马尾松林杆材阶段生物产量和径级分化及密度效应初探

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是我国松树中分布最广、数量最多的主要用材和薪炭材树种。它具有适应性强、生长快、用途广、造林成本低和易于成林等优点,是我国南方荒山造林的重要先锋树种,其经济意义、环境防护效能及美学价值,都是为人们所公认的。马尾松的干材成长阶段,是林木胸径和树高旺盛生长时期,林木与生长空间的矛盾及树木间的竞争较剧烈,天然整枝、林木分化和自然稀疏都很强烈。如何调节和控制这个时期的立本密度,使其形成合理的群体结构,对于保证林木成熟期的材积生长和取得最大生物量将具有十分重要意义。本试验目的就在于探明不同密度松树杆材林的生物量、林木分化与产量结构以及不同密度下的生态效应,为确定合理的造林密度和制定疏伐措施提供科学依据。     

林木分化对兴安落叶松异速生长方程和生物量分配的影响

林木因对资源竞争而产生分化,从而影响林木的异速生长方程和生物量分配,但其影响程度还不清楚。采用林木相对直径法将38株兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)样木在林分中的分化等级分为优势木、中等木和被压木,量化林木分化对林木异速生长方程和生物量分配的影响。结果显示:生物量组分异速生长方程多以胸径(DBH)为自变量为好,但以枝下高处的树干直径为自变量估测其枝、叶生物量时更精确。在一定的胸径范围内,同一胸径下不同林木分化等级的地下部分各组分生物量没有显著差异(P0.05),但优势木分配更多的生物量给枝和叶,中等木比优势木分配更多的生物量给树干,中等木比被压木分配更多的生物量给地上部分,而且被压木和中等木的树高显著高于优势木。除根茎生物量之外,不同林木分化等级的生物量组分(包括枝、叶、树干和根系)的相对分配比例无显著差异(P0.05),根冠比保持相对稳定。这些结果表明,主要由竞争而引起的林木分化改变了兴安落叶松地上生物量组分的异速生长和分配,但其相对分配格局较为保守。     

亚热带不同演替树种米槠和马尾松细根性状对比研究

选择福建省三明市中亚热带演替前期树种马尾松和演替后期树种米槠两种人工林为研究对象,采用土芯法研究两个树种细根(直径2mm)的生物量及其垂直分布、形态以及分支结构等细根性状特征。结果表明:(1)0—80cm土层米槠的细根生物量密度(0.21±0.06)kg/m3、根表面积密度(3.15±1.25)m2/m3和根长密度(2202.84±517.03)m/m3分别为马尾松的1.6、1.2倍和2.2倍,并且3个指标均随土层深度增加而降低,但演替前期树种马尾松细根在土层间分布更均匀,而演替后期树种米槠细根更富集于表层。(2)马尾松细根的直径(0.86±0.04)mm、比表面积(191±32)cm2/g分别是米槠的1.4倍和1.3倍;米槠细根的比根长(10.73±0.46)m/g、组织密度(0.49±0.06)g/cm3分别是马尾松的1.4倍和2.0倍,马尾松细根的较大直径和低组织密度的形态结构能够迅速生长占领土壤空间和适应干旱环境,而米槠细根的较小直径、高比根长和较高的组织密度使其具有较强养分竞争能力和应对取食压力;(3)米槠的比根尖密度(4288±63)个/g、比分叉密度(1164±155)个/g均为马尾松的2.2倍,米槠细根的高分支系统能够迅速利用富养斑块。结论表明处于不同演替阶段的树种细根性状具有明显差异,可能反映了不同的资源获取策略。     

林木基因组学研究进展

林木基因组学研究进展迅速。结构基因组学方面,已构建了近40个主要造林树种的遗传连锁图谱,在不同树种中定位了30余个重要的数量性状位点,在部分树种中开展了基因组比较和综合图谱构建研究,杨树的全基因组测序已经完成,桉树的全基因组测序正在进行。功能基因组学方面,已分析了主要造林树种多种组织的转录组EST序列,对林木次生生长与木材形成、开花和抗寒性的形成等过程开展了功能基因组学研究。另外,探讨了林木基因组学研究的发展趋势,以期为我国林木基因组学研究提供有益的参考。     

松树的菌根及其造林意义

松树是北半球分布非常广泛的树种,南半球现在也广泛引种栽培.全世界大约有80-100多种.由于松树生长迅速、材质优良、适应性强、用途广泛,所以在世界各国林木引种和绿化造林中都占特殊地位.然而,大部分松树的根毛较少,菌根则是它们吸收水分和养分的一个主要器官.因此,有无菌根是松树成活与良     

