虾蛄

虾蛄(Sauilla)俗称虾钩弹、虾球弹、虾拔弹、虾壳子、虾爬子,英文名mantis期shrimp,意即螳螂虾,所以在许多的译文中常见到螳螂虾的名字。虾蛄在分类学上属节肢动物门,甲壳纲,口足目,虾蛄科,在我国、日本、韩国及东南亚各国沿海都有分布,是海产经济动物。种类多达几十种,主要有口虾蛄（Oratosquilla oratoria de Haan)、黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla kempi Schmitt)、尖刺口虾蛄(Oratosquilla mikado Kemp et Chopra)等。虾蛄因其肉质鲜美,营养丰富,倍受人们喜爱,是人们餐桌上的美味佳肴：它还有药用价值,能治小儿尿疾等。     

海州湾5种关键饵料生物的主要捕食者及其捕食压力

为了解海州湾关键饵料生物在食物网中的被捕食压力及自然死亡率波动情况,研究基于2011和2013—2020年在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查资料和胃含物分析数据,以物种间的营养联系为基础,选择细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)、枪乌贼(Loligo sp.)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)5种关键饵料生物为研究对象,通过计算捕食压力指数(Predation pressure index, PPI),分析它们在海州湾食物网中的主要捕食者及其捕食压力,并计算了纳入捕食压力指数的自然死亡系数。结果表明,细螯虾的捕食者对其年平均捕食压力指数最高,小黄鱼的捕食者对其年平均捕食压力指数最低。小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu)对细螯虾和枪乌贼的年平均捕食压力指数最高,分别为168.89和75.77;(Miichthys miiuy)对日本鼓虾和口虾蛄的年平均捕食压力指数最高,分别为39.41和9.85;海鳗(Muraenesox c...     

不同饵料和水温对口虾蛄成活、生长及育肥性能的影响

为比较不同饵料、水温对口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)在越冬期间生长育肥及性腺发育的影响,选用当年池塘养殖口虾蛄[初始体重(21.99±4.86)g,n=600]为研究对象,在养殖设施相同条件下,研究了在自然水温(7.7～13.6℃)和加温(17.1～20.9℃)条件下投喂去壳蛤蜊(Ruditapes philippinarum)和冰鲜杂鱼对口虾蛄的成活率、体长、体宽、体重、性腺指数、肌肉指数及可食率等7项指标的影响。实验共分常温蛤蜊、常温冰鲜杂鱼、加温蛤蜊和加温冰鲜杂鱼4个实验组,实验周期为90 d。结果显示:(1)加温可使口虾蛄成活率显著降低,温度是影响口虾蛄越冬成活的重要因素之一;(2)在整个实验过程中口虾蛄的体长、体宽和体重3项生物学指标均随实验天数的增加呈增长趋势,但各指标不同时间均不存在显著性差异(P 0.05);(3)常温条件比加温条件更有益于口虾蛄性腺指数的增加,其中以常温投喂去壳蛤蜊的效果最好,其性腺指数平均可达14.53%(♀)和7.69%(♂);(4)在整个实验过程中,口虾蛄的肌肉指数随实验进行总体呈上升趋势,除常温蛤蜊与加温蛤蜊实验组间的口虾蛄可食率存在显著性差异(P 0.05)外,其他各实验组两两之间均不存在显著性差异(P0.05);(5)不同饵料和水温的交互影响结果表明,温度是影响口虾蛄性腺指数的重要因素(P 0.01),饵料仅对雌性口虾蛄性腺指数产生显著性影响(P 0.01)。实验结果表明,相对于加温环境,常温环境基本能满足口虾蛄越冬期间的生长和育肥的需求,特别是在10～13℃的水温条件;与冰鲜杂鱼相比,摄食去壳蛤蜊更有利于口虾蛄的性腺发育积累。     

粤东海域口虾蛄遗传多样性

采用线粒体COI基因序列对粤东汕尾和深圳2个海域口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)的遗传多样性进行了分析.研究表明,所分析的口虾蛄mtDNA CO I基因(592 by)共检测到21个变异位点,占总位点的3.55%.转换和颠换位点数分别为18和3个,碱基替换的饱和性分析表明,口虾蛄CO I基因碱基替换...     

