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1.
This paper reviews the development of marine field ecotoxicology at the TNO Laboratory for Applied Marine Research. The scope of research, including biological monitoring with mussels, mesocosm studies and ecological risk analysis, is described. Some highlights from an historical point of view are given, with as yet unpublished data presented as examples.  相似文献   

2.
Yúfera  M. 《Hydrobiologia》2001,(1):383-392
The genus Brachionus has been the main subject of studies reported in about 1000 papers published since 1950. About three-fourths of these deal with Brachionus plicatilis and B. rotundiformis and are mainly related to their use as prey for aquatic organisms. Also abundant, but to a lesser extent, are studies on B. calyciflorus, many of which are concerned with aquatic ecotoxicology. These studies constitute an interesting interaction between fundamental and applied research. For example, advances in fundamental biology have been applied to improve the production of rotifer biomass. Alternatively, new perspectives in fundamental research on rotifers have emerged while solving technical and biological problems related to the rearing of aquatic animal larvae. This review describes some aspects that have shown a significant advance due to such interaction between fundamental and applied research on rotifers, e.g. growth conditions, biochemical composition and morphotypes.  相似文献   

3.
Workshop on rotifers in ecotoxicology   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
The aim of the workshop on rotifers in ecotoxicology was to stimulate discussions on new developments in the field. Discussions about the use of biomolecular tools indicate that gene expression analysis with rotifers should be available in the next few years. Such analyses will be a great asset as they enable ecotoxicologists to study molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Rotifers also appear as useful tools in the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites that find their way into aquatic ecosystems because their sensitivity to some of these substances is higher than that of cladocerans and algae. The nature and extent of the impact of potential endocrine disruptors on aquatic invertebrates is another poorly resolved issue for which rotifers are a promising tool. Indeed, rotifers seem to be particularly sensitive to androgenic and anti-antiandrogenic substances, whereas copepods and cladocerans are typically more affected by estrogens and juvenile hormone-like compounds. Besides their usefulness in these emerging fields of aquatic ecotoxicology, it was emphasized that research with rotifers on basic issues like, e.g., toxicant interference with predation, competition, or interspecific and interclonal variation in ecotoxicological tests is still needed. Guest editors: S. S. S. Sarma, R. D. Gulati, R. L. Wallace, S. Nandini, H. J. Dumont & R. Rico-Martínez Advances in Rotifer Research  相似文献   

4.
Monogononta is the most speciose class of rotifers, with more than 2,000 species. The monogonont genus Brachionus is widely distributed at a global scale, and a few of its species are commonly used as ecological and evolutionary models to address questions related to aquatic ecology, cryptic speciation, evolutionary ecology, the evolution of sex and ecotoxicology. With the importance of Brachionus species in many areas of research, it is remarkable that the genome has not been characterized. This study aims to address this lacuna by presenting, for the first time, the whole‐genome assembly of the freshwater species Brachionus calyciflorus. The total length of the assembled genome was 129.6 Mb, with 1,041 scaffolds. The N50 value was 786.6 kb, and the GC content was 24%. A total of 16,114 genes were annotated with repeat sequences, accounting for 21% of the assembled genome. This assembled genome may form a basis for future studies addressing key questions on the evolution of monogonont rotifers. It will also provide the necessary molecular resources to mechanistically investigate ecophysiological and ecotoxicological responses.  相似文献   

5.
We describe a completely randomizable flow‐through outdoor mesocosm for climate change and ecotoxicology studies that was built with inexpensive materials. The 16 raceway tanks allow up to 6× water renewal per hour, avoiding changes in natural abiotic seawater conditions. We use an open‐source hardware board (Arduino) that was adapted to control heaters and an innovative CO2 injection system. This system reduced seawater pH up to ?0.9 units and increased temperature up to +6°C in three treatments and a control. Treatments can be continuously compared with the control and vary according to diel fluctuations, thus following the diel range observed in the sea. The mesocosm facility also includes an integrated secondary system of 48 aquaria for ecotoxicology studies. We validated the reproducibility and relevance of our experimental system by analyzing the variation of the total DNA of the microbial community extracted from corals in three elevated temperature scenarios during a 40‐day experiment. We also present data from temperature, acidification, and copper contamination trials, which allowed continuous, reliable, and consistent treatment manipulations.  相似文献   

6.
Mesocosm experiments have played an important role over thelast decade in increasing our understanding of marine ecosystems.Many studies use these controlled environments to examine ecosystemresponses to factors such as nutrient addition and light limitation.A few studies have been able to successfully model mesocosmexperiments using carefully designed and comprehensive modelsand experimental design. Nevertheless, it is rare for such modelsto be compared with oceanic studies, and to consider the sulphurcycle as well as the carbon and nitrogen budgets. Here we takean ecosystem model, including a dimethylsulphide loop, thathas been successfully used in modelling the evolution of theplanktonic system in a Lagrangian field experiment in the NorthAtlantic—the PRIME cruise of 1996—and apply it totwo mesocosm experiments. These were operated by two differentgroups of scientists, but in the same field station in a Norwegianfjord. The experiments were not explicitly designed with thedata requirements of any model in mind. We show that the modelis best able to simulate mesocosm data using model parameterstaken from the real ocean. However, most sensitivity tests aresignificantly less successful in the mesocosm environment thanthe real ocean, especially if the model parameters are allowedto vary in a best fit sense. The limitations of the model–mesocosmmatch highlight the importance of comprehensive monitoring ofmesocosms if they are to be useful for validating models suitablefor the open ocean.  相似文献   

7.
This paper aims to highlight the considerable potential of a better integration of ecological theory in aquatic ecotoxicology. It outlines how community ecology, studies on trophic interaction and disturbance ecology could provide an enhanced theoretical basis for aquatic ecotoxicology and increase ecological relevance in environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Based on the literature and own research, approaches from aquatic ecotoxicology are presented, which are based on ecological considerations and address a higher level of biological complexity for risk assessment strategies of chemicals. The concepts of species-sensitivity distribution (SSD), pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT), the use of model ecosystems and the sediment quality triad (SQT) in ecological risk assesment as well as inputs from ecotoxicology into landscape ecology are illustrated. These examples aim to evidence aquatic ecotoxicology as a rewarding field of ecological research.  相似文献   

8.
The advent of any new technology is typically met with great excitement. So it was a few years ago, when the combination of advances in sequencing technology and the development of microarray technology made measurements of global gene expression in ecologically relevant species possible. Many of the review papers published around that time promised that these new technologies would revolutionize environmental biology as they had revolutionized medicine and related fields. A few years have passed since these technological advancements have been made, and the use of microarray studies in non‐model fish species has been adopted in many laboratories internationally. Has the relatively widespread adoption of this technology really revolutionized the fields of environmental biology, including ecotoxicology, aquaculture and ecology, as promised? Or have these studies merely become a novelty and a potential distraction for scientists addressing environmentally relevant questions? In this review, the promises made in early review papers, in particular about the advances that the use of microarrays would enable, are summarized; these claims are compared to the results of recent studies to determine whether the forecasted changes have materialized. Some applications, as discussed in the paper, have been realized and have led to advances in their field, others are still under development.  相似文献   

9.
Tiny, inconspicuous duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are often considered a nuisance, due to their propensity to rapidly cover surfaces of water bodies. However, their pronounced growth potential, together with their particular morphological, clonal and genomic properties and their easy cultivation make them valuable model plants for studies, and have established them as indicator plants in the field of ecotoxicology. Duckweeds can make a valuable contribution to wastewater remediation, and the biomass that their growth thereby provides can be of value in many ways, including energy generation, fuel production and use as fertilizer and animal food. Duckweeds grown under controlled conditions can contribute to human nutrition and serve as biofactories for heterologous protein expression. The versatile usage potential of duckweeds has not been thoroughly exploited, as it could and should be in the future.  相似文献   

10.
Figueira WF  Booth DJ  Gregson MA 《Oecologia》2008,156(1):215-226
Phenotypic variability within cohorts of juvenile organisms can serve as the basis for selective mortality. Previous studies have demonstrated the important role that predators play in this process but not the impact of competitors on selective predation. We use a combination of lab and field studies to evaluate the effect of the presence of adult competitor damselfish (Dascyllus aruanus and Pomacentrus moluccensis; family Pomacentridae) on the selective mortality of newly-arrived (settled) lemon damselfish (P. moluccensis) by resident predator fishes (Pseudochromis fuscus Pseudochromidae and Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Apogonidae). Lab trials consisted of mesocosm experiments in which the behaviour, mortality, and physiological condition (measured as lipid content) of surviving P. moluccensis settlers from each of three treatments: (1) predators absent, (2) predators present, and (3) predators and competitors present, were compared. The field study involved stocking newly settled P. moluccensis on natural bommies (patch reefs) which had either been subject to a partial removal of resident fish (predators and competitors) or left alone. Results indicated there was very strong condition-based selective mortality in both the lab and field trials. In both cases there was a strong positive relationship between mortality and the lipid content of surviving fish; implying low-condition fish were selectively removed. The mesocosm trials indicated that the strength of mortality as well as condition selectivity was higher when competitors were present than when they were absent. Behavioural observations in the mesocosm study suggest that attention by juvenile P. moluccensis to the movements and occasional chases of the competitors (especially D. aruanus) reduced their vigilance to the predators. These results suggest the important and interactive roles which condition of newly settled reef fish and interspecific competition can play in the outcomes of post-settlement predation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

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