柳杉人工林林分不同变量大小比数研究

采用胸径、生物量、冠幅和树高计测大小比数对崇州林场柳杉林的空间结构进行分析.结果表明,以胸径和生物量为度量变量的大小比数变幅最小,可信度最高,而冠幅和树高大小比数受不同树种树型的干扰而不如前两者可靠.各样地林分的胸径和生物量大小比数平均数值明显大于冠幅和树高大小比数数值,说明林木的胸径及生物量分化程度远大于冠幅与树高的分化.通过胸径的增长实现其生物量的增长,从而增强单木的竞争优势可能是林木分化的主要策略.     

马尾松叶的开发与利用

一、概述马尾松Pinus massoniana Lamb.,又名枞树,松树,属裸子植物松科Pinaceae松属Pinus,是一种常绿乔木,高可达30米。马尾松的叶呈针形,习称松针,细长柔软,长10～20厘米,淡绿色,通常2针一束簇生在短枝上。马尾松是强阳性树种,喜温暖湿润气候,适生于酸性土(pH值4.5～6.5)及排水良好的山坡地,耐瘠薄干燥,是荒山造林的先锋树种。分布于淮河流域和汉水流域以南,西至四川中部、贵州中部和云南东南部,资源十分丰富。木材纹理直,结构略粗,广为建筑,枕木、     

生物量分配影响三种不同海拔起源的松树生长

松属的思茅松（Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis）、云南松（P. yunnanensis）和高山松（P. densata）是组成中国西南不同海拔针叶森林的主要树种,然而这三个树种在发育速度尤其是高生长方面表现出明显的差异。为了弄清引起这些变异的生理和形态学原因,本文将三种松树种植于同一环境下,对其光合作用、生物量分配、生长速率和叶片性状进行了研究。研究发现,与来源于高海拔的树种相比,低海拔的树种有更高的株高、以及更大的干物质重量、相对生长速率、叶质比、茎质比和比叶面积,但叶片氮含量、碳含量和根质比较低。高海拔树种的光合速率并不明显低于低海拔树种。相对生长速率和树高均与叶质比呈显著正相关,与根质比负相关,但与最大光合速率没有显著关系。这些结果表明,生物量的分配式样和长期的形态特性能够更好地预测不同海拔松树的生长表现。     

生物量分配影响三种不同海拔起源的松树生长

松属的思茅松（Pinus kesiya var．1angbianensis）、云南松（P．yunnanensis）和高山松（P．densata）是组成中国西南不同海拔针叶森林的主要树种,然而这三个树种在发育速度尤其是高生长方面表现出明显的差异。为了弄清引起这些变异的生理和形态学原因．本文将三种松树种植于同一环境下,对其光合作用、生物量分配、生长速率和叶片性状进行了研究。研究发现,与来源于高海拔的树种相比,低海拔的树种有更高的株高、以及更大的干物质重量、相对生长速率、叶质比、茎质比和比叶面积,但叶片氮含量、碳含量和根质比较低。高海拔树种的光合速率并不明显低于低海拔树种。相对生长速率和树高均与叶质比呈显著正相关,与根质比负相关,但与最大光合速率没有显著关系。这些结果表明,生物量的分配式样和长期的形态特性能够更好地预测不同海拔松树的生长表现。     

石山造林速生树种——任豆

<正> 石山环境特殊,石多土少,土壤浅薄,高温干旱,造林难度较大,幼树生长极为缓慢。根据石山不同立地条件,选择根系发达、穿插力强、适应性广、耐高温干旱、适于石灰岩石山生长的速生造林树种,是解决绿化石山的一个重要途径。经调查试验证明,任豆具有这些特性,是快速绿化石山的优良树种之一,而且具有多种用途,确是一个值得推广的石山造林树种。     

Population structure and dynamics oi Juniperus excelsa in Balouchistan,Pakistan

Abstract. 60 monospecific stands of Juniperus excelsa were sampled at four locations in Balouchistan. Density, basal area and height of individuals were recorded. Soils were analysed for selected physical and chemical characteristics and the degree of disturbance due to logging and burning was noted. The density of juniper trees (> 6 cm dbh) ranged from 56 to 332 stems / ha (average 174 stems / ha). Higher densities were recorded for relatively undisturbed stands and on west facing slopes. Density of seedlings and saplings (< 6 cm dbh) was strongly correlated with tree density and tree basal area. Among the edaphic variables CaC0₃ was correlated with juniper density and basal area. Diameter distributions within stands were mostly skewed and unimodal with gaps appearing in large size classes. The male to female ratio was close to 1. Cross-sections of 16 trees were used to determine age and growth rate. Number of rings in trees with 20 to 30 cm dbh ranged from 95 to 221 (x = 160 ± 38). Diameter and age were not related. Mean annual diameter increment ranged from 6 to 16 yr / cm x = 10 ± 3 yr / cm). It is concluded that size class gaps and low seedling / sapling densities are the consequence of anthropogenic disturbance.     