黄海海域口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性

为了比较黄海海域口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)不同地理种群的遗传多样性水平,本研究通过分子标记探讨了6个口虾蛄种群的遗传变异.共获得72条627 bp的CO Ⅰ序列,检测到41个变异位点,平均核苷酸多样性为0.005 12;定义了39个单元型,平均单元型多样性为0.962 5.6个种群间的遗传距离在0.004 3 ～0.006 4之间;盐城海域口虾蛄种群具有较高的遗传多样性水平,而青岛和日照海域种群的核苷酸多样性水平则相对较低.歧点分布和中性检验Tajima‘s D及Fu's Fs值均说明黄海海域口虾蛄种群在历史上存在着一个快速扩张的事件,并且根据τ值和分子钟估计种群扩张时间大约距今5.5万年.本研究结果将为黄海海域口虾蛄野生资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据.     

庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物群落拓扑结构及其关键种

研究基于2020—2021年庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物调查,构建其食物网拓扑结构,结合网络分析法计算拓扑学指标,筛选关键种。研究结果表明,庙岛群岛毗邻海域包含重要种和优势种37个,摄食关系数量223个,节点密度为0.17,连结密度为6.03,连结复杂性指数为12.21,种间关联度指数为0.16,特征路径长度为2.10,平均聚类系数为0.30。综合各拓扑学指数排序(D、D_out、D_in、BC、CC、IC、TI¹、TI³、TI⁵、K、K_b、K_t、F和^DF),口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)、白姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)、矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaemrichthys stigmatias)和扁玉螺(Glossaulax didyma)为庙岛群岛毗邻海域关键种。其中,口虾蛄和白姑鱼是关键捕食者,矛尾虾虎鱼是关键中间种,扁玉螺是关键饵料种,日...     

基于线粒体DNAD-loop区部分序列分析舟山海域带鱼种群遗传结构

<正>带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus),俗称刀鱼、白带鱼,隶属鲈形目(Perciformes),带鱼科(Trichiuridae),带鱼属(Trichiurus),广泛分布于世界各温热带海域,在我国主要分布在东海、南海、黄海和渤海[1]。带鱼为我国最重要的捕捞对象,其产量多年来一直位居我国海洋捕捞鱼类产量的首位,占有十分重要的渔业经济地位。舟山带鱼是全国首批海鲜类地理标志证明商标海鲜,曾与大黄鱼、小黄鱼、墨鱼并称为我国"四大渔业"。自20世纪70年代后,由于受过度捕捞和环境变化等影响,舟山海域的带鱼资源出现了严重衰退;1989年起我国在东海区实施了     

东海海域口虾蛄种群遗传多样性

为准确掌握中国沿海口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)种群遗传结构、合理开发利用其资源,采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)序列分析方法检测东海海域(庙子湖岛、南韭山、大陈岛、南麂岛)口虾蛄种群遗传多样性,并与黄渤海群体和南海群体进行比较分析(基因序列来源于Gen Bank)。经PCR扩增与测序获得100条658 bp的东海海域口虾蛄COⅠ基因序列,基于这些序列分析得到的变异位点数、单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数与核苷酸多样性指数分别为60、60、0.963±0.011和0.005 94±0.000 44,分析认为东海海域口虾蛄具有较高的单倍型多样性和较高的核苷酸多样性。单倍型分子系统树、分子方差分析及两两群体间的遗传分化系数(Fst)分析结果表明,东海海域口虾蛄遗传变异主要来自于群体内(Fst=﹣0.007 78,P0.05),各地理群体间遗传分化不显著,Fst值范围为﹣0.016 53~﹣0.009 08(P0.05),它们可能进行了一定程度的基因交流;通过与黄渤海群体及南海群体基因序列比较分析,口虾蛄东海群体、黄渤海群体与南海群体遗传变异主要来自于群体间(Fst=0.849 71,P0.01),且单倍型分子系统树存在2个显著分化的单倍型类群。东海群体与黄渤海群体间存在显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.884 58,P0.01),而与南海群体间不存在显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.020 44,P0.05),这种遗传结构模式可能与历史上的气候变化及所处海域海洋环境条件相关。建议今后对中国沿海口虾蛄资源进行开发利用时,将黄渤海群体看作一个管理单元,东海群体与南海群体看作一个管理单元。     

乌苏里拟鲿微卫星文库的构建及分析

<正>乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagras ussuriensis)又名乌苏里逘(Leiocassis ussuriensis),隶属于鲶形目,鲿科,拟鲿属,主要分布于我国东北地区,但在我国其他各大水系也有分布[1]。乌苏里拟鲿肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、风味独特、适口性好、市场价值高,深受广大消费者和养殖户青睐。在20世纪80年代,乌苏里拟鲿的天然捕捞量曾仅次于同科的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidsco),然而由于捕捞强度的持续增长、环境污染及生境破坏等因素的影响,     

