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1.
海岛矿区岩质边坡植物群落演替中物种多样性的变化 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过植物群落调查,采用Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数,结合DCA排序和一元线性回归分析,考察了舟山海岛矿区岩质边坡植物物种构成特征,研究了植物群落演替过程中生物多样性的变化。结果表明:研究区可划分为3个植物群落演替阶段(草本植物群落阶段、灌丛群落阶段和灌乔群落阶段);演替过程中,物种丰富度指数显著上升,多样性指数和优势度指数逐渐升高;具有矿区特殊生境适应性的植物配置在边坡植被恢复进程中与自然植被表现出一定的差异,演替过程依次为迁入物种生长期、迁入物种与人工导入种竞争期、迁入物种与人工导入种稳定共存期;人工导入群落演替后期的植物种大大加速了群落演替进程;合理的植物配置更能促进群落向正演替方向发展。 相似文献
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用TWINSPAN分类方法将管涔山撂荒地植物群落的演替过程划分为7群丛,分别属于植被演替的3个阶段--草本群落阶段、灌丛群落阶段和森林群落阶段.用物种多样性指数分析了物种丰富度、均匀度、多样性和优势度的变化规律,结果表明,随着演替时间的延长,物种丰富度和多样性有增加的趋势,优势度、均匀度有降低的趋势.用DCA排序分析植物群落的结构、组成和生活型在演替过程中的变化规律,表明随着群落环境条件的改善,群落内物种的组成发生了很明显的变化,最后发展为适应该区域环境条件的、以华北落叶松为建群种的、稳定的群落,结果显示群落内物种组成愈丰富,则多样性愈大.进一步用DCA排序分析物种多样性与海拔和时间之间的关系,表明随着海拔的升高和时间的延长,结论和前面一致--物种丰富度和多样性逐渐增加,优势度、均匀度逐渐降低. 相似文献
3.
科尔沁沙地植被恢复系列上群落演替与物种多样性的恢复动态 总被引:89,自引:2,他引:89
通过对科尔沁沙地植被恢复系列上不同阶段的群落取样,研究了植被恢复过程中群落物种组成、物种多样性的变化过程.在演替时间分别为1年、3年、5年、12年、20年和30年的群落中,物种丰富度分别为7、11、17、14、28和30种,而物种多样性指数分别为1.458 8、2.610 0、3.108 4、1.696 8、3.738 6、3.639 6.在生活型结构上,一年生植物的种类数量占绝对优势,但随着演替进展,多年生植物的种类数量增加且单种植物的优势度超过了一年生植物,表明多年生植物在群落功能维持中占据重要地位.随演替进展,来自不同科属的植物增加.藜科植物在演替过程中种类数量较为稳定,特别是在演替早期藜科植物占有很高的优势度.禾本科种类随演替进展不断增加,且在群落中的优势度逐渐上升.总体上,随演替进展群落种类组成与物种多样性增加,群落生态优势度下降,而均匀度增加,群落趋向稳定. 相似文献
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封育是天然草地管理的一种有效措施,利于草地生产力提高和退化草地恢复。该研究通过对青藏高原高寒草甸放牧和封育草地物种多样性、植被构成、植物种生态位特征、草地演替度等分析,解析高寒草甸植物种间关系及草地演替方向。结果表明:(1)封育显著降低了草地群落植物物种数以及α和β多样性指数,显著增加了草地1年生植物种数、地面芽植物种数和地上生物量。(2)放牧草地地上生物量以莎草科(59.7%)和禾本科(23.9%)为主,封育草地地上生物量以禾本科(85.0%)为主;放牧草地优势种为矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)和线叶嵩草(K.capillifolia),封育草地优势种为垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和早熟禾(Poasp.)。(3)放牧和封育草地的群落植物种重要值均与各自的生态位宽度变化规律一致。(4)草地植物种间竞争主要发生在不同科属植物种之间,封育增加了群落植物种整体生态位重叠值和植物种间竞争。(5)草地群落演替度为封育地放牧地,封育群落处于较稳定状态。研究认为,封育促进了高寒草甸由莎草+杂类草群落向禾草+杂类草群落演替。 相似文献
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不同演替阶段的群落中植物幼苗建植特性以及幼苗建植时所处的环境都会有所不同.这些差异可能会导致种子萌发率与物种多度之间的关系随着群落的演替阶段而发生改变.目前关于不同类型群落中以及同一类型群落的不同演替阶段物种多度和种子萌发能力之间的关系的研究较少.本研究以全面收集的青藏高原东缘3种常见次生植被(鼢鼠土丘群落、人工草地群落和弃耕地群落)中植物种子为基础,沿着群落演替梯度来探明种子萌发和物种多度之间的关系.通过对结果的线性回归分析发现:在鼢鼠土丘群落和人工草地群落中,种子萌发率和物种多度之间无显著相关性;而在弃耕地群落中,种子萌发率和物种多度之间的关系有随着群落的演替呈现由正相关向负相关转变的趋势. 相似文献
7.
