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1.
学习记忆是脑的重要功能之一,与学习记忆相关的基因很多,它们通过影响突触功能、信号转导、转录和翻译控制、能量代谢等途径进行学习记忆行为的调控。研究相关基因可为阐明学习记忆的分子机制和遗传机制奠定基础。  相似文献   

2.
海马的形态结构与生理功能   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
海马功能的多样性,尤其是它与学习记忆的功能,一直是当前神经生物学研究的一个重要课题,为此,对海马的形态结构和生理功能,作一简要介绍。  相似文献   

3.
神经肽与学习记忆   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
学习和记忆是大脑高级功能之一,主要阐述了各种神经活性对学习和记忆的作用。  相似文献   

4.
学习和记忆是脑的高级功能。学习指人和动物获得外界知识的神经过程;记忆指将获得的知识储存和读出的神经过程。突触蛋白(synapsin)是一种与突触结构和功能密切相关的膜蛋白,在突触的可塑性以及长时程增强(long-timepotentiation,LTP)中起着重要作用。而突触可塑性是突触对内外环境变化作出反应的能力,是学习记忆的神经生物学基础。LTP一直被认为是学习记忆的神经基础之一,是突触可塑性的功能指标,也是研究学习记忆的理想模型。该文介绍突触蛋白在学习记忆过程中的作用及机制、突触蛋白在学习记忆研究中的应用。  相似文献   

5.
若干有关学习和记忆神经机制问题的讨论   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11  
若干有关学习和记忆神经机制问题的讨论梅镇彤(中国科学院上海生理研究所,上海200031)目录一、学习和记忆的分类问题二、突触可塑性与学习记忆三、运动学习记忆的神经基础四、长时记忆分子生物学研究的新进展五、结束语学习和记忆是脑的重要功能,关于学习和记忆...  相似文献   

6.
日龄雏鸡的学习记忆模型及其分子机制和药理学研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
日龄雏鸡一次性被动回避学习和厌恶性条件化学习模型被广泛用于学习记忆机制的研究,并取得了很大的进展. 上纹体和旁嗅核是参与雏鸡学习记忆的主要脑区. 结合相关的分子机制研究,药理学实验发现了多种能影响不同记忆阶段的药物,如去甲肾上腺素对长时记忆有增强和调控作用. 由于鸟类和哺乳动物与记忆相关的脑结构和功能具有一定可比性,上述工作可为了解大脑的学习记忆功能提供重要参考.  相似文献   

7.
噪声对大鼠学习记忆的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
噪声污染已无可争议地成为城市的主要环境公害之一。在噪声对学习、记忆影响程度的研究方面,国内外多数学者认为噪声主要影响学习能力和短时性记忆,而对长时性记忆没有影响或影响较小,故研究工作多集中于短时记忆功能上。目前有关噪声对学习记忆影响程度的大小、作用途径和机理仍很不清楚。本研究以噪声作用下动物电击回避反应为模型,  相似文献   

8.
与学习记忆相关的睡眠新功能——突触稳态   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
近年来的许多研究证实睡眠有利于学习和记忆.不但学习后的睡眠具有记忆巩固功能,而且学习前的睡眠对于随后的学习也是必需的.长时间觉醒学习后脑内突触连接增多、增强,导致突触空间饱和,阻碍随后继续学习.睡眠的作用是减弱突触连接到基础水平,为随后的学习记忆提供充足的空间和能量.  相似文献   

9.
长时程抑制在学习记忆中的作用及其分子机制的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
长时程抑制(long term depression,LTD)是突触可塑性的重要形式之一,并且与学习记忆存在着密切的关系。近10年有关LTD的研究表明:LTD诱导和维持过程所必需的许多分子在进化上具有高度的保守性,多种细胞膜受体、细胞信号转导通路级联成分、基因表达的转录调节因子与学习记忆的调控有关,这些研究结果为我们阐明脑的正常功能,治疗中枢系统神经疾病,提供了新的线索。  相似文献   

