SARS冠状病毒感染恒河猴的病毒、血清学检测研究

[目的]对感染SARS-CoV的恒河猴进行病毒、血清学等指标检测及研究,确定模型动物成功感染,并为SARS发病机制,疫苗评价,药物筛选确定参考指标。[方法]SARSCo-V经鼻腔接种8只恒河猴,在感染的第1天开始到5、7、10、15、20、30和60天分别安乐死时,不同时间取咽拭子、血液和脏器,进行病毒分离,RT-PCR检测和抗体测定。[结果]用巢式RT-PCR在感染后每天提取的咽拭子标本中检测SARS-CoV的RNA,以细胞培养冠状病毒为阳性对照,以正常恒河猴咽拭子为阴性对照,在8只动物病毒接种第5天开始可检测到大小为797bp的目的条带,阳性检出最长可持续到第15天。进一步用病毒分离实验对PCR结果进行确证,8只动物中的5只恒河猴接种5天的咽拭子标本中,经Vero细胞培养,细胞产生了典型细胞病变(CPE),提示SARS冠状病毒能感染恒河猴并有病毒的复制和排毒。IFA方法证实为SRAS-CoV抗原存在。SARS-CoV感染恒河猴后,可以检测出免疫反应。在SARS冠状病毒接种前和接种后第5、8、11、15、19、23、26、30、34、每隔4-7天以及安乐死时采血,制备血清测定抗体,8只恒河猴接种病毒前均血清中SARS冠状病毒特异性抗体IgG为阴性,10天后安乐处死的5只感染猴在11-15天开始,至安乐死时,均为阳性。IgG阳性的5只恒河猴均有一定的中和抗体产生,且对SARS病毒感染细胞有一定的保护性。感染SARS病毒猴后与正常猴比较,其细胞杀伤效应明显增强。感染SARS-CoV的恒河猴不仅出现与SARS患者类似的临床和病理学改变,也在一定时期内排毒,出现特异免疫反应,这些指标均可作为药物筛选、疫苗评价等方面的重要参数。     

恒河猴感染SARS-CoV的病毒学、血清学检测

目的对感染SARS-CoV的8只恒河猴进行病毒学、血清学指标检测。方法SARS-CoV经鼻腔接种8只恒河猴,在感染的第1天开始到5、7、10、15、20、30和60天分别安乐处死时,不同时间取咽拭子、血液和脏器,进行病毒分离,RT-PCR检测和抗体测定。结果RT-PCR证实感染病毒检出时间为5~16d,8只猴中的5只分离到了病毒,感染15d后可检测到抗体。结论感染SARS-CoV的恒河猴不仅出现与SARS患者类似的临床和病理学改变,也在一定时期内排毒,出现特异免疫反应,这些指标均可作为药物筛选、疫苗评价等方面的重要参数。     

重组人干扰素α2b鼻腔喷雾剂预防治疗恒河猴感染SARS-CoV病毒的作用效果试验

[目的]评价重组人干扰素α2b鼻腔喷雾剂对预防治疗SARS-CoV病毒感染恒河猴的作用。[方法]10只恒河猴随机分为2组,每组5只。分别为试验组(重组人干扰素α2b鼻腔喷雾剂)和对照组(空白干扰素)。分别在攻毒前19h和1h,攻毒后7h、23h、31h、47h、55h、71h、95h和119h不同时间经鼻吸入受试物,0.4ml/只。按计划定时取咽拭子做real-timePCR检测和病毒分离;取静脉血做病毒分离检测、中和抗体、IgG、血常规、血生化和血凝指标。[结果]1.SARS感染对照组:全部动物咽拭子标本经real-timePCR均检出SARS-CoV病毒,持续时间从攻毒后2天至8天。攻毒后2天3只、5天1只、7天2只,其咽拭子标本中病毒分离阳性,进一步证实病毒在体内的复制。攻毒后,诱导产生高滴度的抗体和中和抗体,证实病毒感染。大体解剖全部动物肺脏为灰白色,有大面积出血,其中2只动物肺脏与胸壁有粘连,组织病理称典型SARS肺炎性病变。2.干扰素试验组:和对照组相同时间取的咽拭子等标本中,real-timePCR检测和病毒分离均未检出病毒。攻毒后病毒导致机体产生的中和抗体和IgG抗体的反应很弱。血常规、血生化和血凝指标结果表明干扰素试验组动物攻毒后各项指标较试验前比较没有显著性改变;大体解剖动物肺脏为灰粉色,4只动物肺脏有少量出血,其中1只动物肺脏与胸壁有粘连,组织病理未见典型SARS肺炎性病变。因而认为,重组人干扰素α2b鼻腔喷雾剂可以有效阻断SARS-CoV病毒对恒河猴的感染;;为预防人类感染SARS提供参考。     

SARS-CoV动物模型研究之中国现状

目的综合对比SARS-CoV感染的恒河猴、布氏田鼠及Lewis大鼠的病理学、免疫学以及病毒的复制与外排情况的变化,来探讨此三种动物在建立SARS模型上的特点。方法SARS病毒感染8只恒河猴、9只Lewis大鼠和20只布氏田鼠,在感染后不同时间安乐死动物,应用光镜对动物的各脏器进行病理观察研究;用病毒分离和RT-PCR方法检测病毒外排与复制的情况;用ELISA法检测动物产生特异性抗体情况。结果在SARS-CoV感染恒河猴、Lewis大鼠和布氏田鼠后,肺组织均出现一定的与人类SARS疾病相似的病理改变,在动物体内均可检测到活病毒或病毒核酸,并可检测到特异性IgG抗体的存在。在病死率上布氏田鼠最高;在病毒的复制与外排方面恒河猴的检出率最高,持续时间最长;在抗体产生情况上恒河猴与Lewis大鼠基本相似;在病理变化上恒河猴病变最重且最为复杂,与人类SARS疾病的病理变化最为接近。结论布氏田鼠,Lewis大鼠,特别是恒河猴动物模型可以用于SARS发病机制、疫苗和药物的研发,恒河猴动物模型是目前研究SARS疾病最理想的动物模型。     

SARS-CoV恒河猴模型动物中组织病理学动态变化

目的在感染的8只恒河猴的SARS-CoV模型动物中,观察肺等组织中出现的系列病理学改变,为针对抗SARS药物筛选、疫苗评价中的免疫病理反应等奠定实验依据。方法SARS-CoV经鼻腔接种8只恒河猴,在感染的第5、7、10、15、20、30和60天,分别安乐处死动物,组织病理取材,制片,观察。结果经病毒分离和RT-PCR证实动物感染是成功的。系列病理改变表明,早期肺组织可见间质性肺炎,水肿、结构破坏、出血,巨噬细胞浸润;后期出现内皮细胞受损及再生,透明膜形成,小血管玻璃样变,肺组织纤维化及肺气肿形成,肺泡网状纤维和弹力纤维破坏并增生等,脾脏、淋巴结生发中心早期有萎缩,后期有恢复等病理学改变均和SARS患者相似。结论感染恒河猴出现与SARS患者类似的临床和病理学改变,为进一步研究该病毒的病原特性、发病机理、药物筛选、疫苗评价等方面的研究奠定了重要基础。     

恒河猴感染SARS病毒致病模型的建立

为建立恒河猴严重急性呼吸道综合征(SARS)的模型并对其致病特点进行观察,采用病毒分离、免疫荧光、光镜及RT-PCR方法对病毒感染组和非感染组恒河猴不同时间、不同组织或分泌物进行检测.结果显示从恒河猴不同组织中分离到病毒,而且在病毒感染后第2d和第5d的血液、第7、9d的鼻咽分泌物、第3d的粪、第5d的粪尿中均检测到SARS-CoV RNA.光镜观察到病毒感染组肺组织肺泡间隔增宽,有大量淋巴细胞、单核细胞浸润,肺泡腔有渗出,甚至形成透明膜样物;多个肺泡形成机化性肺炎的表现.感染组肝组织可见较大的坏死灶,并伴有大量炎性细胞浸润.结论认为已成功建立了恒河猴SARS模型,可用于评价抗SARS药物和疫苗的研究.     

恒河猴感染SARS病毒致病模型的建立

为建立恒河猴严重急性呼吸道综合征(SARS)的模型并对其致病特点进行观察,采用病毒分离、免疫荧光、光镜及RT-PCR方法对病毒感染组和非感染组恒河猴不同时间、不同组织或分泌物进行检测。结果显示从恒河猴不同组织中分离到病毒,而且在病毒感染后第2d和第5d的血液、第7、9d的鼻咽分泌物、第3d的粪、第5d的粪尿中均检测到SARS-CoV RNA。光镜观察到病毒感染组肺组织肺泡问隔增宽,有大量淋巴细胞、单核细胞浸润,肺泡腔有渗出,甚至形成透明膜样物;多个肺泡形成机化性肺炎的表现。感染组肝组织可见较大的坏死灶,并伴有大量炎性细胞浸润。结论认为已成功建立了恒河猴SARS模型,可用于评价抗SARS药物和疫苗的研究。     

SARS冠状病毒分离培养和鉴定的实验研究

建立严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)冠状病毒分离、培养方法,为SARS冠状病毒动物模型的建立提供实验依据,并根据病毒在体内存活的时间确定检测指标。选用已鉴定为SARS冠状病毒的毒株,经过鼻腔接种感染恒河猴。定期采集咽拭子标本,分离血清或血浆,用Vero细胞进行病毒培养、分离。结果显示,在SARS冠状病毒感染恒河猴后2、5、7天,可以从拭子中分离到病毒,5～15天可在猴肺、脾、肝、肾和淋巴组织中分离到病毒,并用免疫荧光法和RT-PCR方法进行了确定。首次实验证实了SARS冠状病毒可在恒河猴体内复制。SARS病毒的成功分离是SARS冠状病毒动物模型建立的主要依据,在进行疫苗安全性和药效评价等工作中,病毒分离可作为药物筛选、疫苗评价的重要指标。     

气管插管法接种H5N1病毒感染恒河猴及系统组织病毒检测

目的测试气管插管法接种高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1感染恒河猴的优势效果及疾病分析,为有效感染恒河猴、制备H5N1疾病模型提供实验依据。方法使用人源H5N1病毒液经气管插管滴入恒河猴上呼吸道进行感染,观察感染恒河猴的临床表现,每天采集咽拭子、鼻灌洗液,在感染前2d感染后第3、5、7天采血,感染后第3和7天分别解剖1只恒河猴,取支气管淋巴结、肠淋巴结、鼻甲、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠、气管、脑及血液进行病毒分离、核酸载量检测和血常规测定。结果感染后第2天恒河猴出现食欲下降,活动减少,并伴有一过性体温升高,白细胞数和淋巴细胞数下降。咽拭子、鼻灌洗液、肺、心、气管、脑、肝、肾、肠和血液中都能分离到H5N1病毒。结论气管插管法接种H5N1病毒能有效感染恒河猴,并在猴体内多组织中分离、检测到病毒,为制备完善的H5N1模型和检测指标确定、进一步研究H5N1病毒的致病机制等奠定了基础。     

恒河猴二次接种H5N1亚型禽流感病毒

对恒河猴进行二次接种H5N1亚型禽流感病毒试验,并对二次接毒的结果进行观察,评估初次接毒对恒河猴二次接毒效果的影响.首次接种试验中,3、4、5号恒河猴用环甲膜穿刺注射方法接种含有H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的尿囊液,6号猴接种不含病毒的尿囊液.90d后,再次用环甲膜穿刺注射方法二次接种,4、5、6号猴接种7mlTCID50浓度为104.875病毒的尿囊液,3号猴接种7ml不含病毒的尿囊液.进行抗体等检测,并分别于72h无痛处死3、4、6号猴,第7d无痛处死5号猴,进行肺的病毒检测及病理观察.结果显示,3、4、5号猴至试验结束时体内依然有较高的抗H5N1亚型禽流感病毒抗体水平,6号猴没有抗体;通过RT-PCR以及免疫组化染色进行病毒检测,均只在6号猴肺部检出病毒,且6号猴肺部病理损伤最为严重.由此可以得出初步结论:在初次感染H5N1亚型禽流感病毒后90d,临床症状已基本恢复正常的恒河猴体内仍然有较高水平的抗体,此时,恒河猴抵抗H5N1亚型禽流感病毒二次感染的能力显著提高.     

Neutralizing antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus spike is highly effective for the protection of mice in the murine SARS model

We evaluated the efficacy of three SARS vaccine candidates in a murine SARS model utilizing low-virulence Pp and SARS-CoV coinfection. Vaccinated mice were protected from severe respiratory disease in parallel with a low virus titer in the lungs and a high neutralizing antibody titer in the plasma. Importantly, the administration of spike protein-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody protected mice from the disease, indicating that the neutralization is sufficient for protection. Moreover, a high level of IL-6 and MCP-1 production, but not other 18 cytokines tested, on days 2 and 3 after SARS-CoV infection was closely linked to the virus replication and disease severity, suggesting the importance of these cytokines in the lung pathogenicity of SARS-CoV infection.     

大肠杆菌表达的戊型肝炎病毒ORF2多肽对恒河猴的免疫保护研究

在大肠杆菌中表达的一段戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）结构蛋白NE2,纯化后以弗氏佐剂,按0d,10d,30d的方案10μg/针的剂量免疫3只恒河猴,在第2周抗体阳转,第6周时1只滴度达1∶100 000,另2只滴度1∶20 000,此时以106 PCR滴度的HEV病毒粪悬液攻击。对照组3只均出现血清转氨酶（ALT）升高,抗体阳转,粪便持续排毒1月以上;疫苗组无一发病,未检出非疫苗来源的抗体,其中1只始终未检出粪便排毒,另2只仅出现短暂排毒。以一份NE2免疫后猴血清（滴度1∶20 000）与103 PCR滴度的病毒混匀后感染2只恒河猴,结果对照组2只均持续排毒3周以上,抗体阳转,1只ALT明显升高;而抗体中和组2只猴始终未检出粪便排毒,抗NE2抗体缓慢下降,ALT正常。这些结果表明NE2具有良好的免疫原性和免疫保护性,有可能成为有效的戊肝疫苗。     

Protection of Macaques against pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies

The role of antibody in protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has been difficult to study in animal models because most primary HIV-1 strains do not infect nonhuman primates. Using a chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) based on the envelope of a primary isolate (HIV-89.6), we performed passive-transfer experiments in rhesus macaques to study the role of anti-envelope antibodies in protection. Based on prior in vitro data showing neutralization synergy by antibody combinations, we evaluated HIV immune globulin (HIVIG), and human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 2F5 and 2G12 given alone, compared with the double combination 2F5/2G12 and the triple combination HIVIG/2F5/2G12. Antibodies were administered 24 h prior to intravenous challenge with the pathogenic SHIV-89.6PD. Six control monkeys displayed high plasma viremia, rapid CD4(+)-cell decline, and clinical AIDS within 14 weeks. Of six animals given HIVIG/2F5/2G12, three were completely protected; the remaining three animals became SHIV infected but displayed reduced plasma viremia and near normal CD4(+)-cell counts. One of three monkeys given 2F5/2G12 exhibited only transient evidence of infection; the other two had marked reductions in viral load. All monkeys that received HIVIG, 2F5, or 2G12 alone became infected and developed high-level plasma viremia. However, compared to controls, monkeys that received HIVIG or MAb 2G12 displayed a less profound drop in CD4(+) T cells and a more benign clinical course. These data indicate a general correlation between in vitro neutralization and protection and suggest that a vaccine that elicits neutralizing antibody should have a protective effect against HIV-1 infection or disease.     

SARS病毒感染动物模型

SARS-CoV感染动物模型的建立可加深对SARS病原学的了解和发病机制的研究,加速实验室诊断技术的建立、抗病毒药物的筛选和疫苗的开发,同时也有助于给该病一个更精确的定义。可以说SARS动物模型的建立,不但是SARS研究的瓶颈问题,其应用更是贯穿SARS研究的整个过程。到目前为止,已经报道有4种非人灵长类动物(恒河猴、食蟹猴、绒猴、非洲绿猴)和6种啮齿类动物(大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠、田鼠、仓鼠、转基因鼠),以及雪貂、家猫等可以作为SARS动物模型用于实验研究,并已经开始利用动物模型进行疫苗和药物的安全性和有效性评价。本文就已报道的各类SARS动物模型进行综述,并根据动物模型和SARS患者的比对,提出动物模型建立的技术要点。     

Extremely low exposure of a community to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: false seropositivity due to use of bacterially derived antigens

Estimates of seropositivity to a new infectious agent in a community are useful to public health. For severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the figures are conflicting. Herein, we screened 12,000 people in a community stricken by SARS 10 months previously and found 53 individuals (0.44%) who had immunoglobulin G antibodies to the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid (N) produced in bacteria. However, only seven of these (group 1) had sera which also reacted with the native N antigen expressed in SARS-CoV-infected Vero cells, N-transfected 293T cells, and tissues of infected SARS patients. Of these, six individuals had had SARS previously. The remaining person, as well as the 46 other individuals (group 2), were healthy and had no history of SARS. Group 1 antibodies recognized epitopes located slightly differently in N from those of group 2 antibodies, and a mouse hybridoma antibody resembling the former type was generated. Unusually, group 2 antibodies appeared to recognize cross-reactive bacterial epitopes that presumably were posttranslationally modified in eukaryotes and hence were probably not induced by SARS-CoV or related coronaviruses but rather by bacteria. The N antigen is thus highly unique. The extremely low rate (0.008%) of asymptomatic SARS infection found attests to the high virulence of the SARS-CoV virus.     

Antibody protects macaques against vaginal challenge with a pathogenic R5 simian/human immunodeficiency virus at serum levels giving complete neutralization in vitro

A major unknown in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) vaccine design is the efficacy of antibodies in preventing mucosal transmission of R5 viruses. These viruses, which use CCR5 as a coreceptor, appear to have a selective advantage in transmission of HIV-1 in humans. Hence R5 viruses predominate during primary infection and persist throughout the course of disease in most infected people. Vaginal challenge of macaques with chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) is perhaps one of the best available animal models for human HIV-1 infection. Passive transfer studies are widely used to establish the conditions for antibody protection against viral challenge. Here we show that passive intravenous transfer of the human neutralizing monoclonal antibody b12 provides dose-dependent protection to macaques vaginally challenged with the R5 virus SHIV(162P4). Four of four monkeys given 25 mg of b12 per kg of body weight 6 h prior to challenge showed no evidence of viral infection (sterile protection). Two of four monkeys given 5 mg of b12/kg were similarly protected, whereas the other two showed significantly reduced and delayed plasma viremia compared to control animals. In contrast, all four monkeys treated with a dose of 1 mg/kg became infected with viremia levels close to those for control animals. Antibody b12 serum concentrations at the time of virus challenge corresponded to approximately 400 (25 mg/kg), 80 (5 mg/kg), and 16 (1 mg/kg) times the in vitro (90%) neutralization titers. Therefore, complete protection against mucosal challenge with an R5 SHIV required essentially complete neutralization of the infecting virus. This suggests that a vaccine based on antibody alone would need to sustain serum neutralizing antibody titers (90%) of the order of 1:400 to achieve sterile protection but that lower titers, around 1:100, could provide a significant benefit. The significance of such substerilizing neutralizing antibody titers in the context of a potent cellular immune response is an important area for further study.     

Neutralizing antibody fails to impact the course of Ebola virus infection in monkeys

Prophylaxis with high doses of neutralizing antibody typically offers protection against challenge with viruses producing acute infections. In this study, we have investigated the ability of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, KZ52, to protect against Ebola virus in rhesus macaques. This antibody was previously shown to fully protect guinea pigs from infection. Four rhesus macaques were given 50 mg/kg of neutralizing human monoclonal antibody KZ52 intravenously 1 d before challenge with 1,000 plaque-forming units of Ebola virus, followed by a second dose of 50 mg/kg antibody 4 d after challenge. A control animal was exposed to virus in the absence of antibody treatment. Passive transfer of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody not only failed to protect macaques against challenge with Ebola virus but also had a minimal effect on the explosive viral replication following infection. We show that the inability of antibody to impact infection was not due to neutralization escape. It appears that Ebola virus has a mechanism of infection propagation in vivo in macaques that is uniquely insensitive even to high concentrations of neutralizing antibody.