西方蜜蜂四个亚种酯酶同工酶型和苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ同工酶基因型的遗传差异

The esterase (EST) and the malate dehydrogenase Ⅱ (MDHⅡ) isozymes in A. mellifera carpatica (C), A. mellifera ssp.(D), “Zhejiang Agricultural University No.1” A. mellifera ligustica (Ea) and A. mellifera carnica (K), and the genotypes of MDHⅡ isozymes in four subspecies of A. mellifera were analysed by IEF PAGE. The results indicate that the four subspecies of A. mellifera showed the same EST zymogram, while A. cerana showed a different EST zymogram, which suggests that the genotypes of EST isozymes in A. mellifera are different from those in A. cerana. The genotypes of the MDHⅡ isozymes in four subspecies of A. mellifera were aa, ab, ac, bb, bc and cc. The C and Ea subspecies exhibited high homozyosity, while D and K displayed high heterozyosity. The allele b appeared to be the highest frequency in C, while the allele c had the highest frequency in Ea. The frequencies of the alleles a, b and c in sub species D were very similar. The alleles a and c were common, while allele b was rare in sub species K. There were highly significant differences in genotype frequencies, allele frequencies, homozyosity and heterozyosity among these four subspecies.     

家蝇幼虫同工酶研究

本通过聚丙烯酰凝胶电泳法对家蝇幼虫体内的过氧化物酶、乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、酯酶和超氧化物歧化酶,以及对超氧化物歧化酶的特性进行了研究。实验结果为家蝇幼虫资源开发利用提供了理论依据。     

党参的体细胞胚发生及不同发育阶段几种同工酶的分析

以党参为材料,在附加0.1 mg·L-1 2,4-D、0.3 mg·L-1 6-BA和3%蔗糖的MS培养基上获得大量发育良好的体细胞胚. 附加6-BA可以使胚性愈伤组织进行芽的分化,而添加0.1%活性炭后仅有根的分化.利用梯度凝胶电泳进行同工酶的研究表明在胚性愈伤组织和体细胞胚之间,酶谱差异比较大;而在不同发育时期的体细胞胚之间,差异较小.并讨论了同工酶酶谱和酶活性变化与体细胞胚发生、发育的关系.     

意蜂和中蜂四种同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳分析了意蜂和中蜂的酯酶(Est)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(Idh)、苹果酸酶(Me)和苹果酸脱氢酶(Mdh)同工酶.两个蜂种的四种同工酶谱有不同程度的差别、意蜂酯酶Ⅳ和苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅲ是多态性的;中蜂的四种同工酶没有多态现象.     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系的3种同工酶分析

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A及其同核异质保持系21B为试验材料,比较分析两系雄配子发育过程中酯酶（EST）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的表达特征。结果表明：幼叶和花蕾的EST同工酶酶谱在谱带数目和酶带强弱上存在时空表达差异,并且随着雄配子发育的进行,保持系21B从中花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系21A多1条清晰的谱带（EST3e）,其差异表达发生在细胞学上观察到的败育时期之前;在GDH同工酶中,保持系21B从大花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系多6条谱带（GDH,和GDH1／2）,酶谱差异表达时期与细胞学上观察到的败育时期一致;而在MDH同工酶中,不育系21A和保持系21B的幼叶和各级花蕾的酶谱在谱带数目和谱带强弱上均没有明显差异。     

黄鳝性逆转过程中同工酶的分析研究 Ⅰ．雌雄个体不同组织的同工酶分析

作者采用三种垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对雌雄黄鳝６种组织的乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、酯酶（ＥＳＴ）进行了研究。结果表明ＬＤＨ同工酶谱为细带型,可分为３区８条带,其迁移率为Ａ＞Ｂ＞Ｃ,其中Ｃ＿４仅出现在心、脑和肌肉中。ＬＤＨ在肝中表达甚微。ＥＳＴ同工酶显示３区７条带。黄鳝的同工酶有明显的组织特异性,在两性中的表达也存在一定的差异,这种差异ＥＳＴ比ＬＤＨ明显;肝、肾和性腺比其它组织较明显。这两种同工酶在雌性中的表达均比在雄性中强。以上反映了差别的基因活性。本文还讨论了黄鳝同工酶的遗传基础,亚基的组成以及ＬＤＨ迁移率和黄鳝演化地位的关系。     

秦岭地区大林姬鼠的酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳分析了大林姬鼠(Apodemus peninsulae)心、肝、脾、肾和腿肌的 α-酯酶,β-酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶。结果表明3种同工酶的活性在5种器官组织中均有明显差异,其中以肝组织的酯酶活性最高,不同器官组织的酶谱也有明显差别,如脾的β一酯酶仅有B区带,同一器官组织通常以α-酯酶活性高于β-酯酶。苹果酸脱氢酶在碱性溶液中染色,肝组织有明显的AB医。心肌与腿肌的苹果酸脱氢酶活性略高于其他组织。     

