极端嗜热古菌Pyrococcus horikoshii几丁二糖脱乙酰酶的克隆、表达及性质研究

利用PCR扩增技术从极端嗜热古菌Pyrococcus horikoshii 中得到预测为几丁二糖脱乙酰酶的基因（Dacph,PH0499）,将其克隆入表达质粒pET15b,并在E.coliBL21_codonPlus(DE3)_RIL中表达获得可溶的Dacph重组蛋白（31.6kDa）,TLC分析证明Dacph能够脱去N_乙酰氨基葡萄糖及几丁二糖的一个乙酰基,并与氨基葡萄糖苷酶（BglAPh）共同作用水解几丁二糖生成氨基葡萄糖,从而被命名为一种几丁二糖脱乙酰酶。与Pyrococcus horikoshii中外切氨基葡萄糖苷酶等共同作用,Dacph可能在嗜热球古菌独特的几丁质降解途径中起重要作用。     

凝结芽孢杆菌耐热β­N­乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶在大肠杆菌的分泌表达及其在制备GlcNAc中的应用

β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶体,可作用于几丁质或壳聚糖等天然底物,从末端水解产生N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖 (GlcNAc) 单体,其在医药和农业领域有较广泛的用途。文中克隆了耐热菌凝结芽孢杆菌Bacillus coagulans DMS1的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶基因 (BcNagZ),并成功在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) 进行了分泌表达,蛋白表达量达到0.76 mg/mL。纯化后的BcNagZ分子量为61.3 kDa,测得的比活力为5.918 U/mg;进一步对该酶进行表征,结果显示酶的最适反应pH为5.5,最适反应温度为75 ℃,在65 ℃处理30 min后还有85%的残余酶活力,表明该酶具有良好的热稳定性。该酶的米氏常数Km为0.23 mmol/L,Vmax为0.043 1 mmol/(L·min)。重组BcNagZ可以水解胶体几丁质得到微量的GlcNAc,可以将二糖水解为单糖;偶联已报道的外切几丁质酶AMcase,可以有效地将胶体几丁质水解为GlcNAc,得率达到86.93%。     

热稳定性丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶异源表达及其在乙酰辅酶A合成中的应用 *

乙酰辅酶A被广泛应用到生物医学研究中,使用TPP代替昂贵的ATP为辅因子合成乙酰辅酶A受到广泛关注.新阿波罗栖热袍菌(Thermotoga neapolitana)来源的丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(TnPFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行了重组表达,分析了其酶学特性,并探讨了利用嗜热酶(TnPFOR)酶法合成乙酰辅酶A.采用pET-20b(+)载体,将新阿波罗栖热袍菌来源的四亚基组成的嗜热酶(TnPFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达;通过热处理和阴离子交换层析法纯化嗜热酶(TnPFOR);重组表达的嗜热酶(TnPFOR)的最适反应温度和pH分别为90℃和6.5,TnPFOR在90℃下孵育1h时保留了50%活性.利用嗜热酶(TnPFOR),以TPP为辅酶合成了乙酰辅酶A,并探讨了不同温度,丙酮酸钠底物浓度和反应时间对乙酰辅酶A合成的影响.得到的优化条件为:最适反应温度为90℃,丙酮酸钠浓度为1.5mmol/L,反应时间为2min.     

一种来源于兼性嗜碱菌Bacillus pseudofirmus 703的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶作用于肽聚糖或几丁质,从其非还原末端水解产生β-D-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖单体,该酶在细胞壁代谢过程中起重要作用,在医药和生物技术领域也有广泛的应用。【目的】克隆表达来源于兼性嗜碱菌Bacillus pseudofirmus 703的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶NagZ703,为获得乙酰氨基葡萄糖单体奠定基础。【方法】以B.pseudofirmus703基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到了β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶基因NagZ703,通过构建pET28a-nagZ703表达载体,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达NagZ703,利用镍柱纯化得到NagZ703纯蛋白,并对其酶学和生化性质进行分析。【结果】NagZ703与其同源蛋白多序列比对分析结果表明,NagZ703属于糖苷水解酶3家族(GH3),由2个结构域构成,催化活性中心由位于N端结构域的Arg232-His234-Arg318组成,和研究最多的Bacillussubtilis168来源的BsNagZ氨基酸的序列相似性为37%。酶学性质分析表明,以对硝基酚-β-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷(pNP-β-GlcNAc)为底物,NagZ703的最适反应温度和pH分别为60°C和pH 6.5,比酶活为10.79 U/mg,其Km和Vmax分别为0.276 mmol/L和0.612 mmol/(mg·min)。该酶具有较好的稳定性,在50°C处理30 min,或在pH 6.0–10.5条件下,4°C保存12 h后,仍保留80%以上的酶活力。EDTA不影响该酶的活性,推测其为非金属依赖酶,且Hg2+可完全抑制酶活性。【结论】本研究将兼性嗜碱菌Bacillus pseudofirmus 703来源的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶NagZ703在大肠杆菌中成功表达和纯化,并分析了其酶学性质;NagZ703的最适pH为6.5,没有表现出耐盐嗜碱的特征;NagZ703能水解胶体几丁质产生GlcNAc,为酶解生产GlcNAc提供了一条可行的思路。     

