山楂叶螨滞育的初步研究

本文采用海绵水盘法研究了山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher的滞育与温度、光照和寄主营养等环境因子的关系。结果表明21℃下,临界光周期为12 h 32 min,光敏感螨态为幼螨至第二若螨之间的连续两个螨态,单独一个发育阶段对短光照不敏感或仅有微弱的感应。在相同寄主（梨树）叶片上,病叶和老叶诱导的滞育率比嫩叶高,分别为69.7%、55.3%和20%。相同叶片,短光照(12.5 h/d)条件下随螨密度的增大滞育率升高。相同短光照下,低温促进滞育,在15℃、18℃和21℃下滞育率分别为100%、93.1%和66.7%;高温（24℃）抑制滞育,滞育率仅为13.3%;温度为27℃时不滞育。     

细胞松弛素B对日本沼虾四倍体的适宜诱导条件的研究

本文研究了用细胞松弛素B(Cytochalasin B,CB)诱导日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)多倍体的处理条件和方法。试验水温分别为18—19℃、22—23℃,CB浓度为1.0—2.0mg/L,处理的起始时间在受精后5—9h,处理的持续时间为10—20min。结果表明,在水温为18—19℃时,四倍体卵子的最适诱导条件为:受精后7—8h,CB溶液的浓度1.5mg/L,处理20min,四倍体诱导率最高可达56.1%;在水温为22—23℃时,最适诱导条件为:在受精后6 h左右,CB溶液浓度为1.5mg/L,处理15—20min,四倍体诱导率最高可达54.3%。处理的起始时间和CB溶液的浓度对胚胎的四倍体率有显著影响(P<0.05);胚胎的成活率随CB浓度的提高与处理的持续时间的延长而下降。考虑到胚胎成活率因素,建议选择CB浓度为1.5mg/L,处理持续时间15—20min。     

L-谷氨酸补料分批发酵的研究

对谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacteriuin glutamicum)HCJ46产L-谷氨酸的补料分批发酵条件进行研究.结果表明:最适初糖质量浓度和最佳残糖维持质量浓度分别为100和(10～20)g/L;对发酵控温方式进行研究,确定了最佳温度控制策略为0～8h维持32℃,8～16h维持34℃、16～32h维持36℃,同时发现相对溶氧控制在30%左右时产酸最高.在以上的优化条件下,L-谷氨酸产量从72g/L提高到95g/L,提高了31.9%.     

室温下保存的小鼠屠体卵巢GV卵的发育能力

将ICR系雌性小鼠处死并在10℃、15℃、20℃和25℃下依次保存8、14、24和48 h后,采集其体内的卵巢GV期卵,采用常规方法进行体外成熟和体外受精,获得的2细胞期胚经体外培养或胚胎移植观察其发育能力.其结果,在10℃下保存24 h、15℃下保存14 h、20℃下保存8h和25℃下保存4 h后,其体内附有卵丘细胞的GV卵的体外成熟-体外受精后的2细胞率分别为14%、9%、10%和10%,随着保存温度的提高和保存时间的延长,带有颗粒细胞GV期卵的比率明显降低,同时其GV期卵经体外成熟及体外受精后的2细胞率明显降低.在20℃下保存24 h和25℃下保存14 h时,难以获得形态正常的GV期卵;体外受精获得的2细胞期胚经体外培养,总体上有64%的胚胎发育至扩张囊胚,未见有保存温度和保存时间的显著影响,且利用在15℃保存8 h后的GV卵获得2细胞期胚的移植获得正常新生小鼠.上述结果表明,雌性动物室温条件下死亡后,若能短时间及时采集其体内GV期卵并体外成熟、体外受精,体外培养及胚胎移植技术,就有可能获得新生后代.     

