繁殖期白冠长尾雉占区雄鸟的活动区

20 0 0年 3～ 8月采用无线电遥测技术对董寨国家级自然保护区的白冠长尾雉 (Syrmaticusreevesii)繁殖期占区雄鸟的活动区进行了研究。对遥测时间超过 6 0天的 7只个体的研究表明 ,繁殖期白冠长尾雉占区雄鸟对活动区具有较强的依恋性 ;90 %调和平均转换法 ( 90 %HMT)计算的繁殖期活动区大小为 46 0± 13 7hm2 (n=7) ;繁殖初期、中期和末期的活动区大小分别为 2 4 5± 6 3、 19 6± 7 5和 17 9± 6 2hm2 (n =7) ;随着繁殖期的结束活动区与日活动区呈减小趋势。白冠长尾雉占区雄鸟对活动区的 3个亚区 (夜栖区、觅食休憩区和过渡区 )的利用时间存在明显差异 ,活动区所在地的植被结构的不同可能是造成这种差异的主要原因.     

青海湖斑头雁（Anser indicus）繁殖期的活动性、栖息地利用及其与人的关系

2005年高致病性禽流感爆发,导致青海湖数千只斑头雁和中国其他地区大量家禽死亡。首次应用无线电遥测和颈环标记法对青海湖疫区斑头雁在繁殖期的活动性、栖息地利用及其与人的关系进行了研究。斑头雁主要在蛋岛繁殖,在泉湾、尕日拉、黑马河口、铁卜加河口等地觅食。斑头雁在青海湖的活动区为（309.63±172.72）km^2,活动核心区大小为（49.30±19.61）km^2。个体在不同阶段的活动区大小无显著差异。不同繁殖阶段间活动区较稳定,平均有超过一半（56.6%±24.9%）的活动点落入上一阶段的活动区中。由于成鸟在繁殖后期带领幼鸟离开繁殖场所,因而繁殖中、后期的活动区稳定性相对较差。斑头雁对河口、沼泽、草地和湖泊的利用率依次减少。随着繁殖季节的推移,斑头雁对河口的利用率逐渐减小,对沼泽的利用率则逐渐增加。对斑头雁与人的关系研究表明,在地点方面,斑头雁在蛋岛、黑马河口和泉湾与人的接触强度最大;在时间方面,5月份斑头雁与人的接触强度最大。在这些时间和地点,加强旅游管理和对牧民的宣传对禽流感防控非常必要。     

基于卫星跟踪的遗鸥活动特征与空间利用研究

河北省康巴诺尔湖和张家口坝上已成为遗鸥Larus relictus的重要繁殖地和迁徙停歇地,但对此地繁殖种群的研究才刚开始。为了掌握遗鸥繁殖种群的活动区、活动节律和空间利用等特点,2016年6—9月,利用卫星跟踪技术对康巴诺尔湖遗鸥的活动特征和空间利用进行了研究。对4只遗鸥个体的跟踪结果表明:活动特征方面,(1)遗鸥主要活动区位于张家口坝上和内蒙古乌兰察布市东部,且不同个体位点分布差异较大;(2)繁殖后期和游荡期遗鸥活动区面积差异明显,游荡期活动区面积(155.95 km~2)大于繁殖后期(59.90 km~2)。同时不同个体活动区重叠程度差异较大,繁殖后期重叠程度高,游荡期重叠程度低;(3)活动节律显示遗鸥每天凌晨和黄昏都出现较长的活动距离。空间利用方面,本研究首次将粪区和农草区划为遗鸥的觅食区域,发现繁殖后期和游荡期遗鸥对湖淖区均有较高程度的利用。此外,还对遗鸥潜在食源进行了调查,发现在康巴诺尔湖遗鸥主要食物为摇蚊科Chironomidae幼虫和划蝽科Corixidae,在其他觅食地主要食物为丰年虫Chirocephalus sp.、蚌虫Cyzicus sp.、鲎虫Triops sp.和蛆虫。     

