网湖乌鳢年龄和生长的研究

网湖乌鳢的鳞径与体长关系为:L=0.2423 13.6935S,体长和体重的关系为:W=0.01387L~(3.1694)。Von Bertalanffy生长方程的主要参数为:L_∞=72.8cm,W_∞=11064.1g,k=0.2263,t_0=-0.8014,拐点年龄t_i=4.30a,拐点体重W_i=3331.9kg。综合分析结果表明现行捕捞应作适当调整。     

卡特拉鱼形态,食性和生长的研究

观测卡特拉鱼的形态特征和1—3龄鱼主要可量性状及其比例的变动。1—3龄鱼除主食商品饲料外,同时也食较大比例的浮游生物。着重对浮游生物的种类和比例进行了分析。肠长与体长呈直线相关。Y=6.38X-89.95。1—4龄鱼体长和体重相对生长率和生长指标都随年龄增加而逐渐下降。体长与体重呈曲线相关。W=0.00002261L~(3.0569)。采用 Von.Bertalanffy 生长方程分析其生长特性。方程参数 L_∞=821.2mm,W_∞=19616.6g,t_0=0.6年,K=0.3。体长生长不具拐点,生长速度随年龄增加而递减;体重生长具拐点,其值4.3年。此时体重生长速度达最大值。4、3龄前是生长旺盛期,此后进入生长缓慢期。     

武汉东湖鲢、鳙生长的几个问题的研究

采用退算法研究东湖鲢、鳙的生长,包括生长的基本模式,瞬时生长率及其变动,雌、雄鱼生长的差异等问题:1)鲢、鳙的生长模式可用von Bertalanffy方程来描述,其中鲢的参数l_∞=99.8厘米、W_∞=17,104克、K=0.3040、t_0=0.4821年,鳙的参数l_∞=117.6厘米、W_∞=29,311克、K=0.3088、t_0=0.5392年;2)鲢、鳙的瞬时生长率随着年龄的增长而逐渐下降,并且不同世代同龄鱼的瞬时生长率有一定的变动,其变差系数与年龄呈正相关;3)鲢、鳙的生长无显著的性别差异。通过对研究结果的综合分析,阐述了鲢、鳙4龄前后出现生长的拐折主要由其个体大小所制约,种群的不同世代和同一世代的不同个体一样存在生长补偿作用,以及瞬时生长率与肥满系数之间有着明显的对应关系。所取得的有关参数值可以应用于渔业估算。     

怒江东方墨头鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

2006年10月至2008年10月于怒江采集东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)136尾,体长54～167mm,体重3.0～114.6g。研究了其年龄、生长等生物学特性,通过耳石轮纹估算东方墨头鱼的年龄,显示怒江东方墨头鱼由10个年龄组组成。耳石半径与体长关系为:L=0.061R1.131(n=125,R2=0.907),体长与体重关系为:W=0.1×10-4L3.160。von Bertalanffy生长参数由退算体长估算:雄性L∞=224.79mm,k=0.094/年,t0=0.51年;雌性L∞=228.91mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.639年;总体L∞=227.78mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.588年。体重生长拐点雄性12.15龄、雌性13.75龄。     

基于Ecopath模型的莱州湾中国对虾增殖生态容量

通过增殖放流,增加优质渔业资源、改善种群结构是渔业资源养护的重要手段,而增殖生态容量的研究是科学实施增殖放流的前提.本文根据2009-2010年的渔业资源与生态环境数据,构建了由26个功能群组成的莱州湾生态系统Ecopath模型,利用该模型分析了生态系统的总体特征、营养相互关系与关键种,计算了放流品种中国对虾的增殖生态容量.结果表明：系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR)为1.53,总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/B)为24.54,同时具有较低的循环指数(FCI=0.07)、较高的剩余生产量（434.41 t·km^-2·a^-1）和较低的系统连接指数(CI=0.29),该系统目前处于发育的早期阶段.中国对虾目前不是莱州湾生态系统的关键种,当前中国对虾的生物量为0.1143 t·km^-2,有较大的增殖潜力;当生物量增长25.8倍时,仍不会超过增殖生态容量2.9489 t·km^-2.     

渤海莱州湾渔业资源增殖的敌害生物及其对增殖种类的危害

根据近岸捕食鱼类胃含物分析及渤海生物资源大面积定点拖网调查 ,研究了渤海莱州湾渔业资源增殖的敌害生物种类、分布及其对增殖种类的危害 .结果表明 ,鲈鱼幼鱼、黄姑幼鱼、绵鱼尉、虾虎鱼类是捕食渤海对虾、梭鱼等增殖种类幼体的主要敌害生物 ,危害主要发生在近岸 ,其中鲈鱼危害较为严重 ,主要危害期为 7月 ,被捕食的幼对虾长度以 3～ 7cm为主 .鉴于敌害生物大量捕食增殖种类主要发生在近岸和两者密集分布区的重叠处 ,在增殖放流区选择上 ,对敌害生物采取“回避”策略是保护增殖放流种类的可行措施 .     