蜜蜂（Apis）苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究进展

苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）是糖代谢中重要的酶。在西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）中,MDH分为3个区带MDHⅠ、MDHⅡ和MDH Ⅲ。不同级型和不同发育阶段,MDHⅠ和MDH Ⅲ变化不大;MDHⅡ呈现多态现象,由a、b、c3个等位基因编码。东方蜜蜂（A.cerana F.）的MDH由S、F两个等位基因编码,也有报道它是单态性的。MDH在西方蜜蜂研究中应用较多,主要有处女王交配次数;蜂群中的劳动分工;蜜蜂种群遗传组成分析等。MDH和分子生物学的结合研究势必将推动蜜蜂研究的深入和发展。 Research Progress in Malate Dehydrogenase(MDH) of Honeybees LIU Yan-he1,ZHANG Chuan-xi1,XU Bao-hua2,3,CHEN Sheng-lu1 1.Institute of Applied Entomology,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310029,China; 2.College of Animal Science,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310029,China; 3.College of Animal Sciences,Shandong Agricaltural University,Taian 271018,China Abstract:Malate dehydrogenase(MDH) is an important enzyme in glycometabolism.MDH of Apis mellifera showed three enzyme active zones,MDHⅠ,MDHⅡand MDHⅢ.MDHⅠand MDHⅢ maintained relative stability in different castes and developmental phases,but MDHⅡwas polymorphic,and controlled by three alleles,a,b and c.MDH of Apis cerana was coded by S and F alleles,but some authors reported it is monomorphic.MDH was applied to the studies of A.mellifera,which included several aspects as follows:the number of queen matings,labor division in honeybee societies,the analysis of genetic constitution in honeybee populations and so on.The combination of both MDH and molecular biology will certainly promote honeybee studies. Key words：honeybees;malate dehydrogenase(MDH)     

Presence of prophenoloxidase in the humoral fluid of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense

The presence of phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the humoral fluid of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense was electrophoretically and spectrophotometrically studied. The enzyme was present in the humoral fluid predominantly as an inactive proenzyme, prophenoloxidase (proPO). The optimum temperature for activation of the proPO ranged from 30 degrees C to 35 degrees C, and the enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH between 7.0 and 7.5. ProPO in the humoral fluid was readily activated to active form PO by exogenous elicitors such as trypsin, zymosan and LPS. The activation of the proPO by exogenous elicitors was significantly enhanced in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+, but was susceptible to serine protease inhibitors like soybean trypsin inhibitor and p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate. PAGE revealed a single band of PO activity in the humoral fluid with an apparent molecular mass of 150 kDa, which was resolved to three bands with molecular masses of 44, 46 and 72 kDa, respectively, after SDS-PAGE. This is the first report on the presence of the enzyme PO in amphioxus humoral fluid.     

青岛文昌鱼过氧化氢酶基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)是一类广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物体内的末端氧化酶,是生物体内抗氧化酶体系的重要成员,因此本研究旨在克隆文昌鱼CAT基因并对其进行生物信息学分析。本研究以青岛文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense)为材料,用RACE技术首次克隆了其CAT全长cDNA的基因序列,命名为AmphiCAT(GenBank登录号:KU058636);该序列总长为2640 bp,开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为1533 bp,编码510个氨基酸,含有一个长为19个氨基酸序列的潜在活性位点和一个长为9个氨基酸序列的血红素配体信号,总分子量在线预测约为57.85 kD;经生物软件分析确定该蛋白质无信号肽序列,预测该蛋白质为非分泌性蛋白,属于单功能CAT的clade3分支;该基因的分子进化树表明青岛文昌鱼CAT同软体动物的亲缘关系较近。     

青岛文昌鱼精子运动特征及计算机辅助分析

青岛文昌鱼的精子在精浆中不运动,在与精浆等渗的生理溶液中也不运动,把精液稀释到过滤海水或人工海水后,精子运动被激活。文昌鱼新鲜精液中精子浓度为(9.4±1.6)×1010/ml;在人工海水中,运动精子占总精子数的85.8%±6.9%,精子运动持续的平均时间是22.7±2.6min。文昌鱼精子经人工海水激活0.5min后,可观察到四种运动方式:(1)向前直线运动,其平均速度93.6±23.7μm/s,这类精子所占的百分比为27.8%±3.1%;(2)弧形曲线运动,平均速度55.6±18.9μm/s,所占的百分比为44.3%±2.5%;(3)左右摆动,平均前进速度27.4±13.4μm/s,所占百分比为14.7%±1.8%;(4)运动速度小于5μm/s的精子,视为不运动的精子,所占百分比为13.2%±1.8%。随着激活时间的延长,文昌鱼精子的运动状态发生改变,向前直线运动和弧形曲线运动的精子逐渐减少,而左右摆动和不运动的精子逐渐增多。     

