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1.
药物诱导玉米孤雌生殖植株的倍性变异   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
谷明光  颜春洪 《遗传学报》1995,22(5):406-412
实验结果表明,孤雌生殖植株根尖体细胞以二倍体细胞最多,占68.9%,其次为非整倍体细胞,占28.7%,其他异倍体和单倍体细胞极少(2.4%)。Pa1植株可分为二倍体和混倍体两类,以二倍体细胞占绝对多数的混倍体植株最多,为83.5%,这些植株生长发育和结实均正常。在花粉母细胞中正常二倍体频率比根尖体细胞明显提高,提高频率为35.3一59.6%,不同材料之间趋势一致。讨论了体细胞染色体变异的来源及其能否延续到生殖细胞。  相似文献   

2.
药物诱导玉米孤雌生殖获得二倍体纯系   总被引:21,自引:4,他引:17  
用秋水仙素、MH、DMSO等药物处理玉米京黄13、八趟白、金皇后3个材料的未授粉的雌穗花丝诱导孤雌生殖,获得结实,并从中选出19个纯合二倍体。发现纯系频率以单交种京黄13最高,以40ppm MH加2%DMSO的诱导效果最佳。经过鉴定证明这些纯系在纯度、遗传稳定性和配合力等方面均可以与常规自交系相比拟。本文讨论了所用药物在诱导玉米孤雌生殖中的作用和纯系产生的可能途径,以及由此产生的纯系在育种中的应用价值。  相似文献   

3.
用六倍体小黑麦Rosner与普通小麦科冬58的杂种F_1为材料进行了花药培养。观察了27株花粉植株根尖细胞的染色体,其中有17株非整倍体、9株混倍体和1株单倍体。从花粉植株PMC的染色体构型表明,在单倍水平的植株中以单价体为主,在二倍水平植株中以二价体为主。用Giemsa显带技术鉴定花粉植株的染色体组成,其中黑麦染色体为2—7条,小麦染色体为18—21条。提示用花药培养的方法,可以将六倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂种F_1理论上可以形成的花粉的染色体组成在植株水平显现出来。  相似文献   

4.
郭运玲GUO  Yun-Ling 《遗传》1995,17(2):29-32
用化学药剂处理未授粉的苎麻雌花, 诱导孤雌生殖获得12份种子,并从中选得二倍体纯合材料3份。试验结果表明:二甲基亚砜、秋水仙碱等化学药剂均有明显的诱导效果。其中以2%二甲基亚砜加0.1%秋水仙碱诱导效果较好。其诱导结实频率为3%,诱导产生二倍体纯合材料频率为1.25%。  相似文献   

5.
在甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜属间五倍体杂种后代中,鉴定出多种非整倍体类型。在P3群体中,细胞学观察发现诸葛菜染色体替代甘蓝型油菜的1对染色体异代换植株,体细胞由36~38条染色体的3种类型组成,但具38条的体细胞与花粉母细胞(PMC)占绝对优势,育性正常。在P4群体后代中鉴定出3株具有37条染色体的单体类型,形态与结实率均不相同。其中1株生长势很强,其体细胞与PMC均由多种类型构成,但具37条的体细胞与花粉母细胞占主要比例,未配对的染色体形态较小,对生长无明显影响。在染色体数为44与41的两种超倍体(P3群体)后代,鉴定出具有29~32条染色体的4种非整倍体,除染色体数为29的植株外,其余均为混倍体,它们的减数分裂异常,花粉育性低。本文对这些非整倍体的来源和应用的前景进行讨论。  相似文献   

6.
本文根据十余年来对粳稻花粉植株后代的性状表现和育种应用研究结果摘报如下。1、花粉植株当代染色体的倍性表现。以根尖细胞染色镜检,其染色体的倍性表现出多种多样,有单倍体、二倍体、三倍体和非整倍体,仅就育种应用而言,粳稻花粉植株自然加倍率一般为35—70%左右。2、花粉植株第一代表现出多样性。花粉植株来源于杂种 F1代,经过基因重组的花粉粒具有多种多样的基因型。即使是同一花药内的花粉诱导出来的植株,性状表现也有较显著差  相似文献   

7.
用组织培养法繁殖柑桔   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
继代培养了两年半的锦橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)×枳(Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)无性胚的愈伤组织通过下列三个阶段恢复了分化植株的能力:(1)在N_6培养基+BA(0.25ppm)+NAA(0.1ppm)+ME(1,000 ppm)上形成芽原基;(2)在1/2 MT培养基+BA(5ppm)+IAA(0.5ppm)+CH(500ppm)上芽原基分化为茎芽,进而形成茎;(3)将带叶的小茎扦插于MT培养基+NAA(1ppm)上,诱导生根,形成完整的小植株。根尖染色体检查,初步证明这些小植株是2n=18的二倍体。  相似文献   

