儿童呼吸道肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌的耐药性研究

目的了解儿童感染肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。方法对年龄为1个月～12岁的上呼吸道感染的儿童鼻咽分泌物或痰进行培养,分离肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌;采用纸片扩散法及E-test法对分离株进行常用的10种抗生素敏感性检测。结果从2 250例呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部、痰液分离出肺炎链球菌共120株,金黄色葡萄球菌共151株。120株肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率分别为青霉素41.7%(50/120)、苯唑西林26.7%(32/120)、头孢曲松9.2%(11/120)、红霉素95.8%(115/120)、克林霉素90.0%(108/120)、四环素70.8%(85/120)、氯霉素6.7%(8/120)、利福平0.8%(1/120)和氧氟沙星0.8%(1/120),肺炎链球菌青霉素不敏感株对β-内酰胺酶类耐药率明显高于青霉素敏感株。151株金黄色葡萄球菌中对常用抗菌药物耐药率分别为青霉素97.4%(147/151)、苯唑西林9.9%(15/151)、头孢曲松9.3%(14/151),对红霉素52.3%(79/151)、四环素31.8%(48/151)、克林霉素24.5%(37/151)、氯霉素9.9%(15/151)、氧氟沙星3.3%(5/151)和利福平2.0%(3/151)。未检出耐万古霉素菌株。结论肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药;而金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素高度耐药,临床应尽量减少此类药物的经验性用药,依据药敏结果选择抗菌药物进行治疗。     

儿科痰培养肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解厦门市妇幼保健院儿科患者下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌的耐药情况。方法对厦门市妇幼保健院2007年9月至2009年12月从儿科分离的95株肺炎链球菌用K-B纸片法检测其对青霉素等5种抗菌药物的敏感度,对耐苯唑西林的菌株用E-test法检测青霉素和头孢曲松的MIC值。结果95株肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,耐药率分别为97.9%、96.8%,对左氧氟沙星几乎敏感,未检出耐万古霉素菌株。E-test法测试青霉素不敏感率为58.9%（56株）,头孢曲松敏感率为93.7%（89株）。ermB因介导的红霉素耐药菌株92株,占98.9%,mefE基因介导的红霉素耐药仅1株（1.1%）。结论厦门市妇幼保健院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药严重,PNSP检出率较高（58.9%）,对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,临床应尽量减少此类药物的经验性用药,依据药敏结果选择抗菌药物进行治疗。     

四川绵阳地区肺炎链球菌流行病学特征

目的了解四川绵阳地区肺炎链球菌的耐药情况,为临床合理用药及感染控制提供依据。方法收集我院2015年1月至2017年12月临床分离的718株肺炎链球菌,并对其药物敏感性检测结果进行分析。结果肺炎链球菌对红霉素和四环素的耐药率最高,均在95%以上;对左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、泰利霉素、氯霉素的敏感性较高,均在89%以上;对青霉素、美罗培南、阿莫西林和头孢类抗生素的耐药率均在30%以上;未检出万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株。肺炎链球菌主要耐药模式为头孢曲松+红霉素+四环素+复方新诺明+美罗培南+青霉素+阿莫西林+头孢噻肟,占19.44%。2017年肺炎链球菌青霉素敏感株和不敏感菌株对美罗培南、阿莫西林、厄他培南、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氧氟沙星、复方新诺明和氯霉素的不敏感率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本地区肺炎链球菌对红霉素、四环素耐药率较高,不适用于肺炎链球菌感染的治疗;对青霉素、美罗培南、阿莫西林和头孢类抗生素不敏感率较高,应慎重用于经验治疗;对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和喹诺酮类药物敏感性较高,临床可合理使用。     

