低温处理对北美冬青叶片抗氧化能力的影响

为了解低温对北美冬青(Ilex verticillata)生长的影响,对2年生扦插苗经低温处理(-6℃)后的生长和抗氧化能力进行了研究。结果表明,随着低温处理时间的延长,北美冬青叶片的叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值和叶绿素b含量增加,而其他色素含量都呈下降趋势;相对电导率(REC)和H_2O_2含量(72 h除外)显著增加。低温处理对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响不大,却显著降低CAT的活性。低温处理过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高,48 h活性达到最高;而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性在处理12 h达最高,然后下降。还原型抗坏血酸(As A)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均呈先升高再下降的趋势。因此,北美冬青在短时间内(≤24 h)能够忍受低温(-6℃),抗氧化防御系统在低温初期起关键的作用,但随时间延长(72 h)其抗氧化能力减弱。     

三种油茶幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应及其抗寒性综合评价

以普通油茶Camellia oleifera、高州油茶C. drupifera和红花油茶C. semiserrata 1年生幼苗为试材,通过模拟低温胁迫,分别对其进行6 ℃低温处理,持续0、24、48、72 h以及恢复常温25 ℃后处理24 h,测定各处理幼苗的生理指标,并用主成分分析法综合评价3种油茶幼苗的抗寒性。结果表明,3种油茶的叶绿素含量和相对含水量随胁迫时间的延长而下降,而可溶性蛋白含量则随胁迫时间延长显著上升。在低温处理72 h时,高州油茶的叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量与对照相比差异极显著,分别下降了64.67%和上升了705.67%;而普通油茶叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量与对照相比仅下降34.35 %和上升443.10%,表现出较强的抗寒性。3种油茶抗寒性由强到弱的顺序为普通油茶＞红花油茶＞高州油茶。     

低温环境下兔放火器复合伤早期血浆蛋白质及器官功能变化的研究

目的:探讨低温环境下放火器复合伤后血清蛋白质含量及器官功能的变化规律.方法:制备低温环境下兔肢体放火器复合伤动物模型,分别于致伤前及致伤后4、8、16、24、48、72 h测定血浆中蛋白质含量及Cr、BUN、ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、CK、LDH、ACP含量,并同时观察生命体征的变化.结果:低温环境下兔放火器复合伤后,4、8、16、24、48、72h血浆TP、ALB和GLB含量较致伤前均显著下降;血浆Cr、ALT、AST、CK和LDH含量于致伤后4、8、16、24、48、72h显著升高.致伤后16h时血浆BUN含量显著升高,随后24、48、72h显著下降.血浆GGT含量于致伤后4h显著升高,8、16、24、48、72h显著下降.血浆ALP和ACP含量于致伤后4、8、16、24、48、72h显著下降.结论:低温环境下放火器复合伤对兔重要器官功能具有损伤早、损害严重的特点,并具有明显进行性加重的趋势.     

干热处理对甜瓜种子活力和细菌性果斑病抑制能力的影响

以厚皮甜瓜品种‘哈密绿’种子为材料,在70℃、75℃和80℃温度下分别处理24h、48h和72h,研究不同干热处理对甜瓜种子活力萌发和生理生化指标变化及细菌性果斑病的防治效果。结果显示:(1)随着处理温度的升高和时间的延长,干热处理甜瓜种子发芽指标和成苗率显著下降,而70℃处理24h和48h对种子发芽指标(活力指数除外)和成苗率无显著影响。(2)与对照相比,干热处理种子胚芽中的SOD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量升高,在同一温度处理下,SOD活性和可溶性糖含量随着处理时间的延长基本呈增长趋势,脯氨酸含量则随着处理时间的延长呈下降趋势,POD和APX活性以及可溶性蛋白含量变化随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长呈下降趋势;与对照相比,胚芽中CAT活性在70℃处理下降低,而在75℃和80℃处理下升高,但其随着处理时间的延长呈下降趋势;胚芽中O-·2产生速率在70℃和75℃处理下与对照接近,而在80℃处理下随着处理时间的延长呈上升趋势,且均显著高于对照。(3)随着处理温度的升高和时间的延长,甜瓜接菌种子幼苗细菌性果斑病发病率较对照显著降低。研究表明,适宜干热处理温度和时间诱导甜瓜种子中抗氧化酶活性增强,渗透调节物质含量增加,超氧阴离子产生速率降低,种子活力和出苗率有效提高,‘哈密绿’种子有效、安全的干热处理组合为70℃、48h。     