8.
大麦×小麦杂种愈伤组织及再生植株的细胞学观察   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
本文研究了Ant-13大麦×中国春小麦未成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织细胞,再生植株体细胞和花粉母细胞染色体的变化情况。发现在这三个不同分化和发育阶段中都存在着混倍体现象。但随着分化和发育过程的进行,混倍体程度越来越小,正常双单倍体细胞的比例越来越大。从再生植株花粉母细胞减数分裂前的有丝分裂开始到整个减数分裂过程中都可以看到染色体行为的异常现象,从而形成败育花粉,造成杂种不孕。花粉败育发生在单核小孢子时期。  相似文献   

9.
枸杞胚乳植株的诱导及染色体倍性观察   总被引:19,自引:1,他引:18  
枸杞[Lycium chinense Mill.var.potaninii(Pojark)A.M.Lu]的未成熟胚乳接种在MS基本培养基上,并添加1毫克/升2,4-D和0.1毫克/升KT,诱导产生愈伤组织,其频率为23.8%。处于色变期的果实为胚乳培养的最适时期。胚在胚乳培养中不是必不可少的,但当有胚存在时可以提高胚乳愈伤组织的诱导频率。胚乳愈伤组织的继代培养对器官分化和植株再生没有明显影响。胚乳植株根尖细胞染色体数目不很一致,甚至有的植株同一根尖的不同细胞染色体数目也有不同。其中有三倍体(2n=3x=36),也有二倍体(2n=2x=24)和非整倍体的细胞,染色体数为9、18等,但从观察的15株胚乳苗来看,三倍体有11株,占73.3%,非三倍体的只有4株,占26.7%。  相似文献   

10.
小麦花粉愈伤组织植株体细胞染色体的变异   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
研究了用花药培养方法诱导出来的小麦花粉愈伤组织和54个当代植株体细胞染色体的变异情况。发现它们大多是混倍体,但根据其染色体基数的不同,大量的花粉小麦是单倍体和纯合二倍体植株。同时,我们还首次获得了用花粉培养诱导的小麦5x植株和典型的混倍体植株在花粉愈伤组织中观察到染色体双着丝化现象。 离体培养和花粉的单倍性容易引起植物体细胞的核内有丝分裂,核融合,多极有丝分裂以及染色体断裂等现象。这些有丝分裂的异常过程,是产生染色体加倍、混倍体以及染色体变异的各种新类型的重要原因。 研究花粉发育时期在花药培养中的作用,改进培养条件和方法,不仅可以提高诱导花粉植株和提高花粉植株自然加倍的频率,同时还可能获得染色体和染色体组发生变异的新类型,为研究染色体工程和染色体组工程开辟新途径。  相似文献   

11.
Summary Anther culture of the Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum; 2n=2x=24) was attempted in order to evaluate its potential in generating haploids for the production of hybrid cultivars. The effects of genotype, temperature (low temperature treatment of buds and high temperature treatment of cultures), sucrose concentration and growth regulators were tested. The most important factors for callus induction were the genotype and the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Pre-treatments at low or high temperature had no apparent effect, while high sucrose concentration was inhibitory. Callus was derived from 28 of the 108 genotypes tested and plants were regenerated. Phenotypic variations were observed among these regenerants. Somatic chromosome numbers were determined in 42 plants derived from 10 donor genotypes. Thirteen plants were diploid and 29 were mixoploid with chromosome numbers ranging from 11 to 26. Four of the mixoploid plants had a high proportion of cells with haploid chromosome numbers, particularly at early stages of development. Meiosis was examined in plants with flower buds. Most plants had 12 bivalents at Metaphase I, but also aneuploids were observed. Other irregularities included bridges and laggards at Anaphase I. The occurrence of high frequencies of haploid cells (up to 80%) in root tips suggests that some plants may be of gametic origin. Research was supported by the Easter Lily Research Foundation, the Ohio Floriculture Foundation, the Gloeckner Foundation and the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station (technical paper no. 8398).  相似文献   

12.
The total duration of the plant regeneration process from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledonary explants was only six weeks, which included the induction of buds and their development into plants. Regeneration of shoots from cotyledons from three to five day-old seedlings ranged up to 100%. The regenerated plants were morphologically normal, flowered and set seed. The regeneration capacity of cotyledons from seven days-old and older seedlings was lowered dramatically. Most of those regenerated plants were polyploid/mixoploid and had an abnormal morphology. During seedling development (3 to 13 days), the DNA content of cotyledonary cells changed from 2C to 4C and more. The results show that the decrease in regeneration competence correspond with the change in DNA content of the cotyledonary cells.  相似文献   