乳腺脓肿穿刺液标本病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨急性化脓性乳腺炎患者脓肿部位感染的病原菌及耐药性状况,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法收集2014年1月至12月期间急性化脓性乳腺炎患者穿刺液标本780份,从中分离病原菌,用法国梅里埃公司生产的API鉴定系统进行细菌菌种鉴定,用K-B纸片扩散法做药敏试验。结果收集的780份标本中共分离出504株病原菌,分离率为64.6%,前五位的病原菌是金黄色葡萄球菌471株(其中MSSA 327株,MRSA 144株),占93.4%,表皮葡萄球菌16株(其中表皮葡萄球菌5株,MRSA11株),占3.2%,α-溶血链球菌11株,占2.2%,β-溶血链球菌4株(其中无乳链球菌3株,化脓性链球菌1株),占0.8%,其他凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌2株,占0.4%。其中327株MSSA对苯唑西林、头孢噻吩、头孢呋新、万古霉素100%敏感,对左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、复方磺胺甲唑、四环素、庆大霉素敏感率达90%以上,对青霉素、克林霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高。MRSA对青霉素类和头孢菌素类全部耐药,对克林霉素、红霉素耐药率较高,达80%以上,对左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、复方磺胺甲唑、庆大霉素敏感率达90%以上,没有发现对万古霉素耐药的MRSA。MRSA菌株对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素、头孢噻吩、头孢呋新的耐药性明显高于MSSA菌株,差异有统计学意义。结论急性化脓性乳腺炎患者感染的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,包括MSSA和MRSA,MRSA对多种抗生素的耐药率明显高于MSSA,MSSA对苯唑西林、第I、II代头孢菌素敏感率较高,因此这些抗菌药物可以作为首选药治疗MSSA引起的急性化脓性乳腺炎,但MRSA对多种抗生素耐药率较高,治疗MRSA引起的急性化脓性乳腺炎,应根据药敏试验结果选用敏感药物。     

86株A群链球菌耐药性检测与分析

目的探讨A群链球菌对多种抗生素的耐药性,更好地指导临床用药。方法收集本院2005年度检出的39株和2006年度检出的47株A群链球菌的药物敏感试验结果,使用X^2检验比较A群链球菌耐药率。结果2006年度和上一年度相比A群链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、阿齐霉素的耐药率增高显著（P〈0．05）,而对氯霉素、四环素的耐药性无明显改变（P〉0．05）,未发现耐万古霉素、青霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟的菌株。结论加强对A群链球菌耐药性检测及调查分析,对指导临床用药有重要意义。     

外排机制在多重耐药肺炎链球菌耐药中的实验研究

目的探讨我院2005年1月至2007年12月临床分离的多重耐药肺炎链球菌（MDR-SP）的耐药情况及外排机制在部分药物中作用,为我院耐药性监测和临床用药提供依据。方法采用常规方法进行细菌的分离及鉴定;运用VITEK-2全自动细菌分析仪进行细菌的鉴定及药敏分析;M-H琼脂稀释法测定含或不含利血平的青霉素、四环素、红霉素、复方新诺明、氯霉素和加替沙星对MDR-SP的MIC值。结果MDR-SP耐药性较为严重,临床共分离出的178株肺炎链球菌中,MDR-SP为61株;除开青霉素外,外排作用参与了四环素、红霉素、复方新诺明、氯霉素和加替沙星的耐药。结论我院MDR-SP产生率较高（34．3％）,耐药性较为严重;外排作用在耐药中的作用不能忽视。     

142例儿童感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的分析儿科病房的肺炎链球菌的主要分布情况以及耐药现状。方法收集宁波市妇女儿童医院儿科病房2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日临床分离的142株肺炎链球菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-60型全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定。采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）做药敏试验,用参考菌株做质量控制。药敏试验结果按NCCL2002版判断标准,对照参考菌株判断敏感,中介和耐药。结果分离的142株肺炎链球菌的送检科室以呼吸科最多62株,其次是小儿监护病房21株,新生儿科送检标本中未培养出肺炎链球菌。分离的142株肺炎链球菌的标本以痰液标本最多103株。分离的142株肺炎链球菌对克林霉素,红霉素的耐药率分别为98．5％和95．07％且呈现逐年上升;对氨苄西林、氨苄西林舒巴坦钠、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松和万古霉素的敏感率分别为84．51％、89．44％、93．66％、97．89％和100％。结论本地区住院儿童的肺炎链球菌来源仍以呼吸道为主,对广谱半合成青霉素仍较敏感,对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的广谱半合成青霉素敏感率更高,对头孢类敏感率更高,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。在门急诊可选用广谱半合成青霉素作为治疗肺炎链球菌的首选用药,在病房可选用敏感性更高的头孢呋新或头孢曲松治疗肺炎链球菌．但为了延缓耐药性的产生,应动态监测肺炎链球菌的耐药情况,合理选择抗生素,提高疗效。     

肺炎链球菌致老年患者社区获得性肺炎的危险因素与临床耐药性

目的了解肺炎链球菌致老年患者社区获得性肺炎的危险因素与耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物,有效预防和控制感染提供依据。方法收集2011年1月至2014年12月金华市第二医院老年科住院患者下呼吸道标本中分离的肺炎链球菌253株,均经全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法(K-B),结果按美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)标准判读,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行耐药性分析。结果调查显示感染的最危险因素是患者年龄≥60岁,主要标本来源于痰液(75.5%);药敏试验表明肺炎链球菌对克林霉素、红霉素、四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率最高,分别为90.1%、86.2%、81.4%和76.7%,而对阿莫西林、万古霉素、莫西沙星、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药率2.0%。结论肺炎链球菌是引发本院老年患者社区获得性肺炎的主要致病菌,主要检出于痰标本,其耐药情况较为严重,表现出多药耐药,临床必须加强对肺炎链球菌的耐药性监测,阿莫西林、万古霉素、莫西沙星、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺可作为治疗该菌感染的首选药物。     

儿童链球菌性肺炎的季节特点及病原菌的耐药性分析

目的:回顾性分析因肺炎就诊我院的儿童其感染肺炎链球菌对青霉素等临床常用抗生素的耐药性.方法:调阅2008年一月-2012年1月间,所有因肺炎入住我院并在我院治愈的患儿病历及呼吸道标本中的细菌分离、培养、耐药性报告单,剔除其他病原菌所致的儿童肺炎,仅针对分离出的388株肺炎链球菌药敏结果进行回顾性分析.结果:选定的研究期间内,肺炎链球菌所致的儿童肺炎有鲜明的季节特点,以冬春,秋冬交替时段高发.肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率呈逐年上升趋势,分别为48.9％、53.8％、52.6％和55.7％.另外,统计还发现SP对临床常用的抗生素如头孢呋辛(77.8％)、阿奇霉素(82.0％)、红霉素(86.9％)、四环素(79.9％)、克林霉素(80.9％)、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(69.1％)等的耐药性也较以往的报道为高.尽管SP的耐药性较为严峻,但SP对临床部分抗生素尚具有较高的敏感性,这其中比较敏感的包括头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、美罗培南、万古霉素、氧氟沙星以及利奈唑胺,这给临床使用抗生素治疗SP所致的感染性肺炎提供了很好的取舍参考.结论:链球菌所致的儿童肺炎具有鲜明的季节特点,经典的治疗药物青霉素的耐药逐年升高,本地区儿童肺炎链球菌的耐药情况较为严峻,使用抗生素治疗SP感染时应注意参考药敏试验结果.     

B群链球菌耐药性及红霉素耐药机制的研究

目的探讨荆州地区GBS对常用抗生素的耐药谱和对红霉素的耐药机制。方法采用选择性培养法从阴道和肛门拭子中分离B群链球菌(GroupB Streptococci,GBS),用标准的K-B法对常用的7种抗生素进行药敏试验,然后针对红霉素耐药菌株检测耐药基因ermA、ermB和mefA。结果 176株GBS对头孢噻肟和万古霉素均敏感,对青霉素和氨苄青霉素虽然没有耐药但其中介率达到12.0%。对红霉素的耐药率和中介率分别为35.8%和6.8%;对克林霉素的耐药率和中介率分别为9.5%和12.5%。63株对红霉素耐药的GBS中有22株同时对克林霉素耐药(cMLS型),有41株对红霉素耐药而对克林霉素敏感(M型)。在22株cMLS型耐药的菌株中有18株检测到ermB基因,2株检测到检测到ermA基因。在M型耐药的菌株中有32株检测到mefA基因,6株检测到ermB基因,1株检测到检测到ermA基因。结论青霉素是治疗本地区GBS感染的有效药物,但本地区GBS对红霉素的耐药比较严重。mefA介导的外排机制可能是是本地区分离的GBS对红霉素耐药的主要机制。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of some streptococci strains of anginosus group isolated from oral and maxillofacial infections

Streptococci strains of the anginosus group isolated from various oral and maxillofacial infections (OMF) were screened for their susceptibility to the following antimicrobial agents: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, vancomycin and trimethoprime-sulphamethoxazole. The isolates were susceptable to: clindamycin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin and all beta-lactam antibiotics, except ceftazidime to which 54.5% of the strains showed intermediate susceptibility. Intermediate susceptibility to tetracycline was found in 11.3% of the strains, whereas resistance to the same antibiotic was demonstrated in 61.4%. Resistance to erythromycin and trimethoprime-sulphamethoxazole was of 2.3% for both. In conclusion, penicillin is the drug of choice in infections caused by streptococci of the anginosus group.     

Changes in antibiotic sensitivity in strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1952-78.

Two hundred strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from outpatients with infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues were tested for sensitivity to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sodium fusidate, methicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. One hundred and sixty-three (81.5%) of the strains were resistant to penicillin and 16 (8%) resistant to tetracycline. Incidence of resistance to other antibiotics was low. No strain was resistant to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or methicillin. When compared with results of earlier studies, there was an increase in the incidence of resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, but no appreciable increase in resistance to other antibiotics.     

2006-2011年无乳链球菌的临床分布及药敏监测

目的 调查分析无乳链球菌(GBS)的耐药情况及其临床分布,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 对临床各科室送检各类标本进行无乳链球菌的培养,经ATB-Expression细菌分析系统进行鉴定和药敏试验;所有资料采用WHONET 5.6软件进行回顾性分析.结果 共分离448株GBS,临床标本分离率最高的是泌尿生殖道分泌物(86.8％),科室检出最多的是妇产科(85.0％);药敏结果显示:耐药率最高的是四环素94.9％,其次是红霉素80.1％和克林霉素62.7％,其他耐药率分别为左旋氧氟沙星36.4％,奎奴普丁/达福普汀20.3％,氯霉素16.3％,头孢噻肟1.1％,青霉素0.2％;呋喃妥因、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药率均为0％;克林霉素耐药率表现出下降趋势,左旋氧氟沙星呈现上升趋势.结论 加强无乳链球菌的培养检测,关注无乳链球菌的耐药趋势;提高临床重视并指导临床合理用药和治疗.     

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile from Different Sources

A total of 79 Clostridium difficile strains from healthy young and elderly adults, elderly patients without gastrointestinal disease, elderly patients receiving antibiotics without gastrointestinal complications, and elderly patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis were tested for their susceptibilities to 24 antimicrobial agents. All of the 79 strains were inhibited by low concentrations of rifampicin, metronidazole, fusidic acid, vancomycin, ampicillin, and penicillin G. The strains were highly resistant to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and cycloserine and often resistant to neomycin, cefoxitin, and cefalexin. Wide variations in the susceptibility of C. difficile strains to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were found. Strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and lincomycin were more frequently found among strains isolated from elderly adults than those isolated from young adults, with particularly high frequency among strains isolated from elderly patients receiving antibiotics. None of the 23 strains isolated from healthy young adults was resistant to chloramphenicol. All of the 14 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol were sensitive to tetracycline and all of the 15 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Only one out of 19 tetracycline-resistant strains was highly toxigenic, whereas 42 (70%) of 60 sensitive strains were highly toxigenic.     