10.
neurexin家族在突触发生和突触传递中作用的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
neurexin家族属于神经细胞表面蛋白,参与细胞识别和细胞黏附,可能介导细胞信号转导。最近研究表明,neurexins在突触发生和突触传递等过程中发挥重要作用,并可能影响学习记忆功能。这些研究进展对于进一步揭示neurexins在神经突触可塑性及其在学习记忆过程中的可能作用具有重要意义。本文主要对neurexin家族的研究概况、NRXN1在突触发生和突触传递中的功能及其在学习记忆功能中的可能作用进行简要综述。  相似文献   

11.
Norman KA 《Current biology : CB》2006,16(15):R596-R597
Interference is one of the most fundamental phenomena in memory research: acquiring new memories causes forgetting of other, related memories. A new study shows that sleep, interposed between learning episodes, can mitigate the extent to which new (post-sleep) learning interferes with recall of previously acquired knowledge.  相似文献   

12.
Despite the well-established involvement of both sensory (“bottom-up”) and cognitive (“top-down”) processes in literacy, the extent to which auditory or cognitive (memory or attention) learning transfers to phonological and reading skills remains unclear. Most research has demonstrated learning of the trained task or even learning transfer to a closely related task. However, few studies have reported “far-transfer” to a different domain, such as the improvement of phonological and reading skills following auditory or cognitive training. This study assessed the effectiveness of auditory, memory or attention training on far-transfer measures involving phonological and reading skills in typically developing children. Mid-transfer was also assessed through untrained auditory, attention and memory tasks. Sixty 5- to 8-year-old children with normal hearing were quasi-randomly assigned to one of five training groups: attention group (AG), memory group (MG), auditory sensory group (SG), placebo group (PG; drawing, painting), and a control, untrained group (CG). Compliance, mid-transfer and far-transfer measures were evaluated before and after training. All trained groups received 12 x 45-min training sessions over 12 weeks. The CG did not receive any intervention. All trained groups, especially older children, exhibited significant learning of the trained task. On pre- to post-training measures (test-retest), most groups exhibited improvements on most tasks. There was significant mid-transfer for a visual digit span task, with highest span in the MG, relative to other groups. These results show that both sensory and cognitive (memory or attention) training can lead to learning in the trained task and to mid-transfer learning on a task (visual digit span) within the same domain as the trained tasks. However, learning did not transfer to measures of language (reading and phonological awareness), as the PG and CG improved as much as the other trained groups. Further research is required to investigate the effects of various stimuli and lengths of training on the generalization of sensory and cognitive learning to literacy skills.  相似文献   

13.
The adult hippocampus is involved in learning and memory. As a consequence, it is a brain region of remarkable plasticity. This plasticity exhibits itself both as cellular changes and neurogenesis. For neurogenesis to occur, a population of local stem cells and progenitor cells is maintained in the adult brain and these are able to proliferate and differentiate into neurons which contribute to the hippocampal circuitry. There is much interest in understanding the role of immature cells in the hippocampus, in relation to learning and memory. Methods and mechanisms that increase the numbers of these cells will be valuable in this research field. We show here that single injections of soluble factors into the lateral ventricle of adult rats and mice induces the rapid (within one week) increase in the number of putative stem cells/progenitor cells in the hippocampus. The established progenitor marker Sox2 together with the more recently established marker Hes3, were used to quantify the manipulation of the Sox2/Hes3 double-positive cell population. We report that in both adult rodent species, Sox2+/Hes3+ cell numbers can be increased within one week. The most prominent increase was observed in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. This study presents a fast, pharmacological method to manipulate the numbers of endogenous putative stem cells/progenitor cells. This method may be easily modified to alter the degree of activation (e.g. by the use of osmotic pumps for delivery, or by repeat injections through implanted cannulas), in order to be best adapted to different paradigms of research (neurodegenerative disease, neuroprotection, learning, memory, plasticity, etc).  相似文献   

