基于线粒体Cyt b基因的龙头鱼群体遗传结构分析

在我国黄海、东海和南海海岸带上, 选取青岛、南通、舟山、三门、宁德、泉州和湛江共7个群体164尾龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)为研究对象, 通过PCR扩增共获得长度为1112 bp的线粒体DNA细胞色素b (Cyt b)基因序列, 共检测到32个变异位点, 其中单变异位点27个, 简约信息位点1个。164条序列定义了29个单倍型, 平均单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.3026±0.0479和0.000371±0.000379, 其中泉州群体的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均最低。分析比较了不同龙头鱼群体间遗传变异情况, 发现群体间平均遗传距离为0.00035, 遗传分化指数F_ST值均小于0.05, 群体间没有发生明显的遗传分化。AMOVA分析结果显示龙头鱼群体遗传差异主要来源于群体内个体间的变异。中性检验的Tajima’s D和Fu’s F_s统计值均为负值且显著偏离中性, 核苷酸不配对分布图呈现明显的单峰分布, 表明龙头鱼历史上经历了群体扩张事件, 参考已知海洋鱼类Cyt b基因2%每百万年的进化速率, 估算群体扩张发生的时间大约在0.08—0.32百万年前的第四纪更新世中晚期。     

基于线粒体Cyt b序列对新疆额尔齐斯河贝加尔雅罗鱼遗传结构的分析

采用线粒体Cyt b基因序列对额尔齐斯河流域的青河(QH,18尾)、哈巴河(HBH,21尾)、185团(185T,18尾)和乌伦古湖(WLG,20尾)4个贝加尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis)群体进行了遗传结构的比较分析。在片段长度为1 109 bp的同源序列上,77尾个体共检测到54种单倍型,其中共享单倍型7个,总单倍型多样性指数(Hd)、总核苷酸多样性指数(π)和平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为0.981 9、0.008 21和9.091,且185团群体单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数最高、青河群体最低。4个群体间遗传距离在0.006~0.011之间,基于Kimura 2-parameter法构建的单倍型邻接关系树分为3支,群体间遗传关系和地理分布没有明显的相关性。AMOVA分析显示额尔齐斯河流域贝加尔雅罗鱼遗传差异极显著(P0.01)。青河和乌伦古湖群体基因流(Nm)远高于其他群体间,推测乌伦古河或许是二者进行基因交流的渠道。尽管单倍型核苷酸不配对分布呈双峰,但偏差平方和(Q)与粗糙指数(r)均不显著(P0.05),且Tajima′s D和Fu′s Fs检验也均显著偏离中性,结合群体呈现高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性的特点,推测贝加尔雅罗鱼经历了群体扩张事件。参考已校正的鲤科鱼类Cyt b基因0.76%/Ma的进化速率,估算群体扩张的时间大约在1.97 Ma前的更新世中晚期,推测该时期阿尔泰山地区发生的冰川作用和频繁的古地震造成的地理隔离和融合可能是贝加尔雅罗鱼发生群体扩张的重要原因。     

基于mtDNA Cyt b序列分析齐口裂腹鱼群体遗传多样性

研究测定了长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)野生群体(重庆巫溪、重庆城口、四川雅安、四川阿坝)共104个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因部分序列, 以探讨齐口裂腹鱼野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明: 在104个个体Cyt b序列中共检测到43个多态性位点, 25个单倍型。4个齐口裂腹鱼群体的单倍型多样性介于0.704—0.884, 核苷酸多样性介于0.007—0.012。群体间Kimura双参数遗传距离介于0.008—0.017, 其中四川雅安群体与四川阿坝群体间遗传距离最近, 基因交流频繁。重庆城口群体与四川雅安群体间遗传距离最远, 基因交流受阻。AMOVA分析表明, 齐口裂腹鱼的遗传分化主要来自群体内部, 且组群间、组群内群体间和群体内存在显著的遗传分化。中性检验得到Tajima’s D和 Fu’s F_s的值不显著, 且歧点分布图呈多峰, 表明长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼野生群体未经历过种群扩张。研究旨为齐口裂腹鱼野生资源保护提供必要参考意见, 同时为齐口裂腹鱼种质资源合理开发和利用提供理论依据。     