中国对虾荧光标记虾的大规模制作与养殖试验

以平均体长为2 cm以上的10 632只中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis),用红色荧光染料(visible implant elastomer,VIE)制作荧光标记对虾,与10万只非标记的中国对虾在同一池塘养殖。结果表明,VIE标记对虾和非标记对虾经2-3个月的养殖后,在生长发育和成活率等方面没有差异。尽管荧光标记的残留率随着虾体的生长有所下降以及分布的不均匀,但荧光标记的保持率为70%以上。红色VIE标记可以用于中国对虾的海洋增殖放流研究。     

武汉地区西部食蚊鱼的生长、死亡系数及种群补充模式

基于2012年4月—2013年3月在武汉地区两样点调查的西部食蚊鱼数据,运用FAO开发的长度频率数据分析软件FiSATⅡ对西部食蚊鱼的生长、死亡系数以及种群补充模式进行了估算。西部食蚊鱼全长范围为8.30-44.86mm,其中优势全长为16-26 mm,占总数的69.17%;雌雄性别为2.63:1,与1:1存在显著性差异;鳞片观察发现仅存在0~+、1~+两个年龄组;雌雄样本全长与体重的关系式分别为W=4.686×10~(-6)L~(3.299)(R~2=0.953),W=1.008×10~(-5)L~(2.989)(R~2=0.903);von Bertalanffy生长方程各参数为:雌性样本极限全长L_∞=45.20 mm,生长系数k=0.52 a~(-1),起始生长年龄t_0=-0.47a,雄性样本极限全长L_∞=33.60 mm,生长系数k=0.53 a~(-1),起始生长年龄t_0=-0.50 a;雌性样本和雄性样本的自然死亡系数M分别为1.64 a~(-1)、1.81 a~(-1),而总死亡系数Z分别为2.29 a~(-1)、2.37 a~(-1);种群补充模式表明,每年4-9月份为西部食蚊鱼的主要补充期。西部食蚊野生种群表现出了寿命短、生长速度快、自然死亡率高、种群补充时间长等特征,表明该物种是一种典型的r对策物种。据此我们提出了针对性的防控措施:阻止其引入,尽早发现并根除该物种。     

长江上游长鳍吻鮈的种群特征及其物种保护

根据2005—2007年对长江上游攀枝花、宜宾、合江、木洞、万州江段渔业资源调查资料,运用体长频率分析法(FiSATⅡ软件)对长鳍吻鮈的生长、死亡参数进行估算。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈的体质量与体长的关系式为W=8×10-6L3.1577;用Shepherd技术拟合vonBertalanffy生长方程的各参数为L∞=530.5mm,K=0.21a-1,t0=-0.5a;根据Pauly经验公式得出自然死亡系数M=0.24,以长度变换渔获曲线法估算总死亡系数Z=2.67,捕捞死亡系数F=2.43;种群补充模式表明,长鳍吻鮈每年5—9月为主要补充期,开发率E=91.2%,长鳍吻鮈处于资源过度利用状态。     

长江上游朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈种群参数和资源量

圆筒吻鮈为长江上游特有种,三峡、向家坝、溪洛渡等梯级水利工程的建设,可能对其物种生存产生较大影响。为了解三峡工程蓄水后、金沙江一期工程蓄水前该物种的种群动态,2007-2009年对长江上游朱杨溪江段的圆筒吻鮈进行了调查,利用体长频率数据对其种群参数和资源量进行了估算。长江上游朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈渔获群体体长范围为69.0-268.0mm,体重范围为3.9-230.4 g,平均体长为(181.4±26.9)mm,平均体重为(78.5±33.0)g;优势体长组为125.0-225.0 mm,约占总数的93.0%。圆筒吻鮈体长体重关系为:W=1.58×10~(-5)L~(2.95)(R~2=0.94,P0.01,n=401),为匀速生长类型,可用Von Bertalalfffy生长方程描述其生长规律。圆筒吻鮈生长参数为,L_∞=361 mm、k=0.21a~(-1)、t_0=-0.68;死亡系数为Z=1.70、M=0.50、F=1.20。其开捕体长为163.4 mm资源开发率为0.70超过了其资源最适开发率(0.60)而接近最大开发率(0.75)。2007-2009年朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈年渔获量分别为6716尾(0.50t)、22772尾(1.87 t)和16139尾(1.20 t),平均值为15209尾(1.19 t)。由体长股分析法估算出2007-2009年朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈年资源量分别为16361尾/km(1.25 t/km)、13922尾/km(1.74 t/km)和26836尾/km.(1.93 t/km)均值为19040尾/km(1.64 t/km)。目前圆筒吻鮈资源开发率偏高,建议提高开捕体长至193.5 mm,降低其开发率。建议逐步引导渔民转产转业,实施全年禁渔措施,加强筒吻鮈等特有鱼类的保护。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.