13.
对18株毛花猕猴桃(Actinidia eriantha Benth.)原生质体再生植株的体细胞染色体数做了观察,其中12株为整倍体:二倍体(2n=58)和四倍体(2n=116)各6株;另外6株为混倍体,其染色体数目变化在59~203之间。还发现原生质体再生植株有丝分裂间期细胞存在多核现象,有多核细胞的共10株,细胞核数目以双核和三核较常见,最多的有7个核。对照植株为2n=2x=58,未发现多核细胞。  相似文献   

14.
Aneuploids have been identified cytomorphologically in progenies from triploid and diploid-triploid crosses. 30 trisomics, 2 double trisomics, 1 tetrasomic, and 2 higher aneuploids were obtained. Some of the aneuploids were found to be different from those reported earlier and higher aneuploids carried eight extra chromosomes. The plants with one extra chromosome occurred more frequently (67%) than the other aneuploid types. The changes in morphological traits such as a reduction in the amount of growth and the size of leaf etc. distinguished aneuploids from diploids. In the higher aneuploids the plant parts were highly exaggerated and pollen sterility was very high. The chromosomal counts in acetocarmine squashes confirmed the presence of extra chromosome(s). Aneuploids particularly trisomics were found to be promising and may lead to the production of commercially viable plants.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Asymmetric somatic hybrid plants were recovered after fusing irradiated mesophyll protoplasts of donor Lycopersicon esculentum × L. pennellii (EP) interspecific hybrid with callus-derived protoplasts of recipient Solanum lycopersicoides. EP plant A54 had been previously transformed by an agrobacterium vector, and the T-DNA insert mapped to the L. esculentum chromosome 12. The T-DNA insert conferred kanamycin resistance to EP that was subsequently used to select cell fusion products and recover asymmetric hybrid plants that retained tagged chromosome 12. Doses of 50- and 100-Gy irradiation promoted the elimination of only a few donor chromosomes. At 200 Gy, the regenerated plants had ploidy levels higher than tetraploid. However, the T-DNA tagged chromosome 12 was always retained in the asymmetric hybrid plants tested. Likewise, all plants from the 100-Gy series, with the exception of number 160, were mixoploid in the root-tip cells. Such mixoploid asymmetric somatic hybrids could be stabilized by inducing adventitious shoots on leaf strips cultured on shoot regeneration medium containing kanamycin. The asymmetric hybrid plants did not produce viable seed when self-pollinated or backcrossed to tomato or S. lycopersicoides. Present address: Department of Biology, University College of London, Gower Street, London, UK  相似文献   

16.
Summary Rice aneuploids were obtained from 1,715 pollenclones with a mean frequency of 10.2% in anther culture (1983 to 1985). Among the aneuploids obtained, the frequency of primary trisomics ranged from 5.4% to 6,7%, tetrasomics from 1.1% to 1.7% monosomics from 0.9% to 1.3%, nullisomics from 0.5% to 1% and double trisomics from 0.5% to 0.7%. The chromosome complements of those aneuploids were identified by pachytene analysis on the absolute length of the extra chromosomes. Pollen clonal aneuploids showed a different range of variation in agronomic characters from dihaploids of the same origin but the phenotypic variations ressembled those found in aneuploids created by conventional breeding methods. The meiotic chromosome behavior of PMC revealed various chromosomal aberrations of aneuploids: loose pairing, trivalents, univalents, straggling chromosomes, bridges and laggards.  相似文献   

17.
Eighteen plants displaying varying degrees of asynapsis ranging from weak to very strong were found among four out of six populations of Lolium perenne L. (2n=14) which had been subjected to three cycles of directional phenotypic selection for productivity of green material. No plants were found displaying univalents in the original generation but the incidence increased with cycles of selection, indicating the genetic control and differential distribution of asynaptic genes among these populations. — The analysis of univalents and chiasma frequency of pollen mother cells (PMC) of six partially asynaptic plants chosen for detailed study revealed that univalents occurred throughout all PMC chiasma classes irrespective of chiasma frequency, but the higher the chiasma frequency of any PMC the less the likelihood of univalents occurring. The relationship between chiasma frequency and univalent frequency per PMC per plant was negative. — Mean chiasma frequency per bivalent increased for the asynaptic cells in comparison with the normal in both the weak and medium asynaptic groups which was explained by the availability of additional chiasmata for redistribution.  相似文献   

18.
石刁柏花粉植株诱导及其起源鉴定的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
陆朝福  周维燕 《遗传学报》1993,20(6):531-535
采用高渗蔗糖溶液预处理石刁柏花药可以显著抑制花药体细胞分裂和提高花粉愈伤组织诱导率。愈伤组织在转入含低浓度激素的培养基中分化得到了花粉植株。其中单倍体、二倍体、四倍体和非整洁体分别占4.3%、64.5%、17.2%和14.0%。单倍体的频率随愈伤组织培养时间延长而下降,石刁柏幼茎中莽草酸脱氢酶同工酶的多态性表现稳定,用其作为遗传标记结合细胞学方法可以鉴定花粉植株的起源。  相似文献   

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