Restoration of Old Forest Features in Coast Redwood Forests Using Early‐stage Variable‐density Thinning

To accelerate development of old forest features in coast redwood, two thinning treatments and an unthinned control were compared in three treatment areas in north coastal California. One thinning treatment was designed to restore old forest densities of 125 trees/ha and the other 250 trees/ha representing a one‐step and partial treatments to the desired stand density. Four years after treatment, numbers of trees had increased in the thinning treatments due to recruitment of new trees, but had decreased in the control due to self‐thinning. Residual trees increased in stem volume following thinning by 128% in low‐density thinning compared to 70% in the controls indicating thinning accelerated stand development. The thinning treatments also moved the species composition of these stands to a greater proportion of redwood. Considerable slash was produced by the thinning treatments but was decomposing rapidly. Black bears damaged approximately 15% of all trees and more than 38% of residual trees in the thinned treatments compared to less than 2% of all trees in the control. This damage included killing some trees and damaging other trees that survived. Decisions over restoration densities in these stands are complicated by prolonged stand development, and balancing risks and costs. In this case, the bears represent a stochastic factor that dramatically increases risk. Thinning appears to be an effective means of enhancing old forest development by accelerating tree growth, modifying species composition, and increasing stand‐level variability. Continued monitoring will be necessary to evaluate long‐term trends in density relative to effects of bear damage.     

Forest Structure and Biomass of a Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

Xishuangbanna is a region located at the northern edge of tropical Asia. Biomass estimates of its tropical rain forest have not been published in English literature. We estimated forest biomass and its allocation patterns in five 0.185–1.0 ha plots in tropical seasonal rain forests of Xishuangbanna. Forest biomass ranged from 362.1 to 692.6 Mg/ha. Biomass of trees with diameter at 1.3 m breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm accounted for 98.2 percent of the rain forest biomass, followed by shrubs (0.9%), woody lianas (0.8%), and herbs (0.2%). Biomass allocation to different tree components was 68.4–70.0 percent to stems, 19.8–21.8 percent to roots, 7.4–10.6 percent to branches, and 0.7–1.3 percent to leaves. Biomass allocation to the tree sublayers was 55.3–62.2 percent to the A layer (upper layer), 30.6–37.1 percent to the B layer (middle), and 2.7–7.6 percent to the C layer (lower). Biomass of Pometia tomentosa, a dominant species, accounted for 19.7–21.1 percent of the total tree biomass. The average density of large trees (DBH ≥100 cm) was 9.4 stems/ha on two small plots and 3.5 stems/ha on two large plots, illustrating the potential to overestimate biomass on a landscape scale if only small plots are sampled. Biomass estimations are similar to typical tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia and the Neotropics.     

Allometric Biomass,Biomass Expansion Factor and Wood Density Models for the OP42 Hybrid Poplar in Southern Scandinavia

Biomass and biomass expansion factor functions are important in wood resource assessment, especially with regards to bioenergy feedstocks and carbon pools. We sampled 48 poplar trees in seven stands with the purpose of estimating allometric models for predicting biomass of individual tree components, stem-to-aboveground biomass expansion factors (BEF) and stem basic densities of the OP42 hybrid poplar clone in southern Scandinavia. Stand age ranged from 3 to 31 years, individual tree diameter at breast height (dbh) from 1.2 to 41 cm and aboveground tree biomass from 0.39 to 670 kg. Models for predicting total aboveground leafless, stem and branch biomass included dbh and tree height as predictor variables and explained more than 97 % of the total variation. The BEF was approaching 2.0 for the smallest trees but declined with increasing tree size and stabilized around 1.2 for trees with dbh >10 cm. Average stem basic density was more than 400 kg m^?3 for the smallest trees but declined with increasing tree height and stabilized around 355 kg m^?3, at a tree height of about 20 m. Existing biomass functions from the literature all underestimated the measured sample tree biomass. Possible explanations include not only differences in competition among trees in the examined stands and site conditions but also differences in sampling procedures. We observed that basic density increased with height above the ground. This trend may have led to the observed underestimation by existing biomass functions including only few samples from the lower end of the stems.     

