组织工程的临床研究——组织工程连载之五

组织工程研究涉及的临床科室包括骨科、普外科、五官科、康复医学科、泌尿科、口腔颌面外科、神经外科、整形外科、胸外科、眼科、肝胆外科、血管外科;涉及的组织器官有:神经组织、肝脏组织、角膜组织、膀胱组织、血液、韧带、耳朵、生殖道、手、脂肪、乳房、心脏、肾脏、胰腺、管状组织(用于建造肠管、食管、气管、血管、肾和尿道等)等。其中皮肤组织、软骨组织、骨组织等的研究应用较为成熟。从最初工程化组织或器官的立项研究到最终批准临床应用,这是一个漫长的过程,需要众多不同学科的科研人员共同努力。随着基础研究和临床应用的深入发展,现代组织工程正在成为治疗组织、器官衰竭的有效疗法和辅助手段。     

《遗传》杂志“封面人物”征稿启事

近年来,《遗传》的封面设计受到广大读者和专家的好评,每期的“封面人物”既介绍了遗传学家的生平与贡献,又回顾了那段历史,给人以启发和教益。2003年以来,陆续介绍过的国际著名遗传学家有孟德尔、摩尔根、魏斯曼、贝特森、德弗里斯、高尔顿、约翰逊、科赛尔、莱文、沃森、克里克、麦克林托克、木原均、瓦维洛夫、穆勒、莫诺、科恩伯格、杜布赞斯基、尼伦伯格、李景均、兰德斯坦纳、艾弗里、比德尔、德尔布吕克、莱德伯格、穆利斯、徐道觉、蒋有兴、桑格、伯内特、泰明、伯格等。2007年,还将陆续介绍伯格、波特、本则尔、克里斯蒂安娜、利川…     

我国的大害虫——斜纹夜蛾

斜纹夜蛾(Prodenia liturs Fab.)亦称连纹夜蛾,属鳞翅目、夜蛾科。以往发生不多,1958年在全国范围大发生,尤以长江流域的江西、湖北、湖南、江苏、浙江、安徽和黄河流域的河南、河北、山东等省发生密度最大,广东、山西、陕西、辽宁、四川、云南等省发生较少,仅在局部地区为害较重。它的食性很杂,嗜食甘薯、棉花、芋、莲、向日葵、苜蓿、甜菜、马铃薯、烟草、花生、芝麻、蓖麻、黄豆、绿豆、商麻、黄麻、苋菜、空心菜、豇豆、番茄、茄子、辣椒、菠菜、甘兰、白菜、葱、南瓜、丝瓜、冬瓜以及玉米及多种禾本科植物及木本植物(如桑、茶、柑桔、杨柳),几乎所有植物都能加害。 斜纹夜蛾各期的形态大致是这样。成虫是中型蛾     

奇妙的植物细胞线粒体

作者近年检查了番茄、辣椒、蚕豆、扁豆、大豆、赤豆、花生、西瓜、甜瓜、丝瓜、薄荷、一串红、洋葱、慈菇、蒜、韭、小麦、大麦、玉米、水稻、稗牛筋草、水杉、广玉兰、夹竹桃、女贞、珊瑚树(Viburnum odoratissimum)木槿、海桐、栀子、樱花等三十多种植物的组织细胞,发现这些植物的分生组织、分泌结构及贮藏组织的细胞线粒体一般量多,用针等适当刺激这些部位能加速植株的生长和发育,减少病虫害,提高产量。     

基于地理信息系统的红火蚁在中国适生区的预测

应用地理信息系统(GIS)对红火蚁在中国的适生区进行了预测.以高于发育起点温度的天数和有效积温作为决定性因子,年均降水量、海拔高度作为限制性因子,应用GIS中的Kriging空间插值功能将红火蚁在我国的适生性分布情况分为高度适生区、适生区、轻度适生区和非适生区.结果表明,广东大部、广西中南部、云南南部的少数地区、海南、台湾、香港和澳门是红火蚁的高度适生区.云南南部、两广北部、河南最南部、安徽西部、浙江大部、湖北中东部、重庆、湖南、江西和福建是红火蚁的适生区.轻度适生区分布于河北中东部、山东中东部、北京、天津、江苏中北部、安徽大部、河南大部、浙江西北部、湖北西北部、陕西南部、四川东部、贵州中西部和云南中部的少数地区.我国的西北、东北和华北的大部分地区为红火蚁的非适生区.     

