新疆中天山山间盆地表土花粉谱特征

基于中天山山间盆地58个表土样品花粉谱特征,结合植物群落样方物种调查结果,分析了该区域表土花粉与现代植被分布的对应关系。结果表明:(1)中天山山间盆地表土花粉组合与现代植被分布相一致,聚类分析结果将研究区分为5个植被带,按海拔由低到高的顺序分别对应荒漠草原带、山地草原带、山地森林带、亚高山草甸带、高山流石坡植被带。主成分分析第1轴揭示,湿度是植被带形成的重要影响因素。植被带之间花粉组合差异显著,荒漠草原带藜科-蒿属花粉组合优势明显,山地草原带则表现为蒿属-禾本科-藜科花粉组合,云杉属-蒿属-禾本科-藜科花粉组合及云杉属含量25%共同指示山地森林带的存在,亚高山草甸带花粉组合表现为莎草科-斗篷草属-蒿属-禾本科-藜科,高山流石坡植被带以蒿属-藜科-莎草科-斗篷草属-禾本科花粉组合为主。(2)蒿属、藜科、禾本科、云杉属、莎草科、斗篷草属是中天山山间盆地的代表物种,可作为古环境重建的重要参考。蒿属、藜科表现出超代表性,禾本科则相反。(3)中天山山间盆地植被带表土花粉分布及含量影响因素复杂,云杉属花粉受西风环流影响较大,蒿属、藜科花粉受人类活动影响显著。     

新疆赛里木湖流域表土花粉组合与现代植被关系研究

通过对新疆赛里木湖流域现代植被调查及不同植被带的53个表土样品花粉鉴定分析,深入研究了该区域表土花粉组合与现代植被的关系。研究结果表明:表土花粉组合可反映出该流域植被的总体特征,赛里木湖流域不同植被带内花粉组合差异显著,依据花粉谱特征可以分为草原带、针叶林带、森林灌丛带、亚高山草甸带、荒漠草原带、草原灌丛带、荒漠植被带;云杉属、蒿属、藜科、禾本科含量高、变化明显,可作为该流域古环境重建的重要参考依据;蒿属/藜科(A/C)比值可以用来区分荒漠植被带和荒漠草原带,荒漠植被带A/C值平均为0.62,荒漠草原带A/C值平均为1.55,1是两者之间的界值;云杉属花粉含量≥30%时可认为该样品来自于云杉林,云杉属-蒿属-禾本科等花粉组合表明森林(灌丛)的存在,亚高山草甸以蒿属-禾本科-云杉属组合为主,(荒漠)草原(灌丛)以蒿属-藜科-禾本科为主,藜科-蒿属是荒漠植被的建群种。     

中国西天山北坡表土花粉与区域植被关系*

天山是横亘中国西北的著名山系之一,将新疆分为南、北两个独立的地理区域,其自身也构成了一个完整的自然地理单元.因其山体海拔高,径向跨度大,纬向延伸长,气候、土壤和植被等自然地理要素各方面的区域差异,这对花粉搬运、传播、保存与沉积产生了显著影响.本文根据对西天山北坡采集的50个表土样品花粉分析,结合野外考察资料,揭示了该区域垂直方向上表土花粉组合与现代植被之间的关系,并进一步对天山表土花粉组合进行了区域对比.研究表明:(1)西天山北坡表土花粉谱可分为5个孢粉组合带,从山麓到山顶分别为山地荒漠带、草原带、森林带、亚高山草甸带、垫状植被带.(2)当云杉属花粉含量介于25％-30％时可认为该样品位于云杉林内,森林植被带花粉组合表现为以云杉属(Picea)-蒿属(Artemisia)-藜科(Chenopodiaceae)-伞形科(Apiaceae)为优势,亚高山草甸带和草原带以蒿属-藜科-禾本科(Poaceae)-云杉属-麻黄属(Ephedra)组合为主,山地荒漠带和垫状植被带以藜科-蒿属高含量为特征.云杉属花粉代表性较好,含量与现代植被分布相一致,但受气流影响显著.麻黄属含量和分布同样受气流影响,其含量不能指示该植被在样点周围存在与否.蒿属、藜科呈超代表性,只能指示区域生态意义,而禾本科则由于花粉产量低表现出低代表性.(3)西天山北坡植被带最为复杂,向东则逐渐简化.     