通过Cyt b基因同源序列比较评估厦门文昌鱼的分类学地位

白氏文昌鱼Branchiostomabelcheri (Gray)在我国和日本沿海均有分布 ,由于南、北方文昌鱼形态学上有一定差异 ,且二者间存在一些过渡类型 ,其分类地位问题仍有待进一步澄清。本文测定了厦门欧厝海域产的文昌鱼mtDNACytb基因序列 ,并与日本产的文昌鱼以及另外产于大西洋的两种文昌鱼Cytb基因序列比较。分子系统学分析结果表明 :厦门欧厝海域产的文昌鱼与日本产的文昌鱼平均遗传距离为 2 1 12 % ,达到了种间分化的水平 ;经过对已有文献和文昌鱼地理分布的综合分析 ,作者建议将原来的白氏文昌鱼青岛亚种B belcheritsingtauense提升为种 ,南、北方所产文昌鱼分别作为两个独立的种存在 ,即南方的B belcheri (Gray)和北方的B tsingtauenseTchangetKoo     

文昌鱼一个GATA基因在胚胎发育中的表达图式(英文)

GATA基因在脊椎动物和非脊椎动物的发育中行使重要的功能,该家族的成员在进化上也足非常保守的.脊椎动物的GATA基因分为两个亚群:GATA1/2/3和GATA4/5/6.通过生物信息分析,在文吕鱼的基因缓中找到了3个GATA基因:一个GATA1/2/3业家族基因,两个GATA4/5/6亚家族基因:还找到一个类GATA基因.还克隆了白氏文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)GATA123的一段序列,并研究了它在早期胚胎发育中的表达图式.结果表明GATA123在原肠胚的中内胚层表达,而在神经胚晚期和幼体早期,GATA123在脑泡和消化道中部区域表达.这种表达模式与头部发育的重要基因Otx相类似.结果提示在文吕鱼脑泡的发育过程中GATA123和Otx很可能共同发挥着重要的作用.     

催乳素及其受体样免疫活性在文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织的分布

用兔抗人催乳素多克隆抗体和鼠抗人催乳索受体单克隆抗体对文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织进行免疫组织化学研究。结果显示:催乳素免疫活性细胞及催乳素受体定位在文昌鱼脑泡、神经管、哈氏窝、轮器、内柱、消化管和性腺(卵巢和精巢),表明催乳素在文昌鱼有广泛分布,并且从进化观点来看,证明催乳素是一种高度保守的古老激素。双重免疫染色进一步揭示催乳素及其受体免疫反应阳性物质共存于同一卵母细胞胞膜和胞质以及精巢中精原细胞、初级与次级精母细胞和Sertoli细胞。研究结果首次证明了文昌鱼脑泡和哈氏窝以及其它组织能够合成和分泌催乳素,表明像脊椎动物一样,催乳素可能参与调节文昌鱼体内代谢和对环境的适应以及性腺发育,提示文昌鱼可能出现原始的脑泡-哈氏窝(催乳素)-靶细胞调控轴的雏形。本研究为文昌鱼哈氏窝内分泌学以及催乳素的起源与演化提供新的基础资料。     

Immunohistochemical investigation of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the amphioxus,Branchiostoma belcheri

The immunohistochemical localization of nine different neuropeptides was studied in the central nervous system of the amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri. In the brain, perikarya immunoreactive for urotensin I and FMRFamide were localized in the vicinity of the central canal. One of the processes of each of these perikarya was found to cross the dorso ventral slit-like lumen of the central canal. Oxytocin-immunoreactive short fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the ventral part of the brain. Perikarya immunoreactive for arginine vasopressin/vasotocin, oxytocin and FMRFamide were widely distributed in the spinal cord. Arginine vasopressin/vasotocin-immunoreactive fibers often made contacts with Rohde cell axons. Angiotensin II-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the posterior half of the spinal cord, and urotensin I-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the caudal region of the spinal cord. Cholecystokinin/gastrin-immunoreactive fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the spinal cord; some extended as far as the ependymal layer of the cerebral ventricle. No colocalization of the peptides examined was observed. No immunoreactivity for atrial and brain natriuretic peptides nor for urotensin II was detected. The present study indicates that there are at least six separate neuronal systems that contain different peptides, respectively, in the central nervous system of the amphioxus. Their functions remain to be determined.Part of this investigation has previously been presented in abstract form (Uemura et al. 1989)