低温胁迫下枇杷幼果种子膜脂过氧化、保护酶活性及显微结构的变化

枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)开花结果正值冬季低温期,易受低温影响,因此寒害成为抑制枇杷健康生长、发育的重要因素之一。种子作为产生多种内源激素的中心,其健康程度与枇杷果实正常发育息息相关。该研究以四川省成都市龙泉驿区柏合镇的‘早钟六号’枇杷幼果种子为材料,经不同低温(6、3、0、-3℃)胁迫不同时间(12、24、36、48 h)后,对其相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的变化进行测定以及细胞解剖结构分析,旨在探究枇杷幼果种子抗寒机制,为提高四川地区枇杷抗寒栽培新技术提供理论和实践依据。结果表明:低温胁迫下,枇杷幼果种子相对电导率及MDA含量随着处理温度的降低整体呈上升趋势;保护酶SOD、CAT活性在低温胁迫前期不同程度升高,至某个低温后呈下降趋势;而POD活性总体呈升-降-升趋势;相对电导率、MDA含量、SOD活性、CAT活性、POD活性的变化临界温度均为6℃,胁迫临界时间分别为12、24、48、36 h,而MDA含量变化临界温度为3℃,胁迫临界时间为36 h;显微结构表明枇杷幼果种子6℃低温开始受冻,最先受冻部位为种皮,其次为种胚真叶原始体或真叶,最后到细胞破裂,说明枇杷幼果种子随着处理温度降低,细胞结构受损越严重。综上,枇杷幼果种子受冻临界温度为6℃,受冻临界时间为12 h。     

低温胁迫下不同种源香椿含水量和渗透调节物质含量差异及其与抗寒性的相关性

以来源于不同产地的10个香椿〔Toona sinensis(A.Juss.)Roem.〕种源为研究对象、以温度25℃为对照,对5℃、0℃、-5℃和-10℃低温胁迫条件下叶片的水分含量指标(包括总含水量、自由水含量、束缚水含量和自由水含量与束缚水含量比值)和渗透调节物质含量(包括可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量)的变化进行了比较,并对这些指标与低温半致死温度(LT50)的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:在5℃至-5℃条件下,各种源幼苗叶片的总含水量、自由水含量以及自由水含量与束缚水含量比值均低于对照,并且大多种源的上述指标随温度降低不断下降;各种源幼苗叶片的束缚水含量则均高于对照,并在0℃条件下达到最高值;多数种源幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量及脯氨酸含量则随温度降低而持续上升。在-10℃条件下,所有种源幼苗叶片的总含水量和自由水含量以及绝大多数种源的自由水含量与束缚水含量比值均高于-5℃条件下,但束缚水含量、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量则均低于-5℃条件下。相关性分析结果表明:在5℃条件下,束缚水含量与LT50呈显著负相关、自由水含量与束缚水含量比值与LT50呈显著正相关,而在0℃、-5℃和-10℃条件下这2个指标与LT50则分别呈不显著的负相关和正相关;在5℃和-5℃条件下叶片的自由水含量与LT50呈显著正相关,而在0℃和-10℃条件下则呈不显著正相关;在5℃条件下叶片的可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量与LT50呈不显著负相关,而在0℃、-5℃和-10℃条件下则与LT50呈显著负相关。研究结果表明:供试的10个香椿种源均不能耐受-10℃的低温胁迫,应在-5℃至-10℃范围内进一步研究确定其低温耐受阈值。     