采用空间序列替代时间序列的方法,对科尔沁沙地不同演替阶段3个冷蒿群落的物种组成和物种多样性进行研究.结果表明:处于3个演替阶段的冷蒿群落为杠柳-冷蒿群落、杠柳-冷蒿+差巴嘎蒿群落及冷蒿-糙隐子草群落.3个冷蒿群落均以菊科、禾本科和藜科植物占优势.随着群落的演替,群落植物种数和科数逐渐减小,禾本科植物的种数逐渐减小,但菊科和禾本科植物种数所占比例逐渐增大.3个冷蒿群落中物种多样性顺序为:杠柳-冷蒿+差巴嘎蒿群落>杠柳-冷蒿群落>冷蒿-糙隐子草群落.3个冷蒿群落间的物种组成差异不大,群落间物种相似度较高.3个群落中冷蒿的盖度最大,其盖度随着群落的演替逐渐增大. 相似文献
8.
浑善达克退化沙地恢复演替18年中植物群落动态变化 总被引:12,自引:4,他引:12
探讨了浑善达克退化沙地草地围封后流动沙丘的稳定程度 ,以及相应的群落特征随恢复进程的变化规律。采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法 ,从物种丰富度、生活型及功能型多样性等方面探讨了围封 18a(1985~ 2 0 0 3年 )过程中草地自然恢复演替进程。在这一过程中 ,物种多样性、丰富度和生物量随恢复演替先增加而后基本稳定或略有降低 ,呈抛物线型的变化趋势 (P<0 .0 0 1)。依群落特征变化 ,大致可将退化沙地恢复过程分为 3个阶段 :(1)流动沙丘向半固定沙丘转变的过程。在围封的前 2 a内 ,群落盖度增加 6倍 ,物种丰富度增加了 1倍 ,而物种多样性增加较缓慢 ;(2 )半固定沙丘向固定沙丘演替的过程。围封后 3~5 a内 ,尽管群落盖度只增加了约 2 0 % ,但物种丰富度和多样性显著增加 ,植物种类在 3a期间增加了 15种 ,是沙地恢复演替的关键时期 ;(3)固定沙丘稳定阶段。围封第 6 a后 ,群落总盖度、生物多样性、物种丰富度保持不变或略呈下降趋势。在恢复演替中 ,C4 植物在初期起先锋作用 ;而 C3植物在后期对群落稳定起重要作用 ;豆科植物尽管在群落中所占的比重较小 ,但可能对改善沙丘土壤养分方面起重要作用。从生活型多样性来看 ,1年生植物在恢复演替早期阶段对沙丘稳固起重要作用 ;而中后期群落则以多年生植物为 相似文献
9.
松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列植物多样性的空间格局 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
物种多样性格局是国际生物多样性科学前沿领域热点问题.本文以松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列(6种植物群落、144个斑块)为研究对象,系统地探讨了其α、β和γ多样性空间格局及其机理.结果表明:在羊草草甸退化演替系列中共发现87种植物,但没有一种能分布于所有斑块;羊草+鸡儿肠群落或羊草群落的α、β和γ多样性较高,多稀有种和特有种;碱地肤群落最低,少稀有种,无特有种;γ多样性与α多样性显著正相关,但与β多样性无相关性.各植物群落的α多样性与单个斑块面积呈显著幂函数关系,β多样性(相似性指数Sjk)仅羊草+鸡儿肠群落呈显著幂函数关系;斑块平均面积和总面积与α、γ多样性呈显著正相关,与β多样性无相关性.群落的物种丰富度越高,稀有种和特有种就越多,物种在局域斑块上灭绝的可能性越大;β多样性在物种多样性格局中的重要性与生境破碎化程度有关. 相似文献
10.