Loss of aboveground forest biomass and landscape biomass variability in Missouri,US

Disturbance regimes and forests have changed over time in the eastern United States. We examined effects of historical disturbance (circa 1813 to 1850) compared to current disturbance (circa 2004 to 2008) on aboveground, live tree biomass (for trees with diameters ≥13 cm) and landscape variation of biomass in forests of the Ozarks and Plains landscapes in Missouri, USA. We simulated 10,000 one-hectare plots using random diameters generated from parameters of diameter distributions limited to diameters ≥13 cm and random densities generated from density estimates. Area-weighted mean biomass density (Mg/ha) for historical forests averaged 116 Mg/ha, ranging from 54 Mg/ha to 357 Mg/ha by small scale ecological subsections within Missouri landscapes. Area-weighted mean biomass density for current forests averaged 82 Mg/ha, ranging from 66 Mg/ha to 144 Mg/ha by ecological subsection for currently forested land. Biomass density of current forest was greater than historical biomass density for only 2 of 23 ecological subsections. Current carbon sequestration of 292 TgC on 7 million ha of forested land is less than half of the estimated historical total carbon sequestration of 693 TgC on 12 million ha. Cumulative tree cutting disturbances over time have produced forests that have less aboveground tree biomass and are uniform in biomass compared to estimates of historical biomass, which varied across Missouri landscapes. With continued relatively low rates of forest disturbance, current biomass per ha will likely increase to historical levels as the most competitive trees become larger in size and mean number of trees per ha decreases due to competition and self-thinning. Restoration of large diameter structure and forested extent of upland woodlands and floodplain forests could fulfill multiple conservation objectives, including carbon sequestration.     

The distribution and state of mangroves along the coast of Transkei,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

The mangrove communities along the coastline of the former Transkei, now part of the Eastern Cape Province, have not been looked at in detail since Ward and Steinkes survey in 1982. Mangroves previously occurred in 17 estuaries but were now found in only 14 of the 76 estuaries visited, with a complete loss of mangroves evident in the Mnyameni, Mzimvubu and Bulungula estuaries amounting to 7.5 ha. Total mangrove loss amounted to 17.6 ha which represents a 6.5% loss over 17 years or 1.04 ha per annum. Tree cover had increased by 16.15 ha in eight other estuaries. This increase could be attributed to the inaccessibility of mangrove stands or to protection afforded by provincial nature reserves and hotel resorts. No new mangrove stands were recorded, although Steinke (pers. comm.) has recently recorded mangroves along the north bank of the Kei River. There has been little change in mangrove species composition in the different estuaries over the past 17 years. Total mangrove loss amounted to 17.6 ha which represents a 6.5% loss over 17 years or 1.04 ha per annum and the species recorded included Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora mucronata. The mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum L. was recorded for the first time in the Mkozi estuary. Tree density for all estuaries was between 10 and 2594 trees ha^–1. The Mngazana and Mntafufu estuaries had the highest tree densities of 2594 and 1402 trees ha^–1 respectively, typical of riverine mangrove forests. Fringe mangroves were evident in most other systems. Removal of trees for wood has the greatest impact on mangrove cover. Fringe mangrove stands are particularly accessible to harvesters. Only 6% of the current area of trees is afforded some protection in conservation areas. The Mdumbi, Mzamba and Kobonqaba estuaries receive no conservation protection and harvesting has resulted in more than 50% of the trees being removed. The density of dead tree stumps was greater than the number of living trees and no seedlings or juvenile trees were found. Further removal of mangroves within the estuaries south of the Mzimvubu River is expected in the fringe mangroves, as most are unprotected and easily accessible.     

Vegetation structure and dynamics of Pinus gerardiana forests in Balouchistan,Pakistan

Abstract. 44 forest stands, including 42 stands with Pinus gerardiana Wall, ex Lamb dominant and two stands with broad-leaved trees, were sampled in the Suleiman Range in Balouchistan. Density oi Pinus gerardiana trees ranged from 24 to 930 trees / ha with a mean of 266 individuals / ha; the average basal area was 25.5 m² ha^-1. Adequate recruitment of Pinus seedlings was observed; higher seedling density is recorded from east-facing slopes, while tree density was higher on west-facing slopes. The average growth rate was estimated as 0.08 cm / yr radial growth. However, trees on high elevations and cooler slopes grow faster. Soil variables showed no correlation with density, basal area or importance values. It is suggested that the present degraded stage of the forests in the study area is of anthropogenic origin.     