热稳定性丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶异源表达及其在乙酰辅酶A合成中的应用

乙酰辅酶A被广泛应用到生物医学研究中,使用TPP代替昂贵的ATP为辅因子合成乙酰辅酶A受到广泛关注。新阿波罗栖热袍菌(Thermotoga neapolitana)来源的丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(Tn PFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行了重组表达,分析了其酶学特性,并探讨了利用嗜热酶(TnPFOR)酶法合成乙酰辅酶A。采用pET-20b(+)载体,将新阿波罗栖热袍菌来源的四亚基组成的嗜热酶(Tn PFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达;通过热处理和阴离子交换层析法纯化嗜热酶(TnPFOR);重组表达的嗜热酶(TnPFOR)的最适反应温度和pH分别为90℃和6. 5,TnPFOR在90℃下孵育1h时保留了50%活性。利用嗜热酶(Tn PFOR),以TPP为辅酶合成了乙酰辅酶A,并探讨了不同温度、丙酮酸钠底物浓度和反应时间对乙酰辅酶A合成的影响。得到的优化条件为:最适反应温度为90℃,丙酮酸钠浓度为1. 5mmol/L,反应时间为2min。     

Solitalea canadensis源β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶的基因克隆、异源表达和酶学特性

【目的】对细菌Solitalea canadensis中编码β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶的基因进行克隆,通过原核表达获得重组β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶,并研究其酶学性质。【方法】以Solitalea canadensis基因组DNA为模板,使用加尾PCR的方法克隆编码β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶的基因,构建含有组氨酸标签的重组表达载体,并将重组质粒导入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行原核表达。重组蛋白经Ni-NTA纯化,以对硝基苯酚-β-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(pNP-β-Glc NAc)为底物研究其酶学性质,包括最适温度、最适p H以及金属离子和抑制剂的影响。【结果】从菌株Solitalea canadensis克隆得到了β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶基因片段(Gene Bank:WP_014682183.1),全长2586 bp,重组表达所得蛋白表观分子量约为97 k Da,最适pH 6.0,最适温度42°C,但不稳定,半衰期小于5 min。该酶对十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)敏感,活性受Triton X-100和尿素的抑制。此外二糖分子也能不同程度地抑制该重组酶的活性,特异性抑制剂PugNAc(O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylideneamino)N-phenylcarbamate)对该酶的IC_(50)为2μmol/L。该重组酶蛋白除能水解对硝基苯酚-β-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷和对硝基苯酚-β-乙酰氨基半乳糖(pNP-β-GalNAc)外,还能对O-链聚糖核心结构Core Ⅱ末端的乙酰氨基葡萄糖进行水解。【结论】本文首次从Solitalea canadensis中克隆得到能水解末端β1-6连接的乙酰氨基葡萄糖而不能水解β1-4连接键的β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶,并对其进行了酶学性质研究和底物特异性分析,为开发高效特异性强的糖链分析工具酶提供理论基础。     