新疆野核桃种子的生物量可塑性及其生长模型

大样本采集新疆野核桃自然保护区野核桃种子全部14个变型和迁地移栽野核桃2个变型,分析种子的生物量可塑性,建立种子构件间的生长模型。结果表明,野核桃大多数种子的壳重、仁重、膜重和总重在不同野核桃变型间差异显著。种子壳重以铁壳、尖嘴、矩圆、心形、卵圆、歪嘴、典型、三棱、纺锤、尖果、小圆、薄壳、长薄壳、小矩圆顺序减小;仁重以铁壳、矩圆、尖嘴、心形、典型、薄壳、卵圆、歪嘴、三棱、尖果、小圆、纺锤、小矩圆、长薄壳顺序减小;膜重以尖嘴最大,纺锤最小。单果重以铁壳、矩圆、尖嘴、心形、典型、卵圆、歪嘴、三棱、尖果、小圆、纺锤、薄壳、小矩圆、长薄壳顺序减小。种仁比率为43.33%—47.28%,以小矩圆、典型、(薄壳=卵圆)、长薄壳、矩圆、歪嘴、心形、尖嘴、三棱、小圆、尖果、铁壳、纺锤顺序减小。种子总重与壳重、总重与仁重的生长关系分别可用直线、乘幂、指数和对数方程定量描述,大部分为异速生长型,各构件在种子不同生长期的增长快慢可通过各方程的性质反映。新疆野核桃在迁地移栽后有更大的种子。     

大熊猫的自述

我们家族的兴衰 我的祖先在历史上一度非常兴盛,分布十分广泛,从北京附近的周口店,往南向西,包括华北、西北、华东、西南和华南,一直到与中国毗邻的缅甸和越南的北部都有分布。到目前为止,已在北京周口店、陕西、山西、浙江、安徽、江西、福建、台湾、广东、广西、湖南、湖北、河南、四川、贵州和云南等几百个     

入侵害虫扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的风险分析

2008年12月16日调查发现,扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley在广州市的扶桑(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)树上多点发生。采用GARP生态位模型分析预测该虫在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照国际上有害生物危险性分析方法,对扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的危险性作出综合评价。结果表明:中国海南、广东、广西、福建、台湾、浙江、江西、湖南、贵州、云南、重庆、湖北、安徽、上海、江苏、山东、河南等17省区的大部分区域,新疆、四川、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北、北京、天津、辽宁、内蒙古等11省区的部分地区,都是该虫的适生区。危险性综合评价值为0.886,在中国的危害风险性很大。     

生物多样性综合评价方法研究

2002年召开的《生物多样性公约》第六次缔约方大会确定了“到2010年在全球范围内大幅度降低生物多样性丧失的速度”的目标，并要求各国制定生物多样性评价指标，开展生物多样性评估。本文作者根据科学性、代表性和实用性的原则，提出了生物多样性综合评价的5个指标，即物种丰富度、生态系统类型多样性、植被垂直层谱的完整性、物种特有性、外来物种入侵度，确立了生物多样性综合评价方法；并以全国31省（市、区）为单元，开展了全国生物多样性综合评价，将各省（市、区）生物多样性分为四个等级。云南、四川、广西的生物多样性属“优”，贵州、湖北、广东、湖南、重庆、福建、西藏、江西、浙江、海南、甘肃、新疆、陕西的生物多样性属“良”，河南、安徽、山东、山西、河北、北京的生物多样性属“一般”，吉林、内蒙古、上海、辽宁、宁夏、青海、江苏、黑龙江、天津的生物多样性为“较差”。     

浙江金衢地区毛皮兽资源调查

金衢地区位于浙江省的中、西部,包括浦江、东阳、磐安、义乌、永康、金华、武义、兰溪、衢州、龙游、江山、常山和开化等13个市县。经调查得知该地区共有毛皮兽32种,占全省毛皮兽种数的88.9%,分隶于5目11科。其中属国家一级保护的有云豹、豹、华南虎和黑麂,二级保护的有猕猴、黑熊、水獭、豺、大灵猫、小灵猫、金猫、獐和鬣羚,其它的则有华南兔、赤腹松鼠、长吻松鼠、豹鼠、狐、貉、狼、青鼬、黄腹鼬、黄鼬、鼬獾、狗獾、猪獾、花面狸、食蟹檬、豹猫、野猪、小麂和毛冠鹿等19种。黄鼬为全区分布,但多集中在衢州以东的盆地平原区。狐、貉、狗…     