14.
Loss of brain function is one of the most negative and feared aspects of aging. Studies of invertebrates have taught us much about the physiology of aging and how this progression may be slowed. Yet, how aging affects complex brain functions, e.g., the ability to acquire new memory when previous experience is no longer valid, is an almost exclusive question of studies in humans and mammalian models. In these systems, age related cognitive disorders are assessed through composite paradigms that test different performance tasks in the same individual. Such studies could demonstrate that afflicted individuals show the loss of several and often-diverse memory faculties, and that performance usually varies more between aged individuals, as compared to conspecifics from younger groups. No comparable composite surveying approaches are established yet for invertebrate models in aging research. Here we test whether an insect can share patterns of decline similar to those that are commonly observed during mammalian brain aging. Using honey bees, we combine restrained learning with free-flight assays. We demonstrate that reduced olfactory learning performance correlates with a reduced ability to extinguish the spatial memory of an abandoned nest location (spatial memory extinction). Adding to this, we show that learning performance is more variable in old honey bees. Taken together, our findings point to generic features of brain aging and provide the prerequisites to model individual aspects of learning dysfunction with insect models.  相似文献   

15.
Variation in learning and memory abilities among closely related species, or even among populations of the same species, has opened research into the relationship between cognition, ecological context and the fitness costs, and benefits of learning and memory. Such research programmes have long been dominated by vertebrate studies and by the assumption of a relationship between cognitive abilities, brain size and metabolic costs. Research on these 'large brained' organisms has provided important insights into the understanding of cognitive functions and their adaptive value. In the present review, we discuss some aspects of the fitness costs of learning and memory by focusing on 'mini-brain' studies. Research on learning and memory in insects has challenged some traditional positions and is pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the evolution of learning and memory.  相似文献   

16.
Word learning is one of the core components of language acquisition. In this article, we provide an overview of the theme issue on word learning, describing some of the ways in which research in the area has progressed and diverged. In recent years, word learning has become central in a wider range of research areas, and is important to research on adult, as well as child and infant language. We introduce 10 papers that cover the recent developments from a wide range of perspectives, focusing on developmental research, the influence of reading skills, neuroimaging and the relationship between word learning and general models of memory.  相似文献   

17.
The processes of learning and memory have traditionally been studied in large experimental organisms (Aplysia, mice, rats and humans), where well-characterized behaviors are easily tested. Although Drosophila is one of the most experimentally tractable organisms, it has only recently joined the others as a model organism for learning and memory. Drosophila behavior has been studied for over 20 years; however, most of the work in the learning and memory field has focused on initial learning, because establishing memory in Drosophila has not been as straightforward as in other organisms. A major recent advance in this field has been the development of a training protocol that induces long-term memory in flies. This made possible experiments that implicated the Drosophila CREB gene as a critical component in the consolidation of long-term memory, and paves the way for future experiments utilizing the well developed tools in Drosophila. This review will briefly summarize what is known in the field of Drosophila learning and memory to date, and discuss why the unique aspects of this field make traditional approaches difficult and reward the use of alternative paths of experimentation.  相似文献   

18.
李莉  刘芳  李文峰  苏松坤 《昆虫知识》2012,49(5):1354-1359
蜜蜂的采集行为是蜜蜂众多社会行为中一种较复杂的行为,涉及信息评估、信息传递、学习记忆及能量代谢等不同的行为过程。研究蜜蜂采集及信息交流系统的分子机制,不仅利于蜜蜂的理论研究和蜂产业的发展,还为人类语言及信息交流系统的研究提供借鉴。本文从行为、感觉基础及分子机制等不同研究层面,综述了近年来对蜜蜂采集及信息传递行为的研究进展,并提出了研究设想,以期为深入研究蜜蜂的采集行为及其信息传递行为的分子机制提供参考。  相似文献   

19.
Munton RP  Vizi S  Mansuy IM 《FEBS letters》2004,567(1):121-128
Synaptic plasticity is a phenomenon contributing to changes in the efficacy of neuronal transmission. These changes are widely believed to be a major cellular basis for learning and memory. Protein phosphorylation is a key biochemical process involved in synaptic plasticity that operates through a tight balance between the action of protein kinases and protein phosphatases (PPs). Although the majority of research in this field has concentrated primarily on protein kinases, the significant role of PPs is becoming increasingly apparent. This review examines one such phosphatase, PP1, and highlights recent advances in the understanding of its intervention in synaptic and structural plasticity and the mechanisms of learning and memory.  相似文献   

20.
To unravel the molecular and cellular bases of learning and memory is one of the most ambitious goals of modern science. The progress of recent years has not only brought us closer to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying stable, long-lasting changes in synaptic strength, but it has also provided further evidence that these mechanisms are required for memory formation.  相似文献   

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