云南纳帕海湿地越冬斑头雁活动区

活动区范围反映了动物在个体水平上的空间需求,开展相关研究对物种保护以及理解动物与环境之间的关系具有重要意义。于2017、2018和2019年共3个越冬季,在云南纳帕海湿地对7只斑头雁（Anser indicus）进行了卫星遥测,运用动态布朗桥模型构建了斑头雁越冬期活动区,并结合遥感技术分析了水域面积变化对斑头雁活动区的影响。结果表明：所跟踪斑头雁的总活动区域中有54.7%位于保护区范围内,其余活动区域则分布于保护区外围的草地或沼泽中;斑头雁越冬期的平均活动区面积和核心活动区面积分别为（5.98 ± 0.63）km2和（0.55 ± 0.12）km2（n = 8,2017年越冬季1只个体数据、2018年越冬季6只个体数据和2019年越冬季1只个体数据）,核心活动区面积仅占活动区面积的9.2%;最大活动区面积为8.22 km2,最小仅为3.38 km2,最大核心活动区面积为1.21 km2,最小为0.12 km2;斑头雁活动区面积受纳帕海湿地水域面积变化影响较大,随着水域由南向北退缩,沼泽及草甸增多,斑头雁的活动范围变大,且会向着水域退减的方向移动;2639号斑头雁在2018年和2019年两年越冬季相同时间段的活动区面积和分布均存在显著差异,2018年越冬季活动区的面积（5.98 km2）小于2019年（8.22 km2）,核心活动区的面积（0.61 km2）同样也小于2019年（1.21 km2）,并且其两年越冬季活动区面积的重叠度指数IO仅为0.31。鉴于斑头雁是H5N1高致病性禽流感的重要携带者和传播者,建议保护区增加保护区管理范围,对与斑头雁活动区重合较大的村庄,包括云南省迪庆州香格里拉市建塘镇的开松、纳公和打日觉等重点管理,避免家猪与斑头雁混群觅食,倡导在冬季时对家猪进行圈养,防止可能引起的禽流感交叉传播。     

青海湖棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)夏秋季活动区研究

2006年4～9月,采用无线电遥测技术对青海湖重要繁殖水鸟棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)在不同繁殖阶段的活动性,以及与人和鸟的关系进行了研究.对6只棕头鸥个体的遥测结果表明,繁殖初期棕头鸥的活动区较大,进入繁殖中期,活动区明显变小;随后繁殖后期的活动区面积有所增加,到了迁徙前期,活动区面积已接近繁殖初期.不同阶段活动区核心面积(50%Fixed Kernel)与活动区变化趋势基本一致.繁殖初期、中期、后期和迁徙前期活动区面积分别为(15.48 km2±4.54 km2)、(1.61 km2±0.41 km2)、(3.53 km2±2.63 km2)和(11.61 km2±9.36 km2).棕头鸥在不同繁殖阶段的日活动区大小有显著差异.繁殖初期,棕头鸥经常活动于鸬鹚岛、蛋岛和布哈河口,它们都是棕头鸥较好的取食地,鸬鹚岛和蛋岛由于有许多游客投喂食物;在繁殖中期,棕头鸥进入孵化阶段,活动区较繁殖前期明显缩小.由于湟鱼返回布哈河口一带产卵繁殖,棕头鸥经常聚集在此地取食;在繁殖后期,棕头鸥需要寻找大量的食物进行育雏,因此活动范围再度扩大;进入迁徙前期,幼鸟已经长大并学会飞翔,其活动区进一步扩大,与繁殖初期较为接近.     

外源性CO对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞迁移的影响

目的 :探讨外源性CO对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞迁移的影响。方法 :体外培养大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞 ,用外源性CO处理 2 4h、48h、72h ,检测平滑肌细胞迁移情况。结果 :2 4h、48h、和 72h后未处理的对照组大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞迁移距离分别为 ( 332 16± 49 94)nm、( 44 2 83± 5 9 15 )nm和 ( 5 94.92± 6 2 .5 3)nm、后二者与 2 4h组比有显著差异 (P <0 .0 0 1)。 2 0、5 0、80 ppmCO处理细胞 2 4h后 ,细胞迁移距离分别为 ( 2 96 13± 5 5 32 )nm、( 2 47.87±5 8.2 3)nm和 ( 2 2 8 5 7± 72 6 8)nm ,除 2 0ppmCO组与对照组无显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其余两组均显著低于对照组(P <0 .0 1)。 2 0、5 0、80 ppmCO处理细胞 48h、72h后 ,其迁移距离也显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。 结论 :大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞自身存在迁移情况 ,培养时间愈长 ,迁移距离愈大 ;外源性CO可以显著抑制平滑肌细胞的迁移 ,随着浓度增加 ,抑制作用增强     