几种生态因子对双齿围沙蚕早期生活的影响

几种生态因子对双齿围沙蚕早期生活的影响石小平,赵清良（安徽师范大学,芜湖２４１０００）（南京师范大学,２１００２４）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｅｖｅｒａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦａｃｔｏｒｓｏｎＥａｒｌｙＳｔａｇｅ,ｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌａｎｄＧｒｏｗｔｈｏｆＰｅｒｉｎｅｒｅｉｓＡｉｂｕｈｉｔｅｎｓｉｓ￥ＳｈｉＸｉａｏｐｉｎｇ（ＡｎｈｕｉＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｗｕｈｕ２４１０００）,ＺｈａｏＱｉｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（ＨａｎｊｉｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,２１００２４）．（Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ,ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：２１－２４。ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｄｅａｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｐＨ,ｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙ,ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙａｎｄｍｅｄｉｕｍｏｎｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｓｔａｇｅ－ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｇｒｏｗｔｈｏｆＰｅｒｉｎｅｒｅｉｓａｉｂｕｈｉｌｎｅｓｉｓ．ＴｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｍｕｍｐＨｆｏｒｉｔｓｈａｔｃｈｉｎｇｉｓ７．０－７．５,ｕｎｄｅｒｗｈｉｃｈ,ｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅｓｌｉｎｉｔｙｉｓｉｎｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆ１５－４０％,ａｎｄＴｈｅｓｕｉｔ     

基于线粒体Cyt b 基因的黄海南部和东海银鲳群体遗传结构分析

采用线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 基因片段为遗传标记, 对黄海南部和东海银鲳(Pampus argenteus)群体的遗传结构进行了分析。在所分析的6 个采样点116 个个体中, 共检测到40 种单倍型。6 个群体均呈现出高单倍性多样性(0.647-0.895)和低核苷酸多样性(0.0008-0.0026)的特点。单倍型邻接关系树的拓扑结构简单,未呈现明显的地理谱系结构。分子方差分析和Fst 显示银鲳的遗传变异来自群体内个体间, 而群体间无显著遗传分化。Exact 检验表明单倍型在两两群体间分布频率的差异不显著。研究结果表明, 黄海南部、东海银鲳群体间具有高度的基因交流, 是一个随机交配群体。较强的扩散能力, 黄海、东海的海洋环流以及近期的群体扩张可能是造成黄海南部、东海银鲳群体间遗传同质性较高的原因。     

双齿围沙蚕的早期发育

介绍了双齿围沙蚕的经济意义,在自然界的分布状况,双齿围沙蚕早期发育中各个时期的形态变化。     

双齿围沙蚕群浮现象的初步观察

于2000年1月－2000年12月,对浙江慈溪市龙山滩涂的双齿围沙蚕的群浮进行了现场调查,并对宁海湖陈洪育苗厂培育的双齿围沙蚕进行了室内观察。结果表明,双齿围沙蚕的群浮出现在4月下旬－10月中旬,海水表层温度在19.0-26.2℃,在新月或满月之前出现群浮,大潮汐来临前2－4d数量最多。群浮还受日照的制约,表现出半月相型群浮周期。     

大米草对双齿围沙蚕生境中土壤改良作用的研究

大米草对双齿围沙蚕生境中土壤改良作用的研究赵清良赵强（南京师范大学生物系,２１００９７）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＳｐａｒｔｉｎａａｎｇｌｉｃａｔｏｔｈｅＳｏｉｌＨａｂｉｔａｔｓｏｆＰｅｒｅｎｅｒｅｉｓａｉｂｕｈｉｔｅｎｓｉｓ．ＺｈａｏＱｉｎｇｌｉａｎｇ,Ｚ...     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因分析海南岛褐家鼠种群遗传多样性

褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)是海南岛的主要害鼠之一,海南岛是我国南方海上的重要交通口岸,但关于海南岛褐家鼠的种群遗传多样性以及和邻近地区褐家鼠种群间的基因交流情况还缺乏了解。本研究测序分析了来自海南岛、广东、越南等地91只褐家鼠的细胞色素b基因,分析了不同种群中的Cyt b单倍型,种群间的遗传分化程度(F_(st)),构建了全世界60个褐家鼠的Cyt b单倍型之间的系统进化关系。结果发现,海南岛琼中/澄迈和崖城的褐家鼠种群没有共享的Cyt b单倍型,种群间出现了明显的遗传分化(F_(st)=0.453),但这两个群体分别与广东和菲律宾/越南的褐家鼠分享共同的单倍型,表明海南岛褐家鼠与广东和菲律宾/越南褐家鼠近代存在着基因交流。系统进化分析结果表明,多数海南岛和广东褐家鼠的Cyt b单倍型来自共同的单倍型组CⅢ和CⅦ,说明海南岛和广东省的褐家鼠可能由一个或多个共同的祖先种群扩散而来。由于褐家鼠喜欢与人伴生,褐家鼠很可能随着黎族人在新石器时代中期(大约3 000年前)或更早以前,从广西、广东沿海地区迁移至海南。     

淮河野生鲇鱼线粒体Cyt b基因的序列变异与遗传结构分析

本研究利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列分析淮河信阳段、淮滨段、蚌埠段、洪泽湖及其支流颍河、淠河和池河的野生鲇鱼(Silurus asotus)种群遗传结构及种群历史.结果表明,在841 bp的同源序列中,7个种群共检测到变异位点40个,占全部序列的4.76％,121个个体共检测到32种单倍型;7个种群的平均单倍型多样性(h)、核甘酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.884 8、0.003 8,表明淮河野生鲇鱼种群的遗传多样性水平较高.7个种群间的遗传分化指数Fst为0.115 0,仅12.92％的变异来自种群间(AMOVA分析),基因交流值为3.85,种群间K2-P遗传距离为0.002 ～0.009,显示鲇鱼种群间没有发生明显的地理分化.NJ树揭示7个种群的个体组成2个谱系,但这2个谱系与地理分布并不相关.中性检验、错配分析和Network网络亲缘关系分析皆表明鲇鱼种群有过种群扩张,扩张时间约在0.17～0.29百万年前的中更新世中期和末期.     

长江流域■种群遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

鱼类群体遗传学研究主要集中在经济鱼类或濒危物种,然而一些经济价值较低的物种的遗传结构却甚少关注。因此,研究选择了经济价值较低的■(Hemiculter leucisculus),共计323尾个体分别来自13个长江流域及其附属湖泊的自然群体。通过扩增线粒体DNA Cytb基因序列片段(1100 bp),以探讨■种群遗传结构和遗传多样性。遗传多样性分析呈现出高单倍型多样性和高核苷酸多样性的模式,表明该种群在长江流域较为稳定。另外,基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的系统发育分析,显示■有5个线粒体谱系(谱系A-F)组成。中性检验和核苷酸错配分布分析均显示谱系A、B、E、F曾经历过种群扩张,并且呈现从上游向中游扩张的规律。谱系间较高且显著的遗传分化指数和显著的系统进化关系,均表明谱系A-F之间存在明显的遗传分化,暗示长江流域可能至少存在4个不同线粒体DNA水平上的种。■种群的遗传结构和多样性可能受到了长江流域特定格局的影响。     

Molecular phylogenetics and population structure of Sousa chinensis in Chinese waters inferred from mitochondrial control region sequences

Phylogenetic analyses of the genus Sousa were carried out across their geographic range and focused especially on the genetic variation patterns and population structure of Sousa chinensis in Chinese waters. The analyses were based on 287-bp of the mitochondrial control region from 122 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and two Atlantic humpback dolphins (Sousa teuszii). All specimens from China grouped together in a well-supported clade with high bootstrap (BS) and Bayesian posterior probability values (BPP), strongly suggesting that only one species of Sousa exists in China. Six haplotypes were identified in 65 individuals from Xiamen and Pearl River Estuary in China. The extremely low level of detected mtDNA genetic diversity strongly suggests a high priority in conservation of Sousa. The highly significant genetic differentiation between the two populations in Xiamen and Pearl River Estuary supports the designation of these two populations as separate management units (MUs) when designing management programs for this species.     