新疆石河子南山地区表土花粉研究

天山作为亚洲大陆最大的山系之一,横贯于新疆的中部,成为分隔南、北疆自然地理区系的山系,它对花粉的传播、保存、搬运与沉积具有重大作用。根据对西北干旱区域新疆石河子南山地区一条沿着海拔高度从2400 m到300 m的样带所采集的23个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式和现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了北坡垂直带的植被与表土花粉之间的关系。该区表土孢粉谱可分为4个孢粉组合带,分别对应森林植被带、森林草原植被带、蒿属荒漠带和典型荒漠带。比较特殊的是典型荒漠带被划分为两个亚带,一个亚带是以蒿属、藜科占主要成分的典型荒漠带,另一亚带蒿属、藜科含量较高并含有大量沼泽蕨和芦苇植硅体,兼具典型荒漠和湿地特征。在海拔400 m以上,孢粉组合与现代植被的对应关系较好,带Ⅰ中较高含量的云杉花粉验证了以云杉为主的森林植被带。带Ⅱ中以云杉为主的乔木植物和含量较高的藜科、蒿属和蓼属等草本植物为主的孢粉组合特征与森林-草原植被带的植被特征较为类似。云杉属花粉在海拔低于1350 m的地方即林带下方所占的比例很小,一方面由于距林地的距离较远,另一方面,可能是山风气流对云杉花粉往下搬运的能力较弱所致。带Ⅲ的蒿属花粉含量较高,与该带植被中绢蒿较多有一定的关系,带Ⅳ以藜科为主的花粉组合特征代表了这个植被带的荒漠植被类型。但是在海拔400 m之下,带Ⅳ的亚带Ⅳ₂的高含量的沼泽蕨和芦苇植硅体的孢粉组合在一定程度上还代表了古湿地环境。通过该部分表土花粉组合特征与草滩湖剖面孢粉谱的对比,验证了当地农业种植选址的生态可行性,同时就开垦程度对环境的影响进行了初步探讨。另外,亚带Ⅳ₂的蒿属/藜科(Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C))比值比亚带Ⅳ₁高,可能与该样点受人为扰动较大有关。     

新疆天山南坡吐鲁番地区表土花粉的初步研究

基于对新疆天山东段南坡吐鲁番地区选取的一条沿着海拔高度从2 000––154 m的不同植被带的植物群落样方进行的调查及相应排序分析,结合所采集的36个现代表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式,初步研究了吐鲁番地区的植被与表土花粉之间的对应关系,并将其与天山北坡的表土花粉谱进行了比较。结果表明吐鲁番地区表土花粉谱按照海拔高度自上至下可划分为4个孢粉组合带,分别对应于山地荒漠草原和荒漠带、戈壁砾石带、典型荒漠带以及盐沼植被带。与天山北坡的表土花粉垂直带谱相比,吐鲁番地区的花粉垂直带谱并不完整,缺少典型的森林和蒿属(Artemisia)荒漠孢粉带。即使在相似的孢粉带,吐鲁番地区的分布高度也高出北坡300 m左右。典型的乔木植物云杉属(Picea)、松属(Pinus)花粉在风力和水流的作用下,表现出明显的超代表性;用来指示干旱区半干旱区气候湿度变化的蒿属与藜科花粉的比值能大致反映出荒漠带的典型特征。此外,研究区内表土花粉组合与环境因子之间的排序分析结果表明,降水量是影响该区表土花粉组合的主要环境因子。与蒿属、藜科花粉相比,白刺属(Nitraria)花粉受降水量的影响较大。     