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern; experience at University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Results of sensitivity testing were discussed based on examination of 5192 isolates of the various bacteria isolated from clinical specimens from King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae were sensitive to penicillin and erythromycin. The sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus was also predictable as they were fairly sensitive to both methicillin (98%) and erythromycin (96%). Neisseria gonorrhoeae (27%) showed a high level of resistance to penicillin. The resistance of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin and chloramphenicol was low. Brucella species was sensitive to tetracycline and rifampicin; resistance to streptomycin and cotrimoxazole was minimal being 1% and 6% respectively. The resistance of E. coli, Klebsiella species and Proteus species to second and third generation cephalosporins and amikacin was fairly low ranging from 1.3% to 3%. The gentamicin resistance for these organisms was also within the acceptable range (3%-10%). Gentamicin and amikacin resistance for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was low (2-8%). Salmonella typhi was sensitive to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella species, and enteropathogenic E. coli were highly resistant to various antibiotics. Campylobacter jejuni was sensitive to gentamicin but 6% of isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Ninety six percent of Gram-negative rods except P. aeruginosa isolated from urine of patients having urinary tract infections were sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. In addition, P. aeruginosa showed fairly low resistance to norfloxacin which is given orally to treat cystitis caused by this organism.     

Effectiveness of the antibiotics chloramphenicol and rifampin in the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced meningitis and systemic infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common pathogen in pediatric infections, has become resistant to penicillin and make these infections difficult to treat. Rifampin and chloramphenicol have been recommended as alternative therapies, since they are less costly and more accessible to communities with limited resources. However, their use may be restricted by the differing levels of resistance found in target populations. The objective was to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for chloramphenicol and rifampin in strains of S. pneumoniae. These strains were newly isolated from children under age 5 that had demonstrated systemic infections and meningitis. A subgroup of 107 isolates of S. pneumoniae was selected from 324 strains isolated during a period of 2 years (1994-1996). Among these isolates, 60 were penicillin-resistant and 47 were susceptible; 53 isolates were from children with meningitis. MIC and MBC for chloramphenicol and rifampicin were obtained by standard methods recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). S. pneumoniae ATCC strain 49619 served as the control. An isolate was considered susceptible to chloramphenicol when MIC = 4 microg/ml and resistant when MIC = 8 microg/ml. A strain was considered susceptible to rifampin when MIC = 1 microg/ml and resistant when MIC = 4 microg/ml. MBC was determined by recording the lower concentration of the antibiotic that inhibited 99.9% of the initial inoculum. Chloramphenicol resistance was found in 21% of the 107 isolates. In the group susceptible to penicillin, 11% were resistant to chloramphenicol and in the group resistant to penicillin 28% was resistant to chloramphenicol as well. MBC was found > 4 microg/ml in 28% of the isolates susceptible to penicillin and in 60% of the resistant isolates. No isolates were found resistant to rifampin. However, 2 penicillin resistant isolates showed CBM > 1 microg/ml to rifampin, and one with CIM = 1 microg/ml had a MBC to rifampicin of 16 microg/ml. Meningitis isolates showed higher CIM and CBM than the group of total isolates. These data suggest that chloramphenicol is not recommended for invasive infections caused by S. pneumoniae in Colombia. Rifampin is a more effective therapy in combination with other antibiotics for treatment of this kind of infections. Further studies are necessary to clarify the significance of low levels of MBC to rifampin found in some strains, since this may affect the efficacy of therapies that include this antibiotic.     

