贵州瓮安磷矿晚前寒武纪陡山沱期的藻类化石群

贵州省瓮安地区震旦纪陡山沱期磷块岩中的化石生物群是一个属种丰富,类型众多,保存完好的晚前寒武纪生物群。它由多细胞藻类、胶鞘丝状体、球状体和疑源类组成,包括１１属１２种和若干未正式定名的类型,其中以多细胞藻类占优势。这一生物群的发现和研究,为探讨前寒武纪后和植物起源和发展提供了可贵的资料,同时对讨论陡山沱期磷块岩的形成环境和震旦纪的地层比具有很重要的意义。笔者称生物群“瓮安生物群“。     

贵州埃迪卡拉纪瓮安生物群化石含量的统计分析

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组（635-551Ma）上磷矿段保存了大量精美的磷酸盐化微体球粒化石，它们主要由多细胞藻类、疑源类和处于不同发育阶段的多种动物胚胎化石组成，此外还包括少量后生动物的幼、成体化石。本文以贵州瓮福磷矿陡山沱组上磷矿段灰白色球粒状白云质磷块岩为研究对象，在总结瓮安生物群中不同生物化石的鉴别特征基础上，定量统计采自该层位的两组岩石样品（WA—I和WA-r1）的酸处理砂样中的所有化石。统计结果表明，瓮安陡山沱组该磷块岩中化石质量和岩石中磷酸盐组分质量成正线性相关，两个样品中化石占全部磷酸盐组分的质量百分比均在10％左右，其中多细胞藻类和疑源类化石占全部化石含量均少于10％。这一结果客观地反映了瓮安生物群的化石丰度，证实了保存在瓮安陡山沱组上磷矿段灰色富氧含磷埋藏相中的瓮安生物群主要由动物胚胎化石组成的特征。     

江西上饶朝阳磷矿新元古代晚期陡山沱组微体化石新材料

江西上饶朝阳磷矿新元古代晚期微体化石产于上震旦统陡山沱组上部含磷地层中,微体化石组合包括疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Megasphaera inornata,Meghystrichosphaeridium chadianensis,M.gracilentum,丝状蓝绿藻Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.tpicum,S.kestron,S.soldium,Oscillatoriopsis sp.和Slome nunavutensis,及可能的多细胞藻类。该化石组合的发现为中国南方扬子区陡山沱组含磷岩系中微体化石生物群的研究提供新的材料。     

湖北保康陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石组合

中国南方震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩、燧石和页岩中陆续发现的精美保存的化石生物群,为我们提供了一个栩栩如生的新元古代晚期生物演化的图景,表明多细胞真核生物在新元古代冰期之后发生了非常显著的分异。其中磷块岩化石库以生物细胞结构的完好保存而著称。继在贵州瓮安、陕西勉县茶店和江西上饶朝阳之后,湖北保康白竹磷矿陡山沱组磷块岩中也发现了类似的磷酸盐化化石生物群。保康化石组合中包括多细胞藻类Wengania,Paramecia和原地保存的Thallophyca;大型复杂疑源类Meghystrichosphaeridium,Echinosphaeridium和目前仅在保康发现的Bacatisphaera;球状蓝菌化石Archaeophycus,丝状蓝菌化石Siphonophycus和在陡山沱组磷块岩中首次发现的Obruchevella;同时,内部保存不同数量小球体的球状化石在保康也大量产出。古地理分析表明中国南方扬子地台陡山沱组磷块岩中保存的磷酸盐化化石库大都形成于浅水台地边缘地带。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石组合

保存于华南新元古代晚期陡山沱组中的磷酸盐化化石被认为与后生动物起源、真核生物演化有重要联系。位于鄂西黄陵隆起北缘的樟村坪地区,是华南最重要的工业磷矿产地之一,主要磷矿层属于埃迪卡拉纪地层,却鲜有磷块岩化石报道。此次研究利用钻孔样品的大量连续切片,在陡山沱组磷矿层中发现了丰富的保存精美的微体化石,化石组合包括可能的动物胚胎化石Megasphaera inornata;大型具刺疑源类Appendisphaerasp.,Cymatiosphaeroides kullingii,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Ericiasphaera magna,Weissiella sp.;多细胞藻类Wengania globosa,W.exquisite,Sarcinophycus papilloformis,Thallophyca sp.,以及球状丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Cyanonema majus,Salome nunavutensis,Obruchevella minor,Siphonophycus kestron,S.typicum,S.robustum,S.septatum。这些微体化石的发现丰富了该区磷酸盐化化石资料,同时该化石组合面貌与黔中地区陡山沱组上磷块岩"瓮安生物群"以及峡东陡山沱组典型硅化生物群都具有相似性,化石层位的探讨也为华南不同沉积相区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的参考依据。     

论陡山沱组的年代

三峡地区震旦系的三层式地层结构 (冰积层 ,陡山沱组特色的大型带刺疑源类组合层 ,埃迪卡拉生物化石层 )在世界其它地区是常见的。通过生物和化学地层对比我们认为陡山沱组及其化石组合层是在马雷诺恩 ( Marinoan)冰期之后、埃迪卡拉生物群分异之前沉积的。根据这一地层对比方案以及西伯利亚、纳米比亚和阿瓦龙半岛 ( Avalon Peninsula)新元古代地层的精确放射性同位素测年资料 ,陡山沱组的沉积年龄很可能在五亿五千万年至六亿年之间。这一估计要新于以前发表的铷锶法或钾氩法测定的陡山沱组黑色页岩或海绿石年龄。更精确地估算陡山沱组的沉积年龄还有待于在陡山沱组地层中发现火山灰以及对火山灰的精确年龄测定 ,但我们根据地层对比估算的陡山沱组年龄 ,为评估庙河和瓮安陡山沱组生物群的演化意义提供了必要的地层框架。     

峡东区上震旦统宏体化石藻类的发现

我国峡东地区的震旦系剖面,是南方震旦系层型剖面,过去只报道过“Collenia”型藻叠层石。近年来,陆续发现大量微体植物化石、宏体植物化石及后生动物化石,其中带藻类极为丰富,遍及灯影组中段。1978年陈孟莪和马国干为追索震旦系—寒武系界线,在从野猫面(秭归县龙江公社前进四队)下到庙河的半山坡的大路旁,在陡山沱组上部的黑色页岩中发现了宏体化石藻类和可能是属于浮游生物的印痕化石。     

晚前寒武纪后生植物的发展及其化石证据

概述近年来在扬子地台震旦纪陡山沱期岩层中发现的后生植物化石,对这些化石进行详细的形态分析,并与世界其它地区发现的晚前寒武纪宏体碳质压膜化石和现生藻类进行比较,综合阐述晚前寒武纪后生植物的发展及其早期形态特点。     

晚前寒武纪后生植物的发展及其化石证据

概述近年来在扬子地台震旦纪陡山沱期岩层中发现的后生植物化石，对这些化石进行详细的形态分析，并与世界其它地区发现的晚前寒武纪宏体碳质压膜化石和现生藻类进行比较，综合阐述晚前寒武纪后生植物的发展及其早期形态特点。     

湖北峡东地区九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组微体化石的新发现

中国南方扬子地台震旦系陡山沱组产出丰富的微体化石，它们主要保存在磷块岩以及燧石结核和条带中。文章详细报道湖北峡东地区九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组微体化石，描述以前未曾在峡东地区碳酸盐相燧石中发现的8属8种微体化石。研究九龙湾剖面陡山沱组大型带刺疑源类、微体多细胞藻类和动物胚胎化石的分布特征，发现Tianzhushania spinosa是最早出现的大型带刺疑源类分子，大冰期后微体生物的辐射是一个阶段性渐进的过程。同时．本项研究进一步证实华南扬子区陡山沱组碳酸盐相燧石和磷块岩地层中保存的微体化石面貌基本一致。     

Macroalgal holdfasts and their interaction with environments from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in Guizhou,South China

Numerous macro-organisms of the Doushantuo macrobiota, which were found in the black carbonaceous mudstone of the upper Neoproterozoic Ediacraan Doushan-tuo Formation in Jiangkou County, Guizhou Province, China, are considered to live on sea floor by their holdfasts. The appearance and preserved forms of the macroalgal holdfasts may provide some data to the study of the living and buried environments ofmacrobiota. They lived in the lower energy and clear environment, and fixed on a soupground with rich water (about 79% water). Currents, possibly ocean currents, could pull out the macroalgal holdfasts from the soupground and break off the macroalgal foliations. After such events, the corpses of macro-organisms would be covered in a reduced environment by the deposits. Afterwards, a new community, including regenerating and undying macro-organisms, lived continuously on a new deposit.     

Macroalgal holdfasts and their interaction with environments from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in Guizhou, South China

Numerous macro-organisms of the Doushantuo macrobiota, which were found in the black carbonaceous mudstone of the upper Neoproterozoic Ediacraan Doushantuo Formation in Jiangkou County, Guizhou Province, China, are considered to live on sea floor by their holdfasts. The appearance and preserved forms of the macroalgal holdfasts may provide some data to the study of the living and buried environments of macrobiota. They lived in the lower energy and clear environment, and fixed on a soupground with rich water (about 79 water). Currents, possibly ocean currents, could pull out the macroalgal holdfasts from the soupground and break off the macroalgal foliations. After such events, the corpses of macro-organisms would be covered in a reduced environment by the deposits. Afterwards, a new community, including regenerating and undying macro-organisms, lived continuously on a new deposit. __________ Translated from Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 2005, 23(2): 154-C164 [译自: 微体古生物学报]     

贵州剑河八郎寒武系都匀阶“清虚洞组”宏观藻类化石的发现

文中首次报导贵州寒武系黔东统都匀阶"清虚洞组"(或乌训组)宏观藻类,计2属2种:环圈螺旋抚仙藻Fuxianospira gyrata Chen and Zhou,1997和云南中华细丝藻Sinocylindra yunnanensis Chen and Erdtmann,1991,它们是澄江生物群最常见的两类宏观藻类具有澄江生物群宏观藻类的组合特征。"清虚洞组"位于黔东统上部,介于杷榔组和凯里组之间,该组宏观藻类的发现,为寒武纪宏观藻类演化链的完整研究提供了有价值的资料。     

Wengania globosa在陕西勉县茶店陡山沱组磷块岩中的发现

本文报道陕西勉县茶店陡山沱组磷块岩中的疑源多细胞生物化石,其中Ｗｅｎｇａｎｉａｇｌｏｂｏｓａ属于首次报道。勉县茶陡山组磷块岩中的化石组合与贵州瓮安陡山沱组与可以直接对比,进一步了此两地的磷块岩属同期沉积产物。这一发现表明新元古代磷块岩中可能保存了多细胞生物早期演化中最精采的章节,因而进一步深入研究陡山沱组磷块岩大有必要。本文还讨论了疑在Ｍｅｇｈｙｓｔｒｉｃｈｏｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈａｄｉａｎ     

疑源类Tianzhushania在贵州瓮安震旦纪陡山沱组磷块岩中的发现

首次报道贵州瓮安地区震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩中的大型具刺凝源类Tianzhushania spinosa及其新种Tianzhushania tuberifera sp.nov.前者形态特征及内部结构与湖北峡尔地区震旦系陡山沱组隧石结核中发现的典型Tianzhushania spinosa 标本（硅化）完全相同,但多数未遭受重力挤压呈球形保存。新种特征明显,也呈球形保存,但内层表面具有明显瘤突,瘤突顶端向外延伸出单一或多条管状制,另外还探讨大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania属的特征,已定种的地理分布,地层意义和亲缘关系。     

用灰关联法分析环境因子对辛安泉泉溪大型藻类的影响

研究了环境因子对辛安泉泉域泉溪大型藻类的影响。2009年7月~2010年4月对标本进行了4次采集（每个季节一次）,对每个采样点的环境因子水温,pH,电导,溶氧,流速,水体最大深度和宽度进行了监测和记录,同时对标本进行了显微观察和鉴定。经鉴定,该泉域共有大型藻类植物42种。采用灰关联分析法分析了以上环境因子对泉溪大型藻类植物种类数的影响。结果表明,影响的关键因子为水温和流速。分析结果与前人文献相一致。因此,表明将灰关联分析法应用于藻类生态环境研究方面是可行的。     

扬子区晚震旦世动物化石新材料

扬子区晚震旦世地层中已有多种类型的动物及遗迹化石的报道。文中补充了不同地区和层位的骨骼及遗迹化石新材料,包括：江西上饶王家院陡山沱组顶部磷块岩中的磷酸盐化“十”字形骨针和云南晋宁王家湾灯影组上段隧石条带中的单轴双射硅质骨针,它们可能分属于钙质海绵和普通海绵类;贵州瓮安陡山沱组上段磷质白云岩中的可疑壳状化石;宜昌三斗坪金瓜墩陡山沱组下部（第二段）遗迹化石;瓮安陡山沱组上段及湖北南漳灯影组上段底部磷质硬底中的生物扰动构造。另外还报道了贵州清镇桃子冲剖面桃子冲组最底部的瓶状动物（Pro-tolagena limbata）化石,并认定桃子冲组与灯影组之间为假整合接触,其底界并无跨入震旦系的证据。     

CONSUMPTION OF ULVA LACTUCA (CHLOROPHYTA) BY THE OMNIVOROUS MUD SNAIL ILYANASSA OBSOLETA (SAY)

Marine invertebrate grazing on temperate macroalgae may exert a significant “top-down” control on macroalgal biomass. We conducted two laboratory experiments to test (1) if consumption by the omnivorous mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) on the macroalga Ulva lactuca Linnaeus was a function of food quality (nitrogen content) and (2) if grazing on benthic macroalgae occurred at significant rates in the presence of alternative food sources in the sediment (detritus, larvae, benthic microalgae). Grazing rates were higher for N-enriched macroalgae; however, all snails lost weight when grazing on macroalgae alone, indicating that U. lactuca was a poor food source. The presence of sediment from two sites, a sandy lagoon and an adjacent organic-rich muddy tidal creek, did not affect consumption of macroalgae in microcosm experiments, and the grazing snails were capable of significantly reducing macroalgal biomass associated with both sediment types. Grazing rates by this omnivore were as high as 10.83 mg wet weight·individuals ^{− 1}·d ^{− 1} and were similar to those recorded for herbivorous species. In situ loss rates calculated from average grazing rates per individual and snail abundances (up to 3.5 g dry weight·m ^{− 2}·d ^{− 1}) also were comparable with those calculated for herbivorous species. This level of grazing could remove up to 88% of new macroalgal growth at the lagoon site where the N supply was relatively low but had a much smaller effect (18% of new growth) at the high-nutrient creek site. Snails facilitated macroalgal growth at both sites by increasing tissue N content by 40%–80%. Consumption and digestion of macroalgae aided in the recycling of nutrients temporarily bound in the algae and resulted in enrichment of surficial sediments. Increased N sequestration in the sediments also was associated with an interruption of snail burrowing behavior due to persistent anoxia in sediments rich in decaying algal material. Our data suggest that in shallow lagoons where mud snails and benthic macroalgae coexist, grazing may influence N retention in macroalgal biomass.     

烟台养马岛潮间带大型海藻分布特征及环境影响因素

2010年4月—2011年3月对烟台养马岛潮间带大型海藻进行了逐月调查.在养马岛潮间带共设置了A、B两个点,对大型海藻物种组成、生物量以及与环境变化的关系进行了研究.结果表明: 调查区域共有大型海藻35种,其中红藻24种,占总数的68.6%;绿藻6种,占总数的17.1%;褐藻5种,占总数的14.3%.夏季优势种以褐藻和绿藻为主,秋、冬、春季优势种以红藻和褐藻为主,鼠尾藻在各季节中均为优势种.大型海藻生物量呈现夏季高、冬季低的特点,生物量最高值出现在6月,A、B采样点大型海藻生物量最小值分别出现在1月和11月,具有温带海域藻类变化特点.温度、营养盐和pH对大型海藻生物量有显著影响.
     

Ediacaran macroalgal holdfasts and their evolution: a case study from China

A macroalgal holdfast (root-like structure) anchored or grown into sediments is a key trait of metaphytes and eukaryotic algae. Various patterns and taphonomic variants of congeneric holdfasts are preserved on the bedding planes of black shales of the Ediacaran Wenghui biota in South China. The macroalgal holdfast, which commonly consists of a rhizome, rhizoid and pith (perhaps mechanical tissue), can be morphologically classified into ten types within four groups of rhizomes: bare rhizome holdfasts (Grypania, Tongrenphyton and Sectoralga-type holdfasts), canopy rhizome holdfasts (Gemmaphyton, Gesinella, Discusphyton and Baculiphyca-type holdfasts), pithy rhizome holdfasts (Zhongbaodaophyton and pithy-cone-type holdfasts) and differentiated rhizome holdfasts (Wenghuiphyton-type holdfasts). Analysis of the Precambrian macroalgal record indicates that rhizomes played a more important role in the evolution of macroalgal holdfast than rhizoids. The following evolutionary stages of development of macroalgal holdfasts are proposed: (1) growth of the basal thallus into sediments (Grypania-type holdfast); (2) development of a primitive (indistinct) rhizome from the base of a stipe or thallus (Tongrenphyton-type and Sectoralga-type holdfasts); (3) growth of a distinct rhizome with rhizoid (Gemmaphyton-type, Gesinella-type and Discusphyton-type holdfasts); (4) development of a pith in the stipe (Baculiphyca-type holdfast); (5) pith extension into the rhizome (Zhongbaodaophyton-type and pithy-cone-type holdfasts); and (6) rhizome differentiation and development of a complex holdfast system (Wenghuiphyton-type holdfast).