西藏拉萨河流域中下游不同植被类型表土花粉组合特征与年均降水量关系的研究

为定量恢复西藏拉萨河流域全新世的古气候环境,作者对拉萨河流域中下游表土孢粉组合特征与植被以及降雨量分布的相关性进行了研究。表土花粉研究结果显示,拉萨河流域中下游表土花粉组合能较好反映样方植被群落特征。根据研究区域孢粉组合特征,拉萨河流域中下游主要划分为8个孢粉组合带,即高山沼泽草甸带、高山灌丛草甸带、亚高山灌丛带、桦木林带、河谷沙棘林带、亚高山草甸带、亚高山半荒漠灌丛带和亚高山荒漠带。花粉类型与年均降水量的相关性分析结果表明,乔灌木花粉含量、Cy/G+A比值、莎草科、蓼属均与年均降水量呈显著正相关,而草本花粉含量、禾本科、蒿属、藜科与年均降水量呈显著负相关。因此,年均降水量是影响拉萨河中下游植被类型和表土花粉组合特征的重要因素。     

内蒙古中部四子王旗荒漠草原过渡带表土花粉分析

通过研究内蒙古中部四子王旗地区的表土花粉,试图揭示荒漠草原地区小尺度范围中表土花粉的植被和气侯指示意义.源自4个不同植物群落的19块表土花粉显示:研究区表土花粉组合主要以草本植物蒿属(Artemisia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)花粉占优势,两者百分含量一般在60%以上;禾本科(Poaceae)花粉具低代表性,平均含量在5%左右;另含有一定数量的白刺属(Nitraria)、麻黄属(Ephedra)、菊科(Asteraceae)和葱属(Allium)等花粉为特征.笔者首次提出的(蒿属+禾本科+菊科)/(白刺属+麻黄属+藜科)百分比值,有效地揭示了研究区北部较南部要干旱,与A/C比值及当地现生植被生境和气候因子相吻合.研究结果对我国内陆干旱、半干旱荒漠草原区第四纪古植被的恢复,以及古气候的重建提供了参照依据.     

西天山南坡表土花粉分析

通过对西天山南坡不同植被带52个表土花粉样品的鉴定,研究表土花粉组合与现代植被分布的关系,分析蒿属/藜科比值(A/C)在该区域的指示意义.结果表明:山顶至山底可以划分为5个植被带,分别为高山荒漠带、高山草甸带、草甸草原带、山地荒漠带、典型荒漠带,代表性科属为蒿属、藜科、禾本科和麻黄属,该区域不同植被类型表土样品花粉组合差异明显.西天山南坡表土花粉在一定程度上受到北坡的影响,海拔越高影响越大.A/C值随海拔升高而先升高再降低,在高山草甸区域达到最高,可以作为反映山地垂直方向气候干湿变化的有效指标.由于A/C值波动较大,利用该比值进行气候环境重建时,需注意受人类活动等因素影响所产生的高值可能带来误判.     

长白山北坡表土花粉组合及数量分析

吉林长白山植被垂直地带性是欧亚大陆从温带到寒带植被水平地带性的真实对照。通过对长白山北坡不同植物群落21个样点表土花粉组合及其与群落组成数量关系的分析,结果发现:(1)木本植物花粉占76.1%,木本植物与草本植物花粉比值(AP/NAP)约3.2,以桦属和松属为主;(2)岳桦云冷杉林和岳桦林花粉组合能较好地反映植物群落组成;红松云冷杉林花粉组合只能部分反映植物群落外貌;红松林的花粉组合不能较好反映植被特征;高山苔原花粉组合未能反映植物群落数量特征;(3)主要花粉类型中松属和桦属花粉具超代表性,云杉属、杜鹃花科和蔷薇科花粉具低代表性;(4)通过花粉相对含量,DCA分析能较好地区分不同植被类型,但是红松林与红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林无法区分。本研究可为本区古植被与古环境恢复提供新证据。     

北疆表土花粉组合及其与植被和气候的关系

通过对比分析北疆荒漠草原区和典型草原区表土和牛粪样品中的孢粉组合,发现这两类样品的孢粉组合大体相近,其乔木花粉百分比大都低于10%,灌木花粉平均为5.6%,草本花粉大都高于70%,并以藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia)为最主要的花粉类型。牛粪中孢粉种类低于表土,且乔木花粉含量(2.04%)亦低于表土(3.78%)。表土形成的时间存在一定的不确定性,而牛粪为现代样品,牛粪的孢粉组成可能会更好地指示现代植被组成,因而牛粪样品可以在北疆荒漠草原、典型草原地区作为一种新的现代孢粉研究材料。从荒漠草原到典型草原,表土中乔木花粉百分比增多,灌木和草本下降;而牛粪中则相反,乔木花粉百分比下降,灌木和草本的比例上升,这可能与牛以草本植物为主要食物有关。表土和牛粪样品中主要种属(蔷薇科、禾本科、伞形科、豆科等)与环境因子的主成分分析显示,孢粉组合与多年平均6—8月降水量和年均降水量的相关性最显著,其次为最冷月平均温度和最热月平均温度,而与年均温相关性较低。该研究结果指示,降水可能是影响北疆现代植被空间分布的最主要因素。     

燕山南部花粉散布特征

燕山南部花９粉用布特性研究表明,空气中的花粉反映的是植物花期的季节性变化,表 粉是植物多年花粉散布的混合,冲积物花粉与空气中和表土花粉显著不同,是取样点上游表土花粉的混合,与取样点周围植被关系较小。因此,根据冲积物花粉恢复古植被,反映的是整个流域的植被面貌,而不是某一点的植被特征。     

Present-day and mid-Holocene biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from the former Soviet Union and Mongolia

Fossil pollen data supplemented by tree macrofossil records were used to reconstruct the vegetation of the Former Soviet Union and Mongolia at 6000 years. Pollen spectra were assigned to biomes using the plant-functional-type method developed by Prentice et al . (1996). Surface pollen data and a modern vegetation map provided a test of the method. This is the first time such a broad-scale vegetation reconstruction for the greater part of northern Eurasia has been attempted with objective techniques. The new results confirm previous regional palaeoenvironmental studies of the mid-Holocene while providing a comprehensive synopsis and firmer conclusions. West of the Ural Mountains temperate deciduous forest extended both northward and southward from its modern range. The northern limits of cool mixed and cool conifer forests were also further north than present. Taiga was reduced in European Russia, but was extended into Yakutia where now there is cold deciduous forest. The northern limit of taiga was extended (as shown by increased Picea pollen percentages, and by tree macrofossil records north of the present-day forest limit) but tundra was still present in north-eastern Siberia. The boundary between forest and steppe in the continental interior did not shift substantially, and dry conditions similar to present existed in western Mongolia and north of the Aral Sea.     

Transport of airborne Picea schrenkiana pollen on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains (Xinjiang, China) and its implication for paleoenvironmental reconstruction

The understanding of airborne pollen transportation is crucial for the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment. Under favorable conditions, a considerable amount of long-distance-transported pollen can be deposited far from its place of origin. In extreme arid regions, in most cases, such situations occur and increase the difficulty to interpret fossil pollen records. In this study, three sets of Cour airborne pollen trap were installed on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains to collect airborne Picea schrenkiana (spruce) pollen grains from July 2001 to July 2006. The results indicate that Picea pollen disperses extensively and transports widely in the lower atmosphere far away from spruce forest. The airborne Picea pollen dispersal period is mainly concentrated between mid-May and July. In desert area, weekly Picea pollen began to increase and peaked suddenly in concentration. Also, annual pollen indices do not decline even when the distance increased was probably related to the strong wind may pick up the deposited pollen grains from the topsoil into the air stream, leading to an increase of pollen concentration in the air that is irrelevant to the normal and natural course of pollen transport and deposition. This, in turn, may lead to erroneous interpretations of the pollen data in the arid region. This study provided insight into the shift in the Picea pollen season regarding climate change in arid areas. It is recorded that the pollen pollination period starts earlier and the duration became longer. The results also showed that the temperature of May and June was positively correlated with the Picea pollen production. Furthermore, the transport of airborne Picea pollen data is useful for interpreting fossil pollen records from extreme arid regions.     

Holocene forest development in the central Scandes Mountains, Sweden

Pollen analyses of sediment cores from two small lakes within the boreal forest in the central Scandes Mountains help to elucidate the Holocene forest dynamics of the region. Analyses of pore/pollen grain diameter ratios of Alnus grains indicate the early Holocene presence of Alnus glutinosa in the study area. The results are discussed in conjunction with available pollen records to evaluate the importance of thermophilous trees during the early Holocene and to deduce the regional spread of Picea abies. Corylus avellana, Alnus glutinosa and Ulmus glabra were probably common constituents of the early Holocene forest. Tilia cordata may have occurred there as a rare tree. Pollen stratigraphies from the region do not indicate the occurrence of Quercus robur. The regional spread of Picea abies can be separated into two phases: a mid-Holocene establishment or first expansion of small outpost populations and a late-Holocene population expansion. The mid-Holocene shift in vegetation composition may have been caused by changes in the westerly airflow.     

Spatial variation of modern pollen in Oregon and southern Washington, USA

Surface sediments from 95 lakes provide information on the spatial variation of modern pollen spectra in Oregon and southern Washington. Percentages for 13 pollen types were compared within and between vegetation zones to characterize regional patterns of pollen spectra. The percentage data were also compared with climate variables to determine relationships between pollen percentages and regional climate gradients. The composition of modern pollen spectra corresponds well with the distribution of the pollen producers. Most pollen assemblages were generally dominated by Pinus, but those west of the Cascade Range were dominated by Alnus. Low percentages of Pseudotsuga/Larix, Tsuga mertensiana, Abies, and Picea pollen coincided with local occurrence of the trees. The distributions of the pollen data were arranged along gradients of temperature and effective moisture. West of the Cascade Range, Alnus, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga/Larix, and Cupressaceae pollen were abundant and correlate well with moderate temperature and high effective moisture. In the shrub-steppe and woodlands east of the Cascade Range, where effective moisture is low, Artemisia, Cupressaceae, and Pinus pollen were dominant. At high elevations, Pinus, T. mertensiana, Abies, and Picea were common pollen types in areas with short growing seasons and high effective moisture. Pollen percentages collected from lake surface sediments, moss polsters, and soils were compared within a number of vegetation types to assess their similarity. The three types of sample yielded similar results for forested areas, but lake sediment samples from upper- and lower-treeline sites captured a more regional picture of the vegetation.     

祁连山中部低海拔地区青海云杉径向生长的气候响应机制

利用生理模型开展树木径向生长的气候响应机制研究对理解树木生长的生理机制、预估气候变化情景下森林生态系统的变化、提供森林保护管理的建议有重要意义。以祁连山中部低海拔地区青海云杉树轮记录为依据,利用Vaganov-Shashkin模型模拟青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)的径向生长,探讨青海云杉径向生长的生理机制。结果表明:降水对祁连山中部低海拔地区青海云杉径向生长起着决定性作用,5—8月份的降水直接影响当年青海云杉的径向生长,9月份的降水量影响翌年青海云杉的径向生长。根据本研究结果,水分是限制青海云杉径向生长的主要因子,建议青海云杉人工林种植时,可在5—8月份对青海云杉增加灌溉量。     

西藏扎布耶盐湖地区现代花粉雨的初步研究

从扎布耶盐湖和藏南地区采集的２１块表土花粉分析结果,提供了花粉与植被,花粉与亚环境之间的定性关系,在扎耶盐湖,ａ泉水沼泽,以莎草科花粉占优势。ｂ．盐盘,藜科和麻黄属花粉含量高。ｃ．山坡,分布变色锦鸡儿灌丛,表土花粉以蒿属和藜科为优势。ｄ．河流沙滩,以蒿属和禾本科花粉为主,ｅ．常年盐湖,以蒿属占优势,松属、云杉属、冷杉属、铁杉属、桦属和桤木属等乔木植物花表土中普遍存在。以松粉百分含量最高（平均２６．     

Population dynamics and genetic changes of Picea abies in the South Carpathians revealed by pollen and ancient DNA analyses

Background  

Studies on allele length polymorphism designate several glacial refugia for Norway spruce (Picea abies) in the South Carpathian Mountains, but infer only limited expansion from these refugia after the last glaciation. To better understand the genetic dynamics of a South Carpathian spruce lineage, we compared ancient DNA from 10,700 and 11,000-year-old spruce pollen and macrofossils retrieved from Holocene lake sediment in the Retezat Mountains with DNA extracted from extant material from the same site. We used eight primer pairs that amplified short and variable regions of the spruce cpDNA. In addition, from the same lake sediment we obtained a 15,000-years-long pollen accumulation rate (PAR) record for spruce that helped us to infer changes in population size at this site.     

沙地云杉幼苗根表土体中NPK的梯度分布

采用水平根和垂直根两种处理方法对6年生沙地云杉幼苗进行栽培实验,应用分层取样方法对幼苗根表不同距离土体进行取样,并测定不同层次土体中速效N、速效P、速效K的含量。结果表明,在沙地云杉根表不同距离的土体中,速效N、P、K呈现有规律的梯度分布,即在根表近距离土体中营养元素由于根系的吸附作用而含量较高,同时根系生命活动对营养元素的大量消耗又使得营养元素随即出现严重的亏缺区,再向外延伸营养元素含量又逐渐上升而达到土壤本底值,在水平根处理中,由于沙地云杉对N、P、K吸收和利用的强度不同,亏缺区出现的位置不同,速效N和速效K的亏缺区出现在距离根表1cm处;速效P出现在距离根表0．5cm处,在垂直根处理中,速效N、速效P、速效K的梯度变化与水平根处理的相似速效N和速效K亏缺区出现在距离根表大约1cm处,而速效P在根表附近土壤中的含量始终少于根表远处,说明沙地云杉幼苗对速效P的吸收和利用强度大,速效P可能成为沙地云杉生长发育的限制因子。因此,在沙地云杉引种栽培时,应该选择含P丰富的土壤,或者对林地适当施用一些P肥。     

滦河流域及周边地区花粉与植被关系的研究

 滦河流域及周边地区空气中的花粉组合基本上反映了当地的植被面貌,与植物的花期相对应,乔木植物的花期多在春季,草本植物的花期多在夏秋季,该地冬季基本上无植物开花,冬季空气中的花粉应是当年或多年春、夏、秋季散落在地上又被风吹到空气中的表土花粉和一些外来花粉;表土花粉随海拔高程的降低依次出现山地草甸、针阔混交林或以针叶树为主的针阔混交林、山地灌草丛、滨海平原草甸和滨海草甸或滨海盐生草甸的等5个花粉组合带,分别为蒿(Artemisia)-唐松草(Thalictrum)-松（Pinus）-桦(Betula)孢粉组合带、松-桦-栎(Quercus)-蒿孢粉组合带、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)-蒿-禾本科(Gramineae)-中华卷柏(Selaginella sinensis)孢粉组合带、藜科-蒿-菊科(Compositae)-香蒲(Typha)孢粉组合带和藜科-蒿-莎草科(Cyperaceae)-禾本科孢粉组合带;由于花粉在河水中是以悬移质颗粒被搬运,因此在不同时期沉积物花粉组合存在着一定的差异,其中洪水期间河水对孢粉的分选作用最为明显。