Dynamics of Streptococcos pneumoniae antibiotic resistance extension in Moscow in 1998-2003]

During the 6-year observation period from 1998 to 2003 in Moscow there was recorded in 2000-2001 a decrease in the emergence of Streptococcos pneumoniae resistance to many antibacterials, while during the following years the respective index increased. The above dynamics in the resistance emergence was likely due to a decrease in the use of antibiotics in 1998-1999. In 2003 the rate of resistance to penicillin was 18.6%, 0.4 and 2.1% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and cefotaxime respectively, the rate of resistance to erythromycin reached 19%, 65.4% of the resistant strains showed M phenotype. High rates of resistance were as well observed with respect to tetracycline (40.1%), co-trimoxazole (29.1%) and chloramphenicol (18.6%). Resistance to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was detected only in rare strains.     

114株肺炎链球菌的临床分布及药敏分析

目的波市妇女儿童医院肺炎链球菌的临床分布和耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对该院2009年6月1日至2011年3月31日期间分离的114株肺炎链球菌进行分析,菌株鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK60分析仪,药敏试验采用K-B法,用参考菌株做质量控制。结果该院分离的肺炎链球菌主要来自儿童（84.21%）,标本来源主要是痰液（61.4%）,其次是血液（9.65%）,其他（28.95%）。肺炎链球菌的耐药率：林可霉素92.19%,红霉素90.12%,青霉素G85.53%,左旋氧氟沙星20.24%,氨苄西林16.67%,头孢唑啉8.7%,头孢曲松5.8%,头孢噻肟4.11%,万古霉素0%,氨苄西林/舒巴坦0%,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦0%。结论宁波市妇女儿童医院肺炎链球菌对某些药物的耐药率很高,有必要对其进行耐药率监测,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。     

Rapid Increase of Pneumococcal Resistance to β-Lactam and Other Antibiotics in Isolates from the Respiratory Tract (Nagasaki,Japan: 1975–1994)

The susceptibility of 101 pneumococcal isolates from the respiratory tract during 1991–1994 was examined and compared with the susceptibility of isolates over the period of 1975–1990. A rapid increase of resistance was seen not only to penicillin but also other antimicrobial agents. During 1991–1994, 38% of all the isolates were resistant to penicillin. The rates of resistance during this period were 16–23% for three newer cephalosporins, 18% for imipenem, 69% for tetracycline, 31% for erythromycin, 20% for chloramphenicol and 9% for clindamycin. The use of antibiotics within one month prior to pneumococcal isolation was correlated with penicillin resistance (P < 0.05). Serotyping of the isolates by antiserum revealed differences in predominant types between penicillin-resistant (19F, 23F, 4) and -susceptible isolates (15, 4, 11A). Our data suggests that anti-pneumococcal antibiotics should be carefully chosen on the basis of susceptibility tests.     

Serotypes and Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Strains Causing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children Less than 5 Years of Age

Objective

The serotypes and patterns of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) strains that cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in infants were analyzed to provide guidance for clinical disease prevention and treatment.

Methods

The clinical features of confirmed IPD were evaluated in 61 patients, less than 5 years of age, who were admitted to our hospital between January 2009 and December 2011. The serotypes and antibiotic resistance of strains of S.pneumoniae were determined using the capsular swelling method and the E-test.

Results

A total of 61 invasive strains were isolated. The serotype distribution of those isolates were 19A (41.0%), 14 (19.7%), 19F (11.5%), 23F (9.8%), 8 (4.9%), 9V (4.9%), 1 (3.3%), and 4, 6B, and 20 (each 1.6%). The percentage of S. pneumoniae strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and cotrimoxazole were 100%, 86.9%, and 100%, respectively. The percentage of S. pneumoniae strains resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, and meropenem were 42.6%, 18.0%, 82.0%, 18.0%, 13.1%, 13.1%, and 36.1%, respectively. The percentage of multidrug-resistant strains was 95.6%. Strains of all serotypes isolated in this study were highly resistant to erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, and clindamycin. Strains with serotype 19A had the highest rates of resistance.

Conclusions

Serotype 19A strains were most frequently isolated from children with IPD treated in our hospital. The strains causing IPD are highly resistant to antibiotics.