渤海南部牙鲆的食性及摄食的季节性变化

1051尾渤海南部牙鲆的胃含物分析表明,渤海南部牙鲆为捕食性(游泳生物食性)鱼类,其食物成分有30余种,以底栖虾类中的口虾蛄、鲜明鼓虾、日本鼓虾、脊尾褐虾,软体动物的日本枪乌贼及鱼类中的斑(鱼祭)、鳀鱼、黄鲫、六丝矛尾虾虎鱼及焦氏舌鳎等动物为主要食物。牙鲆除冬季外,其余时间均强烈摄食,而且其摄食的季节性变化明显:春季以鱼类(重量占80.9％)及甲壳类(18.6％)为主要食物;夏季以鱼类(83.5％)及软体动物类(13.1％)为主要食物;秋季主要摄食鱼类(87.9％);冬季则主要摄食鱼类(73.2％)及甲壳类(19.7％)。     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex

A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.     

The identification of microRNAs in the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver by Illumina sequencing

MicroRNAs are indispensable players in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Here, we report the first deep sequencing of the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver. We mapped 91 miRNAs in the Callorhinchus milii genome that have previously been described in the Danio rerio, Fugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis, Xenopus tropicalis, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus. In addition, 156 new putative candidate (PC) C. plagiosum miRNAs were identified. From these 247 miRNAs, 39 miRNA clusters were identified, and the expression of these clustered miRNAs was observed to vary significantly. A total of 7 candidate miRNAs were selected for expression confirmation by stem-loop RT-PCR. This study resulted in the addition of a significant number of novel miRNA sequences to GenBank and laid the foundation for further understanding of the function of miRNAs in the regulation of C. plagiosum liver development.     

Ent-3,4-seco-labdane and ent-labdane diterpenoids from Croton stipuliformis (Euphorbiaceae)

From a methanolic extract of the leaves of Croton stipuliformis, three ent-3,4-seco-labdanes (1-3) and an ent-labdane (4) together with the known compounds 6-hydroxynidorellol (5), maravuic acid, and sitosterol were isolated and identified from their spectroscopic data. The absolute stereochemistry of compound 4 was determined by application of Mosher's method in the NMR tube.     

Semicircular canal system in early primates

Mammals with more rapid and agile locomotion have larger semicircular canals relative to body mass than species that move more slowly. Measurements of semicircular canals in extant mammals with known locomotor behaviours can provide a basis for testing hypotheses about locomotion in fossil primates that is independent of postcranial remains, and a means of reconstructing locomotor behaviour in species known only from cranial material. Semicircular canal radii were measured using ultra high resolution X-ray CT data for 9 stem primates (“plesiadapiforms”; n = 11), 7 adapoids (n = 12), 4 omomyoids (n = 5), and the possible omomyoid Rooneyia viejaensis (n = 1). These were compared with a modern sample (210 species including 91 primates) with known locomotor behaviours. The predicted locomotor agilities for extinct primates generally follow expectations based on known postcrania for those taxa. “Plesiadapiforms” and adapids have relatively small semicircular canals, suggesting they practiced less agile locomotion than other fossil primates in the sample, which is consistent with reconstructions of them as less specialized for leaping. The derived notharctid adapoids (excluding Cantius) and all omomyoids sampled have relatively larger semicircular canals, suggesting that they were more agile, with Microchoerus in particular being reconstructed as having had very jerky locomotion with relatively high magnitude accelerations of the head. Rooneyia viejaensis is reconstructed as having been similarly agile to omomyids and derived notharctid adapoids, which suggests that when postcranial material is found for this species it will exhibit features for some leaping behaviour, or for a locomotor mode requiring a similar degree of agility.     

IL-18 gene polymorphisms affect IL-18 production capability by monocytes

We previously demonstrated a significant association between IL-18 gene polymorphism 105A/C and asthma. In this study, we investigated the relationship of IL-18 gene polymorphism to IL-18 production capability by monocytes. The frequency of gene polymorphisms including IL-18-105A/C and IL-18--137G/C was determined by PCR analyses. The IL-18 production by monocytes stimulated without or with LPS or A23187+PMA for 1day was measured by ELISA. The produced IL-18 spontaneously or in response to A23187+PMA by monocytes was significantly higher for volunteers with 105A/A genotype than with 105A/C genotype. Similarly, the production capability of IL-18 by monocytes from volunteers with -137G/G genotype was significantly higher than that with -137G/C genotype and significant linkage disequilibrium was observed between 105A/C and -137G/C polymorphism. Thus, the genetic capacity to produce more IL-18 in response to stimuli may affect the onset of asthma.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein

Background

Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains.

Results

The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar.

Conclusions

OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.