黄土高原子午岭森林群落演替与结构特征演化 总被引:38,自引:10,他引:28
森林群落演替机制的研究对于加速黄土高原地区的生态环境建设,特别是人工植被建设具有重要的理论意义。采用时空互代的方法研究了黄土高原子午岭林区不同演替阶段3种演替森林群落山杨(Populus davidiana)林、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林与辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林的群落结构特征,结果表明,(1)子午岭林区群落自然进展演替过程中,群落物种丰富度、植物多样性以及个体密度均呈降低趋势。该区森林群落以地面芽植物占绝对优势,而高位芽植物比例较低。各演替阶段群落的空间成层现象明显,并发育有一定数量的层间植物。群落各层主要优势种的水平分布均表现为均匀连续分布状态,而多数非优势种则为零星分布特征。(3)茶条械在该地区具有较宽的生态位,建议作为人工造林树种考虑。 相似文献
11.
Secondary succession and summer herbivory in a subarctic grassland: community structure and diversity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A field experiment was established in a subarctic grassland in the Finnish Lapland to study the role of summer herbivory in plant community succession Perennial vegetation and moss cover were removed in an area of 324 m2 The site was divided into four blocks, of which two were fenced to prevent herbivory by large mammals (reindeer, hare)
Early successional changes in the vegetation were assessed Mean species richness per 3 × 3 m plot was consistently higher in the fenced area, indicating that herbivory can suppress small-scale diversity Herbivory affected the height of several plant species However, there was no correlation between frequency and height of individual species There was a weak indication that taller species were more successful m early succession when grazed Light competition is apparently not a key process determining successional change Thus, in early stage of succession, summer herbivory has little effect on diversity by limiting light competition, and most species are equally successful in grazed and ungrazed plots There was some indirect evidence about competitive interactions in the developing community However, unlike temperate grasslands, large mammal herbivory and competition for light seem not to be important determinants of community change in this subarctic grassland (at least what concernes early successional stages) This may be explained by the harshness of local climate, and abundance of light due to the polar day 相似文献
Early successional changes in the vegetation were assessed Mean species richness per 3 × 3 m plot was consistently higher in the fenced area, indicating that herbivory can suppress small-scale diversity Herbivory affected the height of several plant species However, there was no correlation between frequency and height of individual species There was a weak indication that taller species were more successful m early succession when grazed Light competition is apparently not a key process determining successional change Thus, in early stage of succession, summer herbivory has little effect on diversity by limiting light competition, and most species are equally successful in grazed and ungrazed plots There was some indirect evidence about competitive interactions in the developing community However, unlike temperate grasslands, large mammal herbivory and competition for light seem not to be important determinants of community change in this subarctic grassland (at least what concernes early successional stages) This may be explained by the harshness of local climate, and abundance of light due to the polar day 相似文献
12.
Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that diversity enhances the temporal stability of a community. However, the effect of diversity on the stability of the individual populations within the community remains unclear. Some models predict a decrease of population stability with diversity, whereas others suggest that diversity has a stabilizing effect on populations. Empirical evidence for either relationship between population stability and diversity is weak. The few studies that directly assessed the stability of populations reported contradicting results. We used a six-year data-set from a plant diversity experiment to examine the relationships between diversity and temporal stability of plant biomass. Our results show that stability increased with diversity at the community-level, while the stability of populations, averaged over all species, decreased with diversity. However, when examining species separately we found positive, negative and neutral relationships between population stability and diversity. Our findings suggest that diversity may contribute to the stability of ecosystem services at the community level, but the effect of diversity on the stability of the individual populations within the community are generally negative. However, different species within the community may show strikingly different relationships between diversity and stability. 相似文献
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翅碱蓬是一年生藜科植物,耐碱性极强。本文根据在单—种群落随机取样的调查数据,从种群水平分析了松嫩平原碱化草甸天然翅碱蓬种群的密度制约特征。结果表明,翅碱蓬种群在不同生长期及不同数量性状的密度制约模型均可由多种函数形式同时较好地表达出来。但本文仅以相关性最好的拟合方程作为种群某一性状密度制约特征的模型。孕蕾期的平均植株重和单位面积籽实重的密度制约表现为变形双曲线函数y=a+b/x形式;籽实成熟期的平均植株重、平均植株籽实重、平均植株种子数和单位面积种子数均表现为幂函数y=ax-b形式;地上生物量在孕蕾期为变形双曲线函数y=1/(a+bx)形式,在籽实成熟期为对数函数y=a-blnx形式。 相似文献
14.