微生物几丁质酶研究进展及其在N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖制备中的应用

几丁质是自然界含量丰富的多糖,难溶于水,常被作为废弃物丢弃,造成资源浪费和环境污染。然而,其水解产物N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc)是一种重要的功能氨糖类化合物,广泛应用于医药、保健及护肤品等领域,市场需求量大。因此,将几丁质转换为高附加值的GlcNAc具有重要意义。几丁质酶可专一性水解几丁质产生GlcNAc,用于GlcNAc的酶法制备,从而替代化学加工方法,降低环境污染,提高产品质量。本文介绍了微生物来源几丁质酶的特点与分类,重点阐述了微生物来源的几丁质内切酶、几丁二糖外切酶及β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶在几丁质降解生产GlcNAc过程中的作用、方式和产率,这将为酶法生产GlcNAc提供一定的借鉴。     

几丁质及其衍生物对胆固醇代谢的影响

几丁质(chitin)又称甲壳素,化学名称为N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖多聚体,是一种天然的多糖类纤维素。几丁质脱乙酰基即为几丁糖(chitosan)。几丁质、几丁糖及其衍生物具有非常良好的生物安全性,而且可以自然降解。由于其独特的生物化学性能,几丁质、几丁糖及其衍生物已被证实具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长、抗粘连、缓释药物、降胆固醇、调节凝血功能和促进创面愈合等作用。国内已有关于其抑制肿瘤细胞生长、抗粘连、缓释药物     

极端嗜热古菌尿嘧啶DNA糖苷酶的研究进展

高温会加快碱基脱氨基反应形成损伤碱基的速率,进一步对脱氨基的碱基进行复制会导致突变。因此,极端嗜热古菌基因组的稳定性面临着其生存高温环境的挑战。胞嘧啶脱氨基形成尿嘧啶,是常见的脱碱基类型,复制DNA中尿嘧啶会造成GC→AT的突变。尿嘧啶DNA糖苷酶(Uracil DNA glycosylase,UDG)是修复DNA中尿嘧啶的关键酶。基于识别底物的特异性,UDG分为6个家族,广泛分布在细菌、古菌、真核生物以及一些病毒中。基因组序列显示,极端嗜热古菌至少编码一种UDG。目前,对于细菌和真核生物的UDG已进行了大量的研究,但是关于极端嗜热古菌UDG的研究相对较少,尚处于初期阶段。本文综述了极端嗜热古菌UDG的研究进展,并对今后的研究提出了展望。     

苜蓿链霉菌内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶的克隆、表达及酶学性质

内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶广泛应用于糖生物学研究和工业生产。本研究从苜蓿链霉菌Streptomyces alfalfae ACCC 40021中克隆并原核表达了一个新的内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶,该酶最适反应温度为35℃,最适pH为6.0,具有良好的pH稳定性、温度稳定性和高比活(1×10~6 U/mg)的特性,可催化不同蛋白底物去糖基化,具有作为工具酶和生物催化剂的潜力。     

Expression, refolding, and purification of active diacetylchitobiose deacetylase from Pyrococcus horikoshii

A chitinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus degrades chitin to produce diacetylchitobiose [(GlcNAc)(2)] as the end product. To further investigate the degradation mechanism of (GlcNAc)(2) in Pyrococcus spp., we cloned the gene of PH0499 from Pyrococcus horikoshii, which encodes a protein homologous to the diacetylchitobiose deacetylase of Thermococcus kodakaraensis. The deacetylase (Ph-Dac) was overexpressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLys. The insoluble inclusion body was solubilized and reactivated through a refolding procedure. After several purification steps, 40 mg of soluble, thermostable (up to 80°C) Ph-Dac was obtained from 1L of culture. The apparent molecular mass of the refolded Ph-Dac was 180 kDa, indicating Ph-Dac to be a homohexamer. The refolded Ph-Dac also exhibited deacetylase activity toward (GlcNAc)(2), and the deacetylation site was revealed to be specific to the nonreducing end residue of (GlcNAc)(2). These expression and purification systems are useful for further characterization of Ph-Dac.     