Ethnobotany of Ghalegay, District Swat, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty-seven species （45.2%） were classifted as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood （37.3 % ）, forty-five as forage （35.7 % ）, twenty-eight as honey bee species （22.2%）, twenty-seven as vegetable species （21.4%）, 25 as edible fruits （14 wild and llcultivated）, thirteen as timberwood （10.3%）, twelve as ornamental （9.5%）, eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers （7.9%）, ten as fencing （7.9%）, five as poisonous （4%）, four as religious/superstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools （2.4%）, three as utensil cleaner species （2.4%）, three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

孕烷X受体的研究进展

核受体是一类高度保守的配体依赖性转录因子家族,在哺乳动物发育、繁殖、免疫应答、心血管功能、组织生长、肿瘤形成、外源物清除及糖类和脂质代谢等生理过程中发挥重要作用。机体对外源物质的清除主要是由孕烷X受体等核受雄介导的。孕烷X受体最早是作为外源物感受器而被研究的,可以被大多数亲脂性药物等外源性化合物及一些内源性化合物如胆汁酸等结构差异很大的配体激活,进而与视黄醇类X受体等形成异源二聚体,结合在ER6、XREM等DNA元件上,调控下游靶基因（包括一相代谢酶、二相结合酶及药物转运体等基因）的表达。此外,孕烷X受体在能量代谢和免疫反应中也有重要作用,参与某些代谢疾病的发生发展,且已在动物模型中被证明是Ⅱ型糖尿病、血脂异常、肥胖症和动脉粥样硬化等代谢疾病治疗的有效靶标。我们主要就其发现、结构、组织分布、作用方式、自身表达的调节等方面的最新研究进行综述。     

Get a grip: Podosomes as potential players in phagocytosis

Podosomes have been known for several decades as micron-sized, F-actin-rich structures that play a pivotal role in cell migration and invasion, as they are able to mediate both cell-matrix attachment as well as extracellular matrix degradation. Particularly in monocytic cells, podosomes have been shown to fulfill a variety of additional functions such as sensing of substrate rigidity and topography, or cell-cell fusion. Increasing evidence now points to the involvement of podosome-like structures also during phagocytosis by immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Here, we compare the different cell models and experimental set ups where “phagocytic podosomes” have been described. We also discuss the composition and architecture of these structures, their potential involvement in mechanosensing and particle disruption, as well as the pros and cons for addressing them as bona fide podosomes.     

An Improved Computational Prediction Model for Lysine Succinylation Sites Mapping on Homo sapiens by Fusing Three Sequence Encoding Schemes with the Random Forest Classifier

Background Lysine succinylation is one of the reversible protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), which regulate the structure and function of proteins. It plays a significant role in various cellular physiologies including some diseases of human as well as many other organisms. The accurate identification of succinylation site is essential to understand the various biological functions and drug development.Methods In this study, we developed an improved method to predict lysine succinylation sites mapping on Homo sapiens by the fusion of three encoding schemes such as binary, the composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs (CKSAAP) and amino acid composition (AAC) with the random forest (RF) classifier. The prediction performance of the proposed random forest (RF) based on the fusion model in a comparison of other candidates was investigated by using 20-fold cross-validation (CV) and two independent test datasets were collected from two different sources.Results The CV results showed that the proposed predictor achieves the highest scores of sensitivity (SN) as 0.800, specificity (SP) as 0.902, accuracy (ACC) as 0.919, Mathew correlation coefficient (MCC) as 0.766 and partial AUC (pAUC) as 0.163 at a false-positive rate (FPR) = 0.10 and area under the ROC curve (AUC) as 0.958. It achieved the highest performance scores of SN as 0.811, SP as 0.902, ACC as 0.891, MCC as 0.629 and pAUC as 0.139 and AUC as 0.921 for the independent test protein set-1 and SN as 0.772, SP as 0.901, ACC as 0.836, MCC as 0.677 and pAUC as 0.141 at FPR = 0.10 and AUC as 0.923 for the independent test protein set-2. It also outperformed all the other existing prediction models.Conclusion The prediction performances as discussed in this article recommend that the proposed method might be a useful and encouraging computational resource for lysine succinylation site prediction in the case of human population.     