鄱阳湖及洞庭湖红鳍原鲌的群体分化研究

结合形态和线粒体Cyt b数据, 研究了鄱阳湖及洞庭湖定居性鱼类红鳍原鲌的6个地理群体(湖口群体、星子群体、都昌群体、鄱阳群体、余干群体和洞庭湖群体)共186尾样本的群体分化情况. 形态分析结果显示地理群体间形态差异较小. 遗传分析结果中, 群体间遗传分化指数(Fst) 为-0.00567-0.33429, 显示群体间存在较大遗传差异, 而单倍型分布和分子变异分析(AMOVA)也得到相似的结果. 根据群体遗传距离构建的系统树, 6个群体分为两大支: 洞庭湖群体与其他群体距离最远, 单独聚为一支; 星子、都昌、鄱阳和余干4群体聚成另一支, 而湖口群体处于两支的过渡位置. 因此, 群体间已产生显著遗传分化, 且主要体现在洞庭湖和鄱阳湖各群体间. 综合上述分析结果及红鳍原鲌的生活习性认为, 鄱阳湖及洞庭湖红鳍原鲌群体间的遗传分化是红鳍原鲌定居性的生活习性导致不同地理群体间长期的群体隔离、缺乏基因交流的结果.     

Mitochondrial diversity of European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Anatolia and the Ponto-Caspian Region: Multiple old refuges, hotspot of extant diversification and critically endangered endemics

The European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758), is one of the world's most widely distributed chelonian species. We investigated its mitochondrial phylogeography and demography using ∼1300 cyt b sequences from the entire range, with a focus on the eastern part, in particular on Turkey, where the species currently suffers massive losses. Coloration data from >1450 turtles were compared with mtDNA differentiation to assess the validity of the currently accepted subspecies from Turkey, the Black Sea Region, the Transcaucasus, and Iran. Our study region harbors considerable part of the mtDNA diversity of Emys, including a newly discovered lineage and 16 new haplotypes. In this area corresponding to approximately one-third of the entire distribution range, six out of the ten mitochondrial lineages and about half of all 72 haplotypes occur. Two mitochondrial lineages (VIII, X) are confined to small ranges along the southern coast of Turkey, another lineage (I) occupies the remainder of Turkey, the entire Black Sea Region, and the north-eastern part of the species’ range. In the south-western corner of the Black Sea and in the Aegean Region, two lineages (II, IV) occur that have their main distribution areas farther west. In the Transcaucasus and northern Iran, another endemic lineage (VII) is found. Lineage I is the largest and most diverse of all lineages and has its greatest diversity in Anatolia. Phylogeographic and demographic data suggest Anatolia as an ancient glacial refuge for turtles harboring mitochondrial lineages I, VIII and X, and that Anatolia and the Black Sea coasts constitute a hotspot for a younger burst of diversification within lineage I. These two regions correspond to the glacial refuge from which lineage I turtles recolonized more northerly parts of the range in the Holocene; lineage II represents an off-shoot of lineage I that became isolated in a westward-located refuge in the south-eastern Balkans during a previous Pleistocene glacial. Our data on coloration indicate that such characters have only limited value for delineating evolutionarily significant units. We propose to reduce the number of subspecies using mtDNA lineages as arbiter, and to recognize three subspecies as valid in Turkey, the Black Sea Region, the Transcaucasus and Iran: Emys orbicularis orbicularis (mtDNA lineage I); E. o. eiselti Fritz et al., 1998 (X); and E. o. persica Eichwald, 1831 (VII). However, the southern Turkish lineage VIII most probably represents an additional undescribed subspecies. Both southern Turkish endemics are critically endangered, with only three surviving populations of fewer than 30 adults each. We recommend establishing sanctuaries for them, and including them in the IUCN Red List.     

大叶藻居群微卫星遗传多样性研究

采用4对微卫星引物对大叶藻的7个地理居群进行了遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。扩增148株大叶藻得到57个等位基因, 每个位点平均等位基因数为6, 大叶藻居群的平均期望杂合度(He)为0.687, 平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.417。青岛湾居群的遗传多样性最高(A=7.750, AR=7.043), 俚岛居群最低(A=4.750, AR=4.543)。从F_st值来看, 7个大叶藻居群间属于中度分化。UPGMA系统发育树显示, 中国4个大叶藻居群聚类到一起, 其遗传分化可能是由于历史大海草场的遗留小片段居群产生, 而中国、韩国、日本和爱尔兰居群间的遗传分化则主要是由于地理隔离造成的。自由交配估计结果支持海草的东亚起源说。青岛湾居群遗传多样性较高, 可优先作为大叶藻移植修复的材料和基因库, 并进行重点保护。     

Mitochondrial diversity of Opsariichthys bidens (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) in three Chinese drainages

We describe the phylogeographic structure of 28 Chinese populations of the cyprinid Opsariichthys bidens across three main Chinese river drainages. Our study is based on the phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp). We combined this analysis with population processes inferred from nested clade analysis (NCA) and mismatch distributions. Both analyses showed that Chinese O. bidens consists of five mtDNA lineages (Opsariichthys 1-5) with high genetic divergence among them. Molecular divergences (TrN+G) higher than 20% among the Opsariichthys 1-5 mtDNA lineages suggest a taxonomic underestimation at the species level. About 92% of the genetic variance among samples was explained by differences among Opsariichthys mtDNA lineages. Drainage-restricted haplotypes with high frequencies and moderate nucleotide diversity show that Opsariichthys populations have evolved independently. NCA results were congruent with the phylogeny, and unimodal mismatch distributions with negative Tajima's D values suggest population expansions in some Opsariichthys lineages. The phylogeographic structure of the Opsariichthys 1-5 mtDNA lineages appears to be related to their long-term interruption of gene flow (theta(ST)>0.97). Our results suggested that fragmentation of ancestral ranges might have caused Opsariichthys diversification in Chinese waters. However, current distribution of common haplotypes across the Yangtze and Pearl drainages suggests a recent river connection that could have favoured gene flow across drainages. Overall, the results indicated that the richness of current Asian widespread species might have been underestimated, and that the cyprinid populations of O. bidens in the Yangtze, Pearl and Hai He drainages may correspond to five species.     

Genetic diversity of Aegiceras corniculatum (Myrsinaceae) revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)

Aegiceras corniculatum is a cryptoviviparous mangrove tree distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. The genetic structure of 13 populations of A. corniculatum from South China, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, and North Australia, was assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Our results showed a relatively high level of genetic variation at the species level (P = 92%, H_E = 0.294 and H_s = 0.331 ± 0.001). The value of G_ST was 0.698, suggesting significant genetic differentiation among populations. At the population level, however, genetic diversity was low (P = 24%, H_E = 0.086 and H_s = 0.127 ± 0.001). When populations were grouped according to geographic regions, i.e., South China, Malay Peninsula and Sri Lanka, it was inferred from analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) that about half the total variation (49%) was accounted for differentiation between regions. A UPGMA dendrogram based on genetic distance also revealed five major clades corresponding to geographical regions within the distribution of A. corniculatum, although the precise relationships among the clades were not fully concordant with expected geographical delineations and need further study.     

Genetic polymorphisms of Echinococcus tapeworms in China as determined by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

The genetic polymorphisms of Echinococcus spp. in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region were evaluated by DNA sequencing analyses of genes for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha (ef1a). We collected 68 isolates of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) from Xinjiang and 113 isolates of E. granulosus s. s., 49 isolates of Echinococcus multilocularis and 34 isolates of Echinococcus shiquicus from the Tibetan Plateau. The results of molecular identification by mitochondrial and nuclear markers were identical, suggesting the infrequency of introgressive hybridization. A considerable intraspecific variation was detected in mitochondrial cox1 sequences. The parsimonious network of cox1 haplotypes showed star-like features in E. granulosus s. s. and E. multilocularis, but a divergent feature in E. shiquicus. The cox1 neutrality indexes computed by Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs tests showed high negative values in E. granulosus s. s. and E. multilocularis, indicating significant deviations from neutrality. In contrast, the low positive values of both tests were obtained in E. shiquicus. These results suggest the following hypotheses: (i) recent founder effects arose in E. granulosus and E. multilocularis after introducing particular individuals into the endemic areas by anthropogenic movement or natural migration of host mammals, and (ii) the ancestor of E. shiquicus was segregated into the Tibetan Plateau by colonising alpine mammals and its mitochondrial locus has evolved without bottleneck effects.