陕西铜川再引入朱鹮的繁殖状况

为了扩大朱鹮Nipponia nippon的种群数量和分布区,自2013年开始在秦岭以北的陕西省铜川市开展了朱鹮的再引入工作。通过彩色数字环观察、无线电遥测和卫星跟踪,对再引入的62只朱鹮在2014—2015年2个繁殖季节的活动状况和繁殖状况进行了监测。2年共记录到8个巢,窝卵数为2.5枚±0.9枚,繁殖成功率达80%,高于野生朱鹮。主要营巢树种为加拿大杨Populus canadensis(n=5)和刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia(n=2),分布在距主要觅食河流沮河300 m以内,巢址特征与野生朱鹮相似。2只卫星跟踪朱鹮的繁殖期活动区面积分别为262.4 km2和20.1 km2,远高于野生朱鹮。铜川单一的河流觅食环境是限制朱鹮种群繁育壮大的主要因素,采取适宜的湿地恢复和繁殖期投食措施可有效改善这一状况。     

朱鹮分布与栖息地内农民的关系

1998到 2 0 0 0年间 ,我们在陕西省洋县应用样方法调查了朱 (Nipponianippon)活动区 (面积约10 0 0平方公里 )内所有正在使用的巢和部分往年的旧巢 ,以及主要夜宿地和觅食地 ,并将当地的地形、水系和居民区数字化 ,建立了地理信息系统数据库。通过对其空间位置的统计分析 ,发现朱显著倾向于在村庄附近栖息。朱的活动区与湿地的分布密切相关 ,而村庄都分布在湿地附近。朱与人类保持一定的预警距离 ,同时也对农民的日常活动表现出一定的适应性。我们分析了朱二十年来的繁殖成功率 ,发现它与巢址到农户的距离无关。而且 ,朱营巢的海拔逐年降低 ,其主要活动区正向人口更密的低海拔农村转移。因此 ,我们认为朱对以人类为主导的山村生态系统有良好的适应性。     

血雉繁殖期活动区与栖息地特征

采用无线电追踪技术并结合野外观察,对血雉繁殖期活动区与栖息地特征进行了研究。孵卵期(5月)雄鸟的活动区面积为31．90hm^2,雌鸟为8．67hm^2。育雏期一个家族的活动区面积为15．45hm^2(6月)和17．33hm^2(7月)。繁殖季节相邻两个繁殖对的活动区有重叠。血雉繁殖季节喜欢在北坡和东坡活动,这种选择与食物的分布有关。倒木在繁殖期栖息地选择中占有一定地位。用多元总体假设检验、单变量F检验及主成分分析法对实验样方与对照样方间进行了比较分析。结果表明,繁殖期喜选择山脊附近下层空间较为斤阔的灌木林或林间空地。     

白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区与栖息地利用研究

2001年和2002年冬季,利用无线电遥测技术在河南董寨国家级自然保护区内对白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticusreevesii)雄鸟的冬季活动区和栖息地利用进行了研究。对遥测位点超过30个的5只雄性个体的研究表明,白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区面积为10.03±1.17hm2(最小凸多边形法,MCP)、8.60±0.35hm2(90%调和平均转换法,90%HMT)和9.50±1.90hm2(95%固定核法,95%FK),明显小于其繁殖期的活动区面积。核心区面积为1.88±0.37hm2。核心区的栖息地组成在个体间变化较大,但主要是针阔混交林、松林、杉木林和灌丛。在研究区尺度上,白冠长尾雉雄鸟对栖息地有明显的选择性,但在活动区内则是随机利用栖息地。乔木胸径、灌木高度、2.0m层盖度及灌丛与森林的距离对雄性白冠长尾雉冬季的栖息地选择有重要影响。根据本项研究结果,我们建议在白冠长尾雉的栖息地管理中首先应加强对现存栖息地的保护,同时应通过适当的造林来扩大栖息地面积,此外还要注意对大面积的现有灌丛进行改造。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418