Population structure of the widespread species,Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr. across the climatic gradient in West Africa semi-arid area

In the climate change context, widely distributed plant species can serve as relevant barometers of ecosystems' sensitivity or resilience to disturbances. This study aimed at assessing the population structure and individual morphological traits of Anogeissus leiocarpa, a widespread tree species, across a broad strip of land, from the north to the south of Burkina Faso. We compared stands in four phytogeographical zones in order to analyze morphological variations in trees and recruits density, individual size and their spatial structure. Our results showed significant increase of tree density from the Sahel (77.1 trees/ha) to the South-Sudanian (166 trees/ha) while diameter, height and basal area had an opposite trend. No recruits were found in the Sahel stands, while their density increased from the Sub-Sahel (5.17 individuals/ha) to the South-Sudanian (6.46 individuals/ha). Tree diameters revealed positive asymmetric distributions in the Sudanian and Sub-Sahel whereas the Sahel stands showed a symmetric distribution. Height structure of saplings revealed “J reverse” shape in Sudanian stands while Sub-Sahelian ones exhibited Gaussian shape. Height–diameter relationships revealed thin trees towards the south-Sudanian. The spatial structure of trees indicated random distributions in all zones whereas recruits presented aggregative distribution trend in the Sudanian zones. A. leiocarpa's trees have a good ability to support broad climatic fluctuations but the populations' rejuvenation is unpredictable in the extreme harsh conditions. The species is fairly resilient to anthropogenic disturbances in Sub-Sahel and Sudanian zones. However, managing issues should pay attention to the species communities by considering its demographic behavior in the health state appreciation of ecosystems.     

Modeling the Influence of Resource Availability on Population Densities of Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Biological Control Agent of the Invasive Tree Melaleuca quinquenervia

The Australian snout beetle, Oxyops vitiosa, was introduced to south Florida, USA, as a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia during the spring of 1997. As part of ongoing post-release evaluations of this weevil, we sought to quantify the population density that can be maintained by O. vitiosa larvae when fully exploiting the available melaleuca foliage. Seasonal population densities were modeled as a function of tree size distribution and density, plant phenology, quantity of acceptable foliage (suitable for larval development) and larval consumption values. Larval densities varied dramatically due to fluctuating resource availability and ranged from 830 946 larvae/ha in July–August to >4.5 million larvae/ha in January–February. The expected population density for a generalized (mixed sized) tree distribution was estimated to be 13.9 million larvae/ha. Larval densities increased to 18.8 million larvae/ha per year when large trees (>20 cm diameter at breast height) represented the dominant size class, whereas habitats dominated by medium (10–19 cm) and small (1.3–9 cm) trees were predicted to have larval densities of 11.3 and 6.3 million/year, respectively. Validation data obtained from smaller, more accessible plants suggested that the model overestimated realized yearly larval densities by 9% or 15 416 larvae/ha per year.     

Vegetation analysis and tree population structure of tropical wet evergreen forests in and around Namdapha National Park,northeast India

Species composition, diversity and tree population structure were studied in three stands of the tropical wet evergreen forest in and around Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Three study stands exposed to different intensities of disturbances were identified, viz., undisturbed (2.4 ha) in the core zone of the park, moderately disturbed (2.1 ha) in the periphery of the park and highly disturbed (2.7 ha) outside the park area. In total 200 plant species belonging to 73 families were recorded in three stands. Tree density and basal area showed a declining trend with the increase in disturbance intensity. The densities of tree saplings and seedlings were lower in the disturbed stands than in the undisturbed stand. Species like Altingia excelsa, Olea dioica, Terminalia chebula, Mesua ferrea and Shorea assamica in the undisturbed stand and Albizia procera alone in the moderately disturbed stand contributed more than 50% of the total tree density in respective stands. The undisturbed stand contained young tree population. In the highly disturbed stand, the tree density was scarce, but had uncut trees of higher girth class (>210 cm GBH). Low shrub density was recorded in both disturbed stands due to frequent human disturbances; the broken canopy and direct sunlight enhanced the abundance of herbs in these stands. With a species rarity (species having <2 individuals) of ca. 50%, the tropical wet evergreenforests of the Namdapha National Park and its adjacent areas warrant more protection from human intervention and also eco-development to meet the livelihood requirements of the local inhabitants in the peripheral areas of the Namdapha National Park in order to reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the natural resources of the park.