Characterization of an exo-beta-D-glucosaminidase involved in a novel chitinolytic pathway from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1

We previously clarified that the chitinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 produces diacetylchitobiose (GlcNAc(2)) as an end product from chitin. Here we sought to identify enzymes in T. kodakaraensis that were involved in the further degradation of GlcNAc(2). Through a search of the T. kodakaraensis genome, one candidate gene identified as a putative beta-glycosyl hydrolase was found in the near vicinity of the chitinase gene. The primary structure of the candidate protein was homologous to the beta-galactosidases in family 35 of glycosyl hydrolases at the N-terminal region, whereas the central region was homologous to beta-galactosidases in family 42. The purified protein from recombinant Escherichia coli clearly showed an exo-beta-D-glucosaminidase (GlcNase) activity but not beta-galactosidase activity. This GlcNase (GlmA(Tk)), a homodimer of 90-kDa subunits, exhibited highest activity toward reduced chitobiose at pH 6.0 and 80 degrees C and specifically cleaved the nonreducing terminal glycosidic bond of chitooligosaccharides. The GlcNase activity was also detected in T. kodakaraensis cells, and the expression of GlmA(Tk) was induced by GlcNAc(2) and chitin, strongly suggesting that GlmA(Tk) is involved in chitin catabolism in T. kodakaraensis. These results suggest that T. kodakaraensis, unlike other organisms, possesses a novel chitinolytic pathway where GlcNAc(2) from chitin is first deacetylated and successively hydrolyzed to glucosamine. This is the first report that reveals the primary structure of GlcNase not only from an archaeon but also from any organism.     

Analysis of the hyperthermophilic chitinase from Pyrococcus furiosus: activity toward crystalline chitin

Chitinase [EC 3.2.1.14] is an enzyme that can hydrolyze the beta-1,4 linkage between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in chitin. In the genome database of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, we found two adjacent genes (PF1233 and PF1234) homologous to those of the chitinase of Thermococcus kodakaraensis. In the cultured medium of P. furiosus, however, no chitinase activity was detected. On analysis of the structural gene of P. furiosus, it appears that one nucleotide insertion in PF1234 caused a frame shift and separated a gene. By deletion of one nucleotide in PF1234, the best match was achieved between chitinases of T. kodakaraenesis and P. furiosus. We succeeded in constructing an artificial recombinant chitinase exhibiting hydrolytic activity toward not only colloidal but also crystalline chitins at high temperature. Furthermore, by analyzing the characteristics of the domains, a recombinant enzyme comprising two domains exhibiting high activity toward crystalline chitin was prepared.     

Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase dependent on thioredoxin-like protein from Pyrococcus horikoshii

Pyrococcus horikoshii is an obligate anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon. In P. horikoshii cells, a hydroperoxide reductase homologue ORF (PH1217) was found to be induced by oxygen. The recombinant protein, which was expressed in E. coli under aerobic conditions, exhibited no activity. However, the recombinant protein prepared under semi-anaerobic conditions exhibited alkyl hydroperoxide reductase activity. Furthermore, it was clarified that it was coupled with the thioredoxin-like system in P. horikoshii. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein was induced by oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This protein seems to be sensitive to oxygen but forms a thioredoxin-dependent system to eliminate reactive oxygen species in P. horikoshii.     

Crystal structure of the ADP-dependent glucokinase from Pyrococcus horikoshii at 2.0-A resolution: a large conformational change in ADP-dependent glucokinase

Although ATP is the most common phosphoryl group donor for kinases, some kinases from certain hyperthermophilic archaea such as Pyrococcus horikoshii and Thermococcus litoralis use ADP as the phosphoryl donor. Those are ADP-dependent glucokinases (ADPGK) and phosphofructokinases in their glycolytic pathway. Here, we succeeded in gene cloning the ADPGK from P. horikoshii OT3 (phGK) in Escherichia coli,and in easy preparation of the enzyme, crystallization, and the structure determination of the apo enzyme. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of the ADPGK from T. litoralis (tlGK) in a complex with ADP was reported. The overall structure of two homologous enzymes (56.7%) was basically similar: This means that they consisted of large alpha/beta-domains and small domains. However, a marked adjustment of the two domains, which is a 10-A translation and a 20 degrees rotation from the conserved GG sequence located at the center of the hinge, was observed between the apo-phGK and ADP-tlGK structures. The ADP-binding loop (430-439) was disordered in the apo form. It is suggested that a large conformational change takes place during the enzymatic reaction.     

