. A wall to wall map of multiscale domains was produced by assigning each location (disturbed and undisturbed) to its nearest disturbance profile in multiscale pattern space. The multiscale domains were interpreted as representing two aspects of local patterns – the proximity of a location to disturbance, and the interior-exterior relationship of a location relative to nearby disturbed areas.     

南极鳕鳞片表面结构的光镜和扫描电镜的观察

本文对南极鳕鳞片表面结构进行了光镜和扫描电镜形态学的初步研究。观察同一鱼体上圆鳞和栉鳞的各自形态,论述了两种鳞片年轮的特点及鳞峭、鳞沟、鳞棘等的特征。经过观察分析,认为年轮的断裂型即为生殖轮,生殖轮的出现将是性成熟的标志。     

有鳞目动物鳞片表面超微结构的适应性进化

爬行动物鳞片的微结构是对环境的一种适应。本研究运用扫描电子显微镜观察了北草蜥(Takydromus septentrionalis)、脆蛇蜥(Dopasia harti)和王锦蛇(Elaphe carinata)头部、背部和腹部鳞片的微皮纹结构及感受器特征。结果表明,3个物种的微皮纹和感受器存在种间差异。北草蜥和王锦蛇背部及腹部微皮纹均为狭长带状,脆蛇蜥为不规则多边形。北草蜥和王锦蛇颔片上有感受器,北草蜥无。脆蛇蜥腹部微皮纹上无小齿状凸起,北草蜥和王锦蛇有,与北草蜥相比王锦蛇的小齿状凸起更宽更长。王锦蛇的眼部微皮纹为向上竖起的脊,而其他部位的鳞片为具有小齿状凸起的狭长带状结构。本研究共收集整理17科99种的背鳞微皮纹数据和8科25种的感受器数据,对微皮纹特征和感受器形态进行祖先重建发现,狭长带状背鳞微皮纹主要存在于蜥蜴科(Lacertidae)、游蛇科(Colubridae)和石龙子科(Scincidae)中,而鬛蜥科(Agamidae)、蛇蜥科(Anguidae)、蟒蛇科(Boidae)以及蝰蛇科(Viperidae)的大多为多边形;较原始的感受器形态为无感觉毛的透镜状,这一结构在有鳞目动物进化中发生多次演化。本研究发现蛇蜥的鳞片表面微结构更接近于蛇类动物。因此,有鳞类动物鳞片微皮纹特征和皮肤感受器的形态是对其所处环境多重压力的优化选择。     

Integration of microbial kinetics and fluid dynamics toward model‐driven scale‐up of industrial bioprocesses

Scale‐up of bioprocesses is hampered by open questions, mostly related to poor mixing and mass transfer limitations. Concentration gradients of substrate, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in time and space, especially in large‐scale high‐cell density fed‐batch processes, are likely induced as the mixing time of the fermentor is usually longer than the relevant cellular reaction time. Cells in the fermentor are therefore repeatedly exposed to dynamic environments or perturbations. As a consequence, the heterogeneity in industrial practices often decreases either yield, titer, or productivity, or combinations thereof and increases by‐product formation as compared to well‐mixed small‐scale bioreactors, which is summarized as scale‐up effects. Identification of response mechanisms of the microorganism to various external perturbations is of great importance for pinpointing metabolic bottlenecks and targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, pulse response experimentation is proposed as an ideal way of obtaining kinetic information in combination with scale‐down approaches for in‐depth understanding of dynamic response mechanisms. As an emerging tool, computational fluid dynamics is able to draw a holistic picture of the fluid flow and concentration fields in the fermentor and finds its use in the optimization of fermentor design and process strategy. In the future, directed strain improvement and fermentor redesign are expected to largely depend on models, in which both microbial kinetics and fluid dynamics are thoroughly integrated.     

Scale relativity theory and integrative systems biology: 2. Macroscopic quantum-type mechanics

In these two companion papers, we provide an overview and a brief history of the multiple roots, current developments and recent advances of integrative systems biology and identify multiscale integration as its grand challenge. Then we introduce the fundamental principles and the successive steps that have been followed in the construction of the scale relativity theory, which aims at describing the effects of a non-differentiable and fractal (i.e., explicitly scale dependent) geometry of space–time. The first paper of this series was devoted, in this new framework, to the construction from first principles of scale laws of increasing complexity, and to the discussion of some tentative applications of these laws to biological systems. In this second review and perspective paper, we describe the effects induced by the internal fractal structures of trajectories on motion in standard space. Their main consequence is the transformation of classical dynamics into a generalized, quantum-like self-organized dynamics. A Schrödinger-type equation is derived as an integral of the geodesic equation in a fractal space. We then indicate how gauge fields can be constructed from a geometric re-interpretation of gauge transformations as scale transformations in fractal space–time. Finally, we introduce a new tentative development of the theory, in which quantum laws would hold also in scale space, introducing complexergy as a measure of organizational complexity. Initial possible applications of this extended framework to the processes of morphogenesis and the emergence of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular structures are discussed. Having founded elements of the evolutionary, developmental, biochemical and cellular theories on the first principles of scale relativity theory, we introduce proposals for the construction of an integrative theory of life and for the design and implementation of novel macroscopic quantum-type experiments and devices, and discuss their potential applications for the analysis, engineering and management of physical and biological systems and properties, and the consequences for the organization of transdisciplinary research and the scientific curriculum in the context of the SYSTEMOSCOPE Consortium research and development agenda.