Climate and human-induced wetland degradation has accelerated in recent years, not only resulting in reduced ecosystem services but also greatly affecting the composition and diversity of wetland plant communities. To date, the knowledge of the differences in community parameters and their successional trends in degraded wetlands remains scarce. Here based on remote sensing images, geographic information system technology, and statistical methods, we produced a successional gradient map of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve in Beijing, which has experienced a steady decline in water level in recent decades. In addition, we analyzed community composition and diversity along with each identified gradient. The results showed that community diversity decreases while dominance increases with the progress of succession, with the highest diversity occurring during the early stage of succession. Moreover, the community demonstrates greater similarity among subareas during later successional stages, and the similarity coefficients calculated from the important value (IV) of each species are more accurate. Correlation analysis showed that the impact of soil factors on diversity was not significant at a subarea scale, although these nutrients showed an increasing trend with the community succession. Furthermore, the IVs of the dominant species had a particularly significant impact on diversity, showing a significantly negative correlation with diversity indices and a significantly positive correlation with dominance indices. Further analysis showed that the retreat of water level resulted from sustained drought and local human activities was a major extrinsic driving force resulting in observed differences in the community successional stages, which resulted in differences in community composition and diversity. On the other hand, interspecific competition was the main intrinsic mechanism, which significantly influenced the IVs of the dominant species and community diversity. The results of this study could aid in improving the understanding of community composition, diversity, and its successional trends in degraded wetlands. 相似文献
15.
黄土高原半干旱区退化草地恢复与利用过程研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
草地退化表现为土壤和植被遭到彻底破坏,草地演替过程受到强烈抑制.实验采用长期(30年)封禁措施,定位监测退化草地从次生半裸地演变为近似原生植被(进展演替)的变化过程.结果表明,随着封禁时间的变化,退化草地恢复演替经历了4个阶段,群落盖度、植株密度、物种丰富度和多样性指数、地上生物量和地下生物量在草地群落恢复过程中逐渐增加,其特征变化出现的峰值均在封禁第20年(地下生物量峰值在第15年),其中地上生物量最高达520.5 g/m2;直到封禁的第20~25年,以本氏针茅为建群种的草原群落衰败退化现象明显,而大针茅种群密度剧增;在封禁的第26年以上以大针茅为优势的群落生长较为稳定,从目前群落演替进程看,大针茅有替代本氏针茅的趋势.另外,在草原沟道两侧以斑块状聚集分布有中旱生灌木,群落的演替进入了一个新的阶段.随着封禁时间的延续,退化草地从自然封禁恢复的0~26年,通过侵入-竞争-扩散-定居的几个演替阶段,目前形成以大针茅为建群种相对稳定的"亚顶级".虽然草地生物量有一定下降,但草地质量提高,物种多样性丰富,促进草地的进展演替.草地植物群落主要由禾本科、豆科和菊科组成;多年生植物、C3和旱生物种可以作为草地演替过程和植被恢复的指示物种.长期封育对草地物种更新和生态系统稳定性有负面影响,因此,合理的封育时间是草地生态恢复中非常重要的一个因素.本研究提出,在黄土区退化草地封育10~15年后可以开始进行合理的利用,例如通过两年一次刈割和轻度放牧(2只羊/hm2).本研究可为干旱区、半干旱区相似的退化草地恢复提供理论依据. 相似文献
16.
民勤连古城自然保护区群落结构和物种多样性特征分析 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
通过物种多样性指数、林地承载力以及土壤水分等指标对民勤连古城自然保护区荒漠群落的结构和物种多样性以及影响因子进行了研究。结果表明:(1)群落的优势层片为灌木层,其物种组成和结构比较稳定,受环境变化的影响较小,而草本层为不稳定层片;(2)荒漠群落的物种多样性指数均偏低,生态优势度较高,群落的生态功能主要由优势种群或建群种群实施,在无外界干扰情况下,优势种群或建群种群的稳定性可以揭示群落的稳定性;(3)土壤水分是影响群落结构的主导因子,而降水是土壤水分的主要来源,对群落结构具有显著影响。土壤异质性对群落结构同样具有显著影响,是第二主导因子,其物种多样性指数为黏性土壤>灰棕荒漠土>风沙土;(4)群落物种多样性与其林地承载力无一定规律的相关性,灌木层片中,二者呈对数相关(y=64.787ln(x) 214.04,R2=0.829,P<0.01),能够比较科学地揭示物种多样性与林地承载力之间的关系,而草本层中二者呈幂指数相关(y=0.3198e6.1654x,R2=0.6999,P<0.01),反映了林地承载力受环境因子变化的影响。 相似文献
17.