Characterization of a novel glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon

A key step in amino sugar metabolism is the interconversion between fructose-6-phosphate (Fru6P) and glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P). This conversion is catalyzed in the catabolic and anabolic directions by GlcN6P deaminase and GlcN6P synthase, respectively, two enzymes that show no relationship with one another in terms of primary structure. In this study, we examined the catalytic properties and regulatory features of the glmD gene product (GlmD(Tk)) present within a chitin degradation gene cluster in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. Although the protein GlmD(Tk) was predicted as a probable sugar isomerase related to the C-terminal sugar isomerase domain of GlcN6P synthase, the recombinant GlmD(Tk) clearly exhibited GlcN6P deaminase activity, generating Fru6P and ammonia from GlcN6P. This enzyme also catalyzed the reverse reaction, the ammonia-dependent amination/isomerization of Fru6P to GlcN6P, whereas no GlcN6P synthase activity dependent on glutamine was observed. Kinetic analyses clarified the preference of this enzyme for the deaminase reaction rather than the reverse one, consistent with the catabolic function of GlmD(Tk). In T. kodakaraensis cells, glmD(Tk) was polycistronically transcribed together with upstream genes encoding an ABC transporter and a downstream exo-beta-glucosaminidase gene (glmA(Tk)) within the gene cluster, and their expression was induced by the chitin degradation intermediate, diacetylchitobiose. The results presented here indicate that GlmD(Tk) is actually a GlcN6P deaminase functioning in the entry of chitin-derived monosaccharides to glycolysis in this hyperthermophile. This enzyme is the first example of an archaeal GlcN6P deaminase and is a structurally novel type distinct from any previously known GlcN6P deaminase.     

Maltose metabolism in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis: purification and characterization of key enzymes.

Maltose metabolism was investigated in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis. Maltose was degraded by the concerted action of 4-alpha-glucanotransferase and maltodextrin phosphorylase (MalP). The first enzyme produced glucose and a series of maltodextrins that could be acted upon by MalP when the chain length of glucose residues was equal or higher than four, to produce glucose-1-phosphate. Phosphoglucomutase activity was also detected in T. litoralis cell extracts. Glucose derived from the action of 4-alpha-glucanotransferase was subsequently metabolized via an Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The closely related organism Pyrococcus furiosus used a different metabolic strategy in which maltose was cleaved primarily by the action of an alpha-glucosidase, a p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG)-hydrolyzing enzyme, producing glucose from maltose. A PNPG-hydrolyzing activity was also detected in T. litoralis, but maltose was not a substrate for this enzyme. The two key enzymes in the pathway for maltose catabolism in T. litoralis were purified to homogeneity and characterized; they were constitutively synthesized, although phosphorylase expression was twofold induced by maltodextrins or maltose. The gene encoding MalP was obtained by complementation in Escherichia coli and sequenced (calculated molecular mass, 96,622 Da). The enzyme purified from the organism had a specific activity for maltoheptaose, at the temperature for maximal activity (98 degrees C), of 66 U/mg. A Km of 0.46 mM was determined with heptaose as the substrate at 60 degrees C. The deduced amino acid sequence had a high degree of identity with that of the putative enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 (66%) and with sequences of the enzymes from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima (60%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (31%) but not with that of the enzyme from E. coli (13%). The consensus binding site for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is conserved in the T. litoralis enzyme.     

A novel trehalose synthesizing pathway in the hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thermoproteus tenax</Emphasis>: the unidirectional TreT pathway

In the genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermoproteus tenax a gene (treS/P) encoding a protein with similarity to annotated trehalose phosphorylase (TreP), trehalose synthase (TreS) and more recently characterized trehalose glycosyltransferring synthase (TreT) was identified. The treS/P gene as well as an upstream located ORF of unknown function (orfY) were cloned, heterologously expressed in E. coli and purified. The enzymatic characterization of the putative TreS/P revealed TreT activity. However, contrary to the previously characterized reversible TreT from Thermococcus litoralis and Pyrococcus horikoshii, the T. tenax enzyme is unidirectional and catalyzes only the formation of trehalose from UDP (ADP)-glucose and glucose. The T. tenax enzyme differs from the reversible TreT of T. litoralis by its preference for UDP-glucose as co-substrate. Phylogenetic and comparative gene context analyses reveal a conserved organization of the unidirectional TreT and OrfY gene cluster that is present in many Archaea and a few Bacteria. In contrast, the reversible TreT pathway seems to be restricted to only a few archaeal (e.g. Thermococcales) and bacterial (Thermotogales) members. Here we present a new pathway exclusively involved in trehalose synthesis--the unidirectional TreT pathway--and discuss its physiological role as well as its phylogenetic distribution.