低温胁迫对澳洲茶树组培苗生理特性的影响

为探讨澳洲茶树组培苗耐受低温的能力及对低温胁迫的响应机制,该文测定了3月龄澳洲茶树组培苗低温处理过程及恢复培养后叶片叶绿素(Chl)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗氧化物酶(SOD,POD,CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)的变化。结果表明:(1)-5℃胁迫24 h,保护酶及抗氧化物含量均显著下降,MDA含量显著上升。(2) 0℃下,AsA和GSH先降后升,POD和CAT相反,SOD持续升高;胁迫48 h后保护酶活性显著升高,抗氧化剂含量显著降低。(3) 10℃下,SOD活性先降后升;胁迫48 h后,渗透调节物质含量均显著升高。因此,3月龄澳洲茶树组培苗在-5℃受到致死冻害,幼苗能通过启动抗氧化系统及快速积累渗透调节物质响应0℃以上低温胁迫,但对10℃和0℃两种低温胁迫的应答机制却存在一定的差异。该研究结果将有助于深入了解其对低温的耐受能力及生理响应机制,为合理引种及规模化种植提供理论依据。     

低温胁迫下西番莲叶片的生理反应及超微结构变化

以西番莲扦插苗为实验材料,比较预冷处理和常温处理(对照)情况下,西番莲叶片对-6℃低温胁迫的生理反应及叶肉细胞的超微结构变化,以探讨预冷处理对西番莲的抗寒作用及其机理。结果显示:(1)常温处理组在-6℃低温胁迫处理后,西番莲叶片的质膜相对透性、MDA含量随着低温处理时间的延长而逐渐增加,而预冷处理组这两个指标在处理期间都比常温处理组低;(2)常温处理组叶片H2O2含量在48h时达到峰值后出现下降,而预冷处理组的H2O2含量都低于对照,在48h时对照的H2O2含量比预冷锻炼的高1.14倍;(3)常温处理组的脯氨酸含量在24h内增加以后出现下降,而预冷处理组在处理期间逐渐增加且高于对照;(4)常温处理组的POD活性在12h时最高,CAT、SOD活性在24h时最高,以后出现下降。预冷处理组提高了3个酶的活性,其中POD在12h时是对照的2.73倍,CAT、SOD活性在24h时比对照分别提高18.7%和42.7%。(5)超微结构研究显示,预冷处理组在低温胁迫72h时虽出现叶绿体片层肿胀、核膜消失、质膜内陷等症状,但叶绿体伤害症状轻于常温处理。研究表明,低温预冷处理能够提高西番莲的抗寒性。     

低温条件下拔节期小麦叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化

以扬麦16和徐麦30为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温逆境,研究拔节期-3 ℃和-5 ℃低温胁迫对小麦植株受冻率、叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明： 随着处理温度的降低、胁迫时间的延长,小麦植株冻害等级与冻害指数增加,-5 ℃处理72 h两品种五级冻害率均为100%.低温处理结束当天,小麦叶片中内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫程度加重呈先升高后降低的趋势;处理结束后3 d,ABA、ZR含量及抗氧化酶活性较处理结束当天升高;至处理结束后6 d,与自然生长的对照处理接近.低温胁迫叶片中赤霉素（GA₃）含量下降,处理结束后3和6 d,扬麦16叶片中GA₃含量呈上升趋势,徐麦30则表现为先升高后下降.-5 ℃ 72 h重度胁迫处理叶片中ABA、ZR、GA₃含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性均较对照显著下降.相关分析表明,较高的ABA、ZR含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性以及较低的GA₃含量可减缓低温胁迫对小麦植株的伤害.     

低温胁迫下外源脱落酸对高山离子芥抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

以高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)试管苗为实验材料,研究了低温冷害(4℃)、低温冻害(-4℃)和临界温度(0℃)胁迫下外源ABA对抗氧化酶及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明在4和-4℃胁迫下阴性对照组中SOD和CAT活性高于空白对照组;POD活性在4℃胁迫下高于空白对照组;APX活性在4和-4℃胁迫的晚期升高。与此同时,阴性对照组中膜的相对电导率增加、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量降低。0℃胁迫下阴性对照组中POD活性降低;APX活性呈波动式变化;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别在72和48 h时高于空白对照组;而可溶性蛋白含量低于空白对照组。添加外源ABA处理后4、-4和0℃胁迫下POD、SOD、CAT和APX活性较阴性对照组均得到不同程度增加;ABA的处理显著降低了细胞膜的相对电导率,提高脯氨酸,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.