Control of plant species diversity and community invasibility by species immigration: seed richness versus seed density 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Immigration rates of species into communities are widely understood to influence community diversity, which in turn is widely expected to influence the susceptibility of ecosystems to species invasion. For a given community, however, immigration processes may impact diversity by means of two separable components: the number of species represented in seed inputs and the density of seed per species. The independent effects of these components on plant species diversity and consequent rates of invasion are poorly understood. We constructed experimental plant communities through repeated seed additions to independently measure the effects of seed richness and seed density on the trajectory of species diversity during the development of annual plant communities. Because we sowed species not found in the immediate study area, we were able to assess the invasibility of the resulting communities by recording the rate of establishment of species from adjacent vegetation. Early in community development when species only weakly interacted, seed richness had a strong effect on community diversity whereas seed density had little effect. After the plants became established, the effect of seed richness on measured diversity strongly depended on seed density, and disappeared at the highest level of seed density. The ability of surrounding vegetation to invade the experimental communities was decreased by seed density but not by seed richness, primarily because the individual effects of a few sown species could explain the observed invasion rates. These results suggest that seed density is just as important as seed richness in the control of species diversity, and perhaps a more important determinant of community invasibility than seed richness in dynamic plant assemblages. 相似文献
18.
陕北黄土区生态修复过程中植物群落物种多样性变化 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
根据18块典型样地的植被调查数据,采用时空互代和对比分析法,从演替时间、生态修复模式和坡向3个方面研究了陕西省吴起县生态修复过程中植物群落物种多样性特征.结果表明:在25年自然演替序列中,退耕封育群落依次经历了猪毛菜、猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子、铁杆蒿和白羊草5种类型,建群种表现为1年生向多年生、低级向高级的演替趋势.其间,物种种类、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数均呈二次函数变化,说明黄土区退化生态系统在消除外界压力后,通过自然恢复可达到高级、稳定状态,但速度缓慢.地形条件和恢复年限一致时,4种主要修复模式形成的群落中,草本层的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数表现为退耕封育>退耕还草>退耕还林>荒山造林,Simpson指数则相反.与退耕封育模式相比,退耕还草和退耕还林模式在相同恢复期内形成的草本群落,虽然多样性指数较低,但更接近自然演替后期阶段,说明人工修复模式能加快演替进程.在相同恢复年限内,阴坡退耕封育群落的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数明显大于阳坡,且群落类型更接近演替后期阶段,说明阳坡生态修复的本底条件更差,植被自然演替速率更缓慢. 相似文献
19.
裂叶沙参个体生长动态研究(1):一个生长季地上部分的生长 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在不同生境条件下的固定样地内,观察分析了裂叶沙参种群的地上部分在一个生长季的生长过程和物侯特点。生长于灌木群落下,裂叶沙参地上部分生物量生长(y,g)与时间(x、d)的关系可以用公式:y=0.2872-0.0187x+0.0009x^2表示;地上各器官茎、叶、花枝、花芽、花和果的生物量(y,克)与生长时间(x,天)的关系可以用公式:y=b0+b1x+b2x^2表示。从4月10日到8月15日的速生期 相似文献
20.
庙岛群岛典型植物群落物种、功能、结构多样性及其对环境因子的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
海岛植被在全球生物多样性研究中起重要作用,研究海岛植被多样性对于理解海陆相互作用下植物群落的多样性维持机制有重要意义.本研究以庙岛群岛的麻栎群落、刺槐群落、黑松群落、荆条群落4种典型植物群落为对象,采用物种多样性指数、功能多样性指数和结构多样性指数,在群落尺度上探讨了海岛典型植物群落物种、功能、结构多样性间的关系及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明: 黑松群落的物种丰富度与Rao指数高于刺槐群落与麻栎群落,而结构多样性却较低;荆条灌丛的物种、结构多样性均低于森林群落,而功能多样性高于部分森林群落.物种丰富度与Rao指数以及树高多样性间呈显著正相关,与功能均匀度呈显著负相关.结构多样性主要由坡度决定且与坡度呈负相关;功能均匀度与坡度呈正相关,而功能异质性、功能离散度和物种多样性则更多地受土壤理化性质的影响,与土壤容重及土壤总碳呈正相关,与土壤含水率呈负相关.总体而言,庙岛群岛的植物群落多样性格局既有与大陆植被相似的特征,但也有其海岛特殊性. 相似文献