Prion protein modifies TGF-beta induced signal transduction

Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily regulate a multitude of cellular processes as well as the expression of various proteins such as, e.g., matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These endopeptidases selectively degrade components of the extracellular matrix as well as non-matrix substrates like growth factors and cell surface receptors. MMPs are activated during embryonic development, morphogenesis, and tissue resorption/remodeling as well as in pathological conditions such as deranged wound healing and cancer metastasis. In this report we demonstrate that over-expression of cellular prion protein in mouse mammary gland epithelial cells is able to modulate TGF-beta induced signal transduction leading to a synergistic increase of secreted MMP-2 activity. This correlates with elevated substrate detachment of cells grown as an epithelial monolayer as well as interfering with morphogenesis of cells cultured in a three-dimensional collagen type I matrix.     

SLX4: multitasking to maintain genome stability

The SLX4/FANCP tumor suppressor has emerged as a key player in the maintenance of genome stability, making pivotal contributions to the repair of interstrand cross-links, homologous recombination, and in response to replication stress genome-wide as well as at specific loci such as common fragile sites and telomeres. SLX4 does so in part by acting as a scaffold that controls and coordinates the XPF–ERCC1, MUS81–EME1, and SLX1 structure-specific endonucleases in different DNA repair and recombination mechanisms. It also interacts with other important DNA repair and cell cycle control factors including MSH2, PLK1, TRF2, and TOPBP1 as well as with ubiquitin and SUMO. This review aims at providing an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the key functions that SLX4 fulfills to maintain genome stability as well as to highlight and discuss areas of uncertainty and emerging concepts.     

Splenic lesions: FNA findings in 48 cases

OBJECTIVE: To study fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytological findings of splenic lesions and assess the role of FNA in the diagnosis of splenomegaly or splenic tumours. METHODS: This study consisted of 48 cases, 25 males and 23 females. The ages ranged between 3 and 71 years. Most of these cases were aspirated under ultrasonographic guidance and a small number were also aspirated directly by using a 22- to 23-gauge needles. The smears were stained with Wright-Giemsa and Papanicolaou methods. Special stains were used whenever necessary. RESULTS: In this study 14 cases were diagnosed as lymphoma-leukaemia, 7 cases as tuberculosis, 12 cases as kala-azar, 2 cases as hydatid cyst, 3 cases as storage diseases, 3 cases as simple cyst, 2 cases as myeloproliferative disorders, 2 cases as malignant tumours and 3 cases as hamartomas (these were wrongly diagnosed as malignant tumours). CONCLUSION: Splenic aspiration is a safe procedure and is very useful in the diagnosis of parasitic and infectious diseases, especially in endemic countries like Iran.     

BIOLOG系统鉴定黄瓜根围促生菌的初步研究

对筛选出的８株具有明显促生防病作用的黄瓜根围促生菌ＣＮ１１,ＣＮ３１,ＣＮ４５,ＣＮ１ １６,ＣＮ１２９,ＸＢ１２０,ＸＢ５,ＸＢ４１通过ＢＩＯＬＯＧ法进行了分类鉴定,分别为：铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｎｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,波纹假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ｃｏｒｒｕｇａｔａ）,短芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｂｒｅｖｉｓ）,荧光假单胞菌Ｂ型（Ｐ． Ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ｔｙｐｅ Ｂ）,铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,荧光假     

Biotechnological uses of cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are 0₂-evolving photosynthesizing prokaryotes that have an extensive history of use as a human food source and as a fertilizer in rice fields. They have also been recognized as an excellent source of vitamins and proteins and as such are found in health food stores in North America and elsewhere. Cyanobacteria have a great deal of potential as a source of fine chemicals, as a biofertilizer and as a source of renewable fuel. This potential is being realized as data from research in the areas of the physiology and chemistry of these organisms are gathered and as the knowledge of cyanobacterial genetics and genetic engineering increases. We review, here, the present (and possible future) uses of cyanobacteria and assess the state of the art with respect to the genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria.     

Tissue microarrays as a platform for proteomic investigation

Tissue microarrays have become an essential tool in translational pathology. They are used to confirm results from other experimental platforms, such as expression microarrays, as well as a primary tool to explore the expression profile of proteins by immunohistochemical analysis. Tissue microarrays are routinely used molecular epidemiology, drug development and determining the diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value of new biomarkers. By applying traditional protein based assays, as well as novel assays to the platform, tissue microarrays have gained a new utility as a proteomic tool for both basic science as well as clinical investigation. This article will explore the new approaches that are being applied to tissue microarrays to, characterize the human proteome, and new technologies that allow tissue microarrays to function as a protein array. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged