不同施肥措施对我国南方稻田表土有机碳含量及固碳持续时间的影响

基于我国南方38个稻田试验点222个样本的表土有机碳数据,设5种施肥措施类型［无机氮肥(N)、无机氮磷肥配施(NP)、无机氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、单施有机肥(O)和有机无机肥配施(OF)］,研究了不同施肥措施下我国南方稻田表土有机碳含量的相对年变化量和固碳持续时间.结果表明：5种施肥措施下,稻田表土有机碳含量相对年变化量集中在0～0.4 g·kg^-1·a^-1,两熟制和三熟制的表土有机碳含量相对年均增量分别为0.20和0.26 g·kg^-1·a^-1;有机肥处理(O和OF)比无机肥处理(N、NP和NPK)的表土有机碳含量相对年增量更高,其中,OF处理最高,为0.32 g·kg^-1·a^-1;随着时间的延长,土壤有机碳的累积速率逐渐降低,N、NP、NPK、O和OF处理下表土固碳持续时间分别为22、28、38、57和54年.从土壤固碳角度考虑,有机无机肥配施为我国南方稻田最佳施肥措施.     

长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有机碳储量变化特

研究了1982—2012年长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳含量变化、固碳趋势及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献.结果表明： 施肥能提高土壤有机碳含量,连续30年不同施肥后,各施肥处理土壤有机碳含量趋于稳定,有机无机配施的土壤有机碳含量为21.02～21.24 g·kg^-1,增加速率为0.41～0.59 g·kg^-1·a^-1,单施化肥的土壤有机碳含量为15.48 g·kg^-1.各有机无机肥配施处理土壤的平均有机碳储量为43.61～48.43 t C·hm^-2,历年平均土壤有机碳储量显著大于单施化肥处理.土壤固碳速率与年均投入碳量呈显著指数正相关.本试验条件下,每年需要增加外源有机碳为0.12 t C·hm^-2才能维持土壤有机碳的平衡.     

长期施肥对双季稻种植下土壤有机碳库和固碳量的影响

研究了长期施用化肥和猪粪(PM)、稻草(RS)对双季稻集约化种植下30年期间(1981-2010年)土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分的影响.结果表明：化肥平衡施用处理(NPK)的SOC、颗粒有机C(POC)和KMnO₄氧化C(KMnO₄C)组分高于化肥非平衡施用处理(NP和NK);猪粪、稻草与化肥(NK+PM、NP+RS和NPK+RS)长期配合施用处理的SOC、POC和KMnO₄ C组分显著增加.连续种植30年60季水稻后,猪粪与NK配施处理0～45 cm土层的SOC(84.71 t C·hm^-2)、POC(8.94 t C·hm^-2)和KMnO₄ C(21.09 t C·hm^-2)数量最高,其次是NPK+RS处理;NK+PM处理(485 kg C·hm^-2·a^-1)的固C量最高,其次是NPK+RS处理(375 kg C·hm^-2·a^-1).化肥与猪粪、稻草配施处理SOC的固C效率(CSE)明显高于单施化肥处理;施肥处理POC的固C效率(0.4%～1.2%)低于KMnO₄C(3.0%～8.3%).采用腐殖化常数值(h)和Jenkinson方程的衰减常数(k)可以预测不同处理2010年的SOC储量,通过Jenkinson方程可以计算维持1981年的SOC储量水平所需要的C投入量(A_E).双季稻种植下,长期连续施用NK+PM、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理的SOC含量增加是由于年C输入量高于A_E所致.在南方亚热带双季稻种植区,化肥与猪粪、稻草长期配施将促进水稻土有机碳的固定.     

不同施肥下农田表土有机碳含量变化分析: 基于中国农业生态系统长期试验资料

收集整理1979~2008年中国长期施肥试验文献, 提取和整合了这些长期施肥试验中农田表土有机碳的资料. 采用有效文献涉及中国大陆23个省区的70个长期试验点(其中旱地42个, 水田28个), 涵盖16种土壤类型. 总样本481个(旱地346个, 水田135个). 将施肥处理分为6种类型: N: 无机氮肥; NP: 无机氮磷肥配施; NPK: 无机氮磷钾肥配施; O: 单施有机肥; OF: 有机无机肥配施和其他非平衡施肥(如单施磷或钾, 磷钾配施和氮钾配施等). 按农田土壤总体和区分旱地与水田两种农业利用类型, 分别统计分析一种施肥处理下表土有机碳含量相对于特定试验对照的变化特征. 结果表明, 这些长期试验不同施肥处理下农田表土有机碳在时间上成总体上升趋势, 旱地和水田表土有机碳年均变化量分别介于−0.14~0.60和−0.12~0.70 g·kg⁻¹·a⁻¹之间, 年均增量分别为0.13和0.19 g/kg. 水田增长高于旱地. 不同长期试验地点间施肥处理下, 农田表土有机碳含量积累趋势相似, 而且与单施氮肥和化肥相比, 有机施肥和化肥配合平衡施肥普遍较大幅度提高了土壤有机碳积累速率. 尽管随着试验持续时间的延长, 土壤有机碳增幅存在下降趋势, 但良好施肥的固碳效应在旱地土壤中可持续15年以上, 在稻田可持续20年以上, 且其技术效应的幅度仍然十分明显. 因此, 良好施肥管理的推广可以作为促进中国农田生产力和土壤长期固碳潜力的重要技术途径.     

长期施肥下灰漠土矿物颗粒结合有机碳的含量及其演变特征

采用物理分组方法分析了长期（1990-2007年）不同施肥条件下灰漠土各粒径矿物颗粒结合有机碳含量和分布差异及其随施肥时间的演变特征.结果表明：与不施肥相比,配施有机肥对增加各有机碳组分的效果最显著,并以砂粒有机碳含量的增速（0.34 g·kg^-1·a^-1）最高,对施肥最敏感;撂荒地可以显著增加不同黏粉粒结合有机碳含量;秸秆还田仅能维持各级矿物颗粒结合有机碳的含量;长期施用化肥不利于各级颗粒结合有机碳含量的增加.从分配比例来看,以粗粉粒(27.9%)和粗黏粒(27.1%)有机碳所占比例最高,是固持有机碳的重要组分;配施有机肥使砂粒有机碳比例显著提高119.4%,细粉粒和粗黏粒有机碳比例却分别降低了40.3%和37.9%,从而提高了颗粒有机碳含量（W_POC）与矿物结合有机碳含量（W_MOC）的比值,改良了土壤有机碳性质.长期配施有机肥是增加灰漠土各级矿物颗粒结合有机碳积累和提升灰漠土肥力的最佳方式.     

长期不同施肥模式对南方双季稻田生态系统净碳汇效应和经济收益的影响

施肥措施与稻田生态系统净碳汇效应、经济收益的关系密切。本研究以长期(35年)定位施肥试验田为平台,分析了单独施用化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和无肥对照(CK)4种不同施肥模式对我国南方双季稻田耕层土壤固碳速率、碳密度、年碳汇平衡和经济收益的影响。研究表明: 不同施肥处理双季稻田耕层土壤碳库变化范围为216.02～866.74 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,OM处理土壤碳年变化量显著高于MF、RF和CK处理;双季稻田土壤固碳速率为51.5～650.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,表土碳密度为55.64～78.42 t·hm^-2,各施肥处理高低顺序均为OM>RF>MF>CK。各施肥处理双季稻田生态系统水稻的碳吸收为4.42～9.32 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,其高低顺序为OM>RF>MF>CK;与MF处理相比,OM和RF处理稻田土壤净碳汇量分别提高了27.6%和13.6%。各施肥处理双季稻田生态系统的碳成本物质投入变化范围为1.49～2.17 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,年经济收益变化范围为1.30×10³～7.83×10³元·hm^-2·a^-1,其高低顺序为RF>OM>MF>CK;OM、RF和MF处理双季稻田生态系统经济效益的净收益均显著高于CK处理。总之,长期施用有机肥、秸秆还田配施化肥措施均有利于增加双季稻田土壤固碳速率、碳汇效应和经济收益,是提高南方双季稻田土壤有机碳贮量的施肥模式。     

长期施肥对黑土团聚体分布和碳储量变化的影响

用干筛与湿筛2种方法测定了22年长期田间定位试验地土壤风干及水稳性团聚体含量,研究了施肥对黑土团聚体组成、有机碳含量及有机碳库储量的影响。试验设不施肥（CK）、无机肥（NP、NPK）和无机-有机肥配施（NPK+OM）4个处理。结果表明,黑土团聚体以0.25～1 mm团聚体为主。经过湿筛法土壤各粒级水稳性团聚体含量重新分配,表现为以0.25～1 mm粒级为中心,大团聚体含量减少,微团聚体含量增加。与长期不施肥比较,长期施用化肥及有机-无机肥配施显著增加了>2 mm大团聚体含量和0.05～0.25 mm微团聚体含量,各级团聚体有机碳含量显著增加,总有机碳及各级团聚体储量增加,有机质积累,土壤结构得到改善,固碳潜力增加,有机-无机配施效果更加明显。     

长期不同施肥对玉米根茬生物量及养分累积量的影响

以黄土高原南部两个长期定位试验（分别开始于1990和2003年）为研究对象,探讨了不同肥料处理对玉米根茬生物产量和养分累积的影响.于2011年10月玉米收获后采集0～20 cm土层不同施肥处理玉米根茬.结果表明：与不施肥及偏施N、NK、PK化肥相比,氮磷配施（NP）、氮磷钾平衡施肥（NPK）、有机无机配施（M₁NPK、M₂NPK）及化肥配合秸秆（SNPK）处理均显著提高了玉米根茬干质量.根茬固碳量及氮、磷、钾养分累积量在NP、NPK、M₁NPK、M₂NPK、SNPK处理显著高于不施肥和偏施N、NK、PK化肥处理,其中以有机无机配施处理效果最好.与不施氮肥（N₀）相比,施氮120 kg N·hm^-2（N₁₂₀）和240 kg N·hm^-2（N₂₄₀）处理根茬干质量分别提高38%和45%,高量氮肥对根茬增量效果不显著.施用氮肥也显著提高了根茬碳、氮、磷、钾累积量.根茬可溶性有机碳、可溶性总氮含量在NP、NPK、M₁NPK、M₂NPK、SNPK及N₁₂₀和N240处理中较高.氮磷钾平衡施肥、有机无机配施以及秸秆还田处理降低了根茬的纤维素、木质素含量.根茬C/N、木质素/N在CK、PK、N₀处理间显著高于其他施肥处理.因此,氮磷配施、氮磷钾平衡施肥、有机无机配施及秸秆还田处理能够促进玉米根生长,提高营养成分含量,有利于土壤培肥和固碳.     

黄壤稻田土壤微生物生物量碳磷对长期不同施肥的响应

本研究以进行了22年的黄壤稻田长期定位试验为依托,分析了不同施肥模式下土壤碳(C)、磷(P)与微生物生物量C(MBC)、P(MBP)的变化及其耦合特征,旨在探讨黄壤地区合理培肥模式以提高土壤磷素有效性.试验包括10个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、磷钾配合(PK)、氮钾配合(NK)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、3种有机无机肥配施(1/4M+3/4NP、0.5MNP、MNPK).结果表明:与不施肥相比,N和NK处理土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、MBC、MBP均有不同程度的降低,施磷处理(PK、NP、NPK)则有不同程度的提升;与不施肥和施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥各处理TOC、MBC、MBP及MBP/TP均显著增加,其中M和MNPK处理增幅最大.MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP以施用有机肥处理最低,N处理最高.土壤MBC、MBP及其耦合关系与土壤TOC和有效磷均呈极显著相关,TOC是影响MBC、MBP、MBP/TP的直接因素,而有效磷则是影响MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP的直接因素.土壤MBP及碳、磷耦合关系各指标可以有效区分单施化肥和施用有机肥的不同施肥方式,可作为评价黄壤稻田磷素肥力的生物学指标.配施有机肥是增加黄壤稻田磷有效性、提高土壤供磷潜力和保持土壤生物健康的有效途径.     

紫色土坡耕地C、P与微生物生物量C、P对不同施肥的响应

分析了长期不同施肥处理下紫色土坡耕地土壤碳(C)、磷(P)与微生物生物量C(MBC)、P(MBP)的变化及其耦合特征.结果表明:农家肥或秸秆配施无机肥(包括N、NP和NPK)处理下紫色土坡耕地土壤总有机碳(TOC)变化范围为90.8~100.8 g·kg-1,高于单施氮肥处理的62.2 g·kg-1;农家肥与无机肥配施处理下土壤总磷(TP)变化范围为0.65~0.84g·kg-1,而秸秆与无机肥配施处理下土壤TP仅为农家肥与无机肥配施的23%~38%;单施氮肥处理下MBP显著小于农家肥和秸秆与无机肥配施处理;农家肥和秸秆配施无机肥处理下MBC/MBP在5~26,TOC/TP分别在92~137和296~653,而单一氮肥处理下MBC/MBP和TOC/TP分别高达59和2000.表明农家肥和无机肥配施更有利于增加土壤P的有效性,提高土壤供P潜力.     

Effect of different fertilization modes on soil organic carbon sequestration in paddy fields in South China: A meta-analysis

Evidences have shown that fertilizer application could affect soil organic carbon (SOC) content in cropland. South China is the main production region of rice, in which many different fertilization practices have been widely used during the last several decades, but the effect of different fertilization modes on SOC sequestration in paddy fields in this region was scarcely studied. Based on 274 samples taken from 44 paddy field experimental sites in South China, a meta-analysis was performed to quantify the relative annual change of SOC content (RAC) and SOC sequestration duration in paddy fields under five fertilization modes (inorganic nitrogen fertilization, N; inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, NP; inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization, NPK; organic fertilization, O; and inorganic combined with organic fertilization, OF). The results showed that the RAC under the five fertilization modes was 0–0.4 g kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with increments of 0.19 and 0.23 g kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in double cropping systems and triple cropping systems, respectively. The RAC under the O and OF treatments was higher than that under the N, NP and NPK treatments and was the highest (0.32 g kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) under OF among the five treatments. The SOC accumulation rate decreased with time, and the SOC sequestration duration under N, NP, NPK, O and OF was approximately 23, 28, 46, 64 and 55 years, respectively. The accumulation enhancement rate of SOC over the whole SOC sequestration period under the N, NP, NPK, O and OF treatments was approximately 12.9%, 23.4%, 29.3%, 47.2% and 55.1%, respectively. The OF treatment performed the largest potential for SOC sequestration in paddy fields in South China under long-term conditions.     

Changes in cropland topsoil organic carbon with different fertilizations under long-term agro-ecosystem experiments across mainland China

Topsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) data were collected from long-term Chinese agro-ecosystem experiments presented in 76 reports with measurements over 1977 and 2006. The data set comprised 481 observations (135 rice paddies and 346 dry croplands) of SOC under different fertilization schemes at 70 experimental sites (28 rice paddies and 42 dry croplands). The data set covered 16 dominant soil types found in croplands across 23 provinces of mainland China. The fertilization schemes were grouped into six categories: N (inorganic nitrogen fertilizer only), NP (compound inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers), NPK (compound inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers), O (organic fertilizers only), OF (combined inorganic/organic fertilization) and Others (other unbalanced fertilizations such as P only, K only, P plus K and N plus K). Relative change in SOC content was analyzed, and rice paddies and dry croplands soils were compared. There was an overall temporal increase in topsoil SOC content, and relative annual change (RAC, g kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) ranged −0.14–0.60 (0.13 on average) for dry cropland soils and −0.12–0.70 (0.19 on average) for rice paddies. SOC content increase was higher in rice paddies than in dry croplands. SOC increased across experimental sites, but was higher under organic fertilization and combined organic/inorganic fertilizations than chemical fertilizations. SOC increase was higher under balanced chemical fertilizations with compound N, P and K fertilizers than unbalanced fertilizations such as N only, N plus P, and N plus K. The effects of specific rational fertilizations on SOC increase persisted for 15 years in dry croplands and 20 years in rice paddies, although RAC values decreased generally as the experiment duration increased. Therefore, the extension of rational fertilization in China’s croplands may offer a technical option to enhance C sequestration potential and to sustain long-term crop productivity.     

不同施肥措施下亚热带稻田土壤碳、氮演变特征及其耦合关系

在湖南省稻田生态系统长期定位监测点研究了不同施肥措施下稻田土壤碳、氮演变及其耦合特征.结果表明：1986—2003年,无肥处理（对照,CK）稻田土壤有机碳和全氮含量略呈下降趋势;化肥（NPK）处理有机碳和全氮含量基本保持稳定,而有机 无机肥配施处理有机碳和全氮含量均呈增加趋势.与对照相比,化肥处理的土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别提高13%和18%,低量有机肥（LOM）处理分别提高54%和45%,高量有机肥（HOM）处理分别提高89%和67%.统计分析表明,土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈显著正相关（P<0.01）.稻田土壤C/N为8.5～12.9,多数分布在10左右.研究表明,有机-无机肥配合施用能在一定程度上促进稻田土壤碳、氮的固定与积累;稻田土壤碳、氮具有较好的耦合关系.     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤颗粒有机碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层(0～20 cm)土壤颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮的影响.施肥处理包括化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）、全部施用有机肥(OM)、一半有机肥+化肥NPK(1/2OMN)及不施肥(CK)共7个处理.结果表明：各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮含量,提高土壤颗粒有机碳和氮分配比例及颗粒有机质C/N.施肥处理颗粒有机碳和氮储量较不施肥处理分别增加11.7%～196.8%和13.0%～152.2%,土壤颗粒有机碳对总有机碳储量增加的贡献率为31.5%～67.3%,土壤颗粒有机氮对全氮储量增加的贡献率为14.3%～100.0%;矿质结合有机碳和氮储量较不施肥处理分别增加2.0%～75.0%和0.0%～69.8%.各处理颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮储量均以OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理,而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好.说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮的关键.     

Net annual global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in Chinese double rice‐cropping systems: a 3‐year field measurement in long‐term fertilizer experiments

The impact of agricultural management on global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) is not well documented. A long‐term fertilizer experiment in Chinese double rice‐cropping systems initiated in 1990 was used in this study to gain an insight into a complete greenhouse gas accounting of GWP and GHGI. The six fertilizer treatments included inorganic fertilizer [nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (NK), and balanced inorganic fertilizer (NPK)], combined inorganic/organic fertilizers at full and reduced rate (FOM and ROM), and no fertilizer application as a control. Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes were measured using static chamber method from November 2006 through October 2009, and the net ecosystem carbon balance was estimated by the changes in topsoil (0–20 cm) organic carbon (SOC) density over the 10‐year period 1999–2009. Long‐term fertilizer application significantly increased grain yields, except for no difference between the NK and control plots. Annual topsoil SOC sequestration rate was estimated to be 0.96 t C ha^?1 yr^?1 for the control and 1.01–1.43 t C ha^?1 yr^?1 for the fertilizer plots. Long‐term inorganic fertilizer application tended to increase CH₄ emissions during the flooded rice season and significantly increased N₂O emissions from drained soils during the nonrice season. Annual mean CH₄ emissions ranged from 621 kg CH₄ ha^?1 for the control to 1175 kg CH₄ ha^?1 for the FOM plots, 63–83% of which derived from the late‐rice season. Annual N₂O emission averaged 1.15–4.11 kg N₂O–N ha^?1 in the double rice‐cropping systems. Compared with the control, inorganic fertilizer application slightly increased the net annual GWPs, while they were remarkably increased by combined inorganic/organic fertilizer application. The GHGI was lowest for the NP and NPK plots and highest for the FOM and ROM plots. The results of this study suggest that agricultural economic viability and GHGs mitigation can be simultaneously achieved by balanced fertilizer application.     

长期施肥条件下黄土高原黑垆土作物产量与土壤碳氮的关系

通过设置在黄土高原黑垆土区的长期定位试验系统,研究了长期施肥条件下作物产量与土壤碳氮的互馈关系.试验设不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆与氮磷配施(SNP)、施有机肥(M)和有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)6个处理.结果表明: 与对照相比,长期平衡施用化肥、单施有机肥、化肥与有机肥配合施用和秸秆还田配施化肥显著增加了作物产量及其稳定性, NP、SNP、M、MNP处理玉米和小麦产量分别增加92%、97%、93%、141%和147%、164%、139%、214%.NP处理玉米和小麦年均产量与当地常规施肥作物产量相当且稳定,小麦-玉米轮作体系施肥量为N 90 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2能够满足作物需要.秸秆还田与隔年施磷相配合的SNP处理与NP处理作物产量相似,且可减少磷肥施用量50%.平衡施用化肥、有机肥、化肥与有机肥配施和秸秆还田配施化肥均可显著增加土壤有机碳含量,而施用化肥对土壤全氮含量影响不明显,综合所有处理,土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈显著正相关.不同处理土壤有机碳固存率在15%～41%.SNP处理土壤有机碳累积投入量增加1 t·hm^-2,土壤有机碳含量增加0.06 g·kg^-1,而CK、N、NP、M和MNP处理的增幅在0.12～0.15 g·kg^-1.玉米和小麦产量都与土壤全氮含量呈显著正相关,玉米产量随土壤有机碳含量的增加而增加,但小麦产量随土壤有机碳含量的增加先快速增加后趋于平稳,拐点出现在6.8 g·kg^-1.长期平衡施用化肥、有机肥、有机肥与化肥配合施用及秸秆还田配施化肥可显著增加黄土高原黑垆土土壤有机碳和全氮含量、作物产量和根茬还田量,根茬还田量的增加又进一步增加了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,形成了相互促进的互馈关系.     

Effects of long‐term straw return on soil organic carbon storage and sequestration rate in North China upland crops: A meta‐analysis

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for soil fertility and climate change mitigation, and carbon can be sequestered in soil through proper soil management, including straw return. However, results of studies of long‐term straw return on SOC are contradictory and increasing SOC stocks in upland soils is challenging. This study of North China upland agricultural fields quantified the effects of several fertilizer and straw return treatments on SOC storage changes and crop yields, considering different cropping duration periods, soil types, and cropping systems to establish the relationships of SOC sequestration rates with initial SOC stocks and annual straw C inputs. Our meta‐analysis using long‐term field experiments showed that SOC stock responses to straw return were greater than that of mineral fertilizers alone. Black soils with higher initial SOC stocks also had lower SOC stock increases than did soils with lower initial SOC stocks (fluvo‐aquic and loessial soils) following applications of nitrogen‐phosphorous‐potassium (NPK) fertilizer and NPK+S (straw). Soil C stocks under the NPK and NPK+S treatments increased in the more‐than‐20‐year duration period, while significant SOC stock increases in the NP and NP+S treatment groups were limited to the 11‐ to 20‐year period. Annual crop productivity was higher in double‐cropped wheat and maize under all fertilization treatments, including control (no fertilization), than in the single‐crop systems (wheat or maize). Also, the annual soil sequestration rates and annual straw C inputs of the treatments with straw return (NP+S and NPK+S) were significantly positively related. Moreover, initial SOC stocks and SOC sequestration rates of those treatments were highly negatively correlated. Thus, long‐term straw return integrated with mineral fertilization in upland wheat and maize croplands leads to increased crop yields and SOC stocks. However, those effects of straw return are highly dependent on fertilizer management, cropping system, soil type, duration period, and the initial SOC content.     

不同施肥处理黑土覆膜后秸秆碳氮在团聚体中的固存特征

地膜覆盖是提高作物产量的重要措施,理解覆膜条件下黑土团聚体中外源碳和氮的固存特征,为深刻认识地膜覆盖措施的可持续应用提供理论依据。选取长期定位试验站(29年)不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和有机肥配施化肥(MNPK)3个典型施肥处理,表层土壤(0—20 cm)添加¹³C¹⁵N双标记玉米秸秆后设置裸地和覆膜的田间原位微区培养试验,探讨不同施肥处理结合覆膜黑土团聚体中有机碳和全氮对秸秆来源碳和氮的响应。结果表明,与裸地相比,所有处理覆膜后微团聚体(<0.25 mm)中秸秆来源碳和氮的含量平均降低了26.49%和32.05%。覆膜MNPK与裸地处理相比大团聚体(>0.25 mm)中秸秆来源碳和氮的含量显著降低了35.58%和15.97%,但大团聚体中原土壤有机碳的含量提高了9.16%。在CK和NPK处理微团聚体中,秸秆来源碳占该粒级团聚体有机碳的比例表现为覆膜>裸地,而在MNPK处理各粒级团聚体中则表现为裸地>覆膜。无论覆膜与否,秸秆来源碳对团聚体有机碳和秸秆来源氮对团聚体全氮的贡献率受施肥处理的影响表现为CK>N...