长江靖江段沿岸日本鳗鲡丰度的时间格局及生物学研究

于2002—2017年在长江靖江段沿岸对日本鳗鲡资源量进行长期调查, 对其丰度的时间格局特征及环境影响因素等进行了分析。结果显示, 在近16年519次调查中, 采集到日本鳗鲡137尾, 平均年龄(1.8±1.0)龄, 平均全长和体质量分别为(31.1±9.8) cm和(57.64±91.94) g, 89.1%的个体未性成熟, 94.9%的个体处于黄鳗期。全长与体质量关系式为: W=0.0002415×L3.483 (r2=0.9537, n=137)。日本鳗鲡在靖江段渔获物中的数量百分比与重量百分比分别仅为0.08%和0.69%, 且丰度和出现率在年间均呈波动式递减趋势。同时发现靖江段日本鳗鲡丰度年际波动与长江口鳗苗群体补充无关, 其出现率受水温及水质因子氨氮和浑浊度的影响。     

不同环境条件对沙米种子萌发的影响

用控制试验研究了沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)种子萌发对温度、水势和埋深的响应模式.结果显示,在人工模拟科尔沁沙地4月(5℃/20℃)、5月(10℃/30℃)和7月(20℃/40℃)的夜/昼土壤温度条件下,沙米种子的最终萌发率分别为86%、91%和96%,各温度处理的前3 d累计萌发率分别为14%、66%和32%.在5月温度条件下,种子萌发曲线为陡直的单峰状,其他两月呈多峰状.0 MPa水势下,沙米种子的总萌发率为50%,当水势低于-0.4 MPa时,发芽率小于10%.当种子的埋藏深度分别为0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0 cm时,出苗率分别为91%、78%、41%和22%,埋深达到8 cm时,没有种子出苗.研究表明,沙米种子在不同条件下萌发率差异显著,其萌发特征有利于种子在不适环境条件下减少种子库的无效损耗,而在环境条件适宜时快速萌发,提高幼苗存活机会,从而使沙米对流沙生境表现出良好适应能力.     

珠江水系鳗鲡资源空间分布特征研究

研究于2015—2017年对珠江流域12个站位的日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)及花鳗鲡(Anguilla mar-morata)种群资源量与洄游路线等进行了初步调查, 并对其资源量状况、空间分布特征与环境影响因素等进行了分析。结果显示在近3年的调查时间里, 共采集到日本鳗鲡41尾, 平均年龄为(4.2±1.3)龄, 93%的个体未性成熟; 采集到花鳗鲡12尾, 平均年龄为(4.3±1.0)龄, 83%的个体未性成熟。日本鳗鲡在珠江水系最远能分布到红水河的合山江段, 其在渔获物中的数量百分比与重量百分比均低于百分之一; 花鳗鲡最远能分布到西江的石龙江段, 其在渔获物中的出现率低于两百分之一。珠江水系鳗鲡野生资源极度匮乏, 保护形势十分严峻。同时发现日本鳗鲡空间分布主要受河流分维和河流宽度的影响; 花鳗鲡的空间分布主要受河流宽度和水深的影响。该研究是珠江水系野生渔业资源长期调查的一部分, 研究结果将对鳗鲡资源的保护和可持续利用具有指导意义。     

光周期和温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导的影响

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)属兼性滞育昆虫, 其滞育特性与种群利用适生境的最大化和季节性活动密切相关。解析季节性因素如光周期和温度对其滞育的诱导作用可为预测种群发生动态提供科学依据。本实验在HPS 500型和HPG-320H型自动控制环境气候箱中, 测定了RH 80%下温度20℃, 27℃和30℃与11个光周期组合对吉林农安（NA）、 河北衡水（HS）、 广东惠州（HZ）和海南海口（HK）等4个地理种群的滞育诱导作用。结果表明： 光周期、 温度及其交互作用均对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期在滞育诱导中起主导作用。在20℃条件下, 其光周期反应曲线属典型的长日照反应型, 临界光周期随种群分布的地理纬度降低而缩短, 4个地理种群NA, HS, HZ和HK的临界日昼长依次为14 h 3 min, 13 h 59 min, 13 h 32 min和13 h 7 min, 最有效的滞育诱导光周期是日昼长12 h。另一方面, 随种群分布纬度升高, 其对光周期诱导滞育的敏感性降低。温度为27℃时, 其光周期反应曲线为短日照 长日照反应型, 各种群有两个临界光周期, 临界日昼长依次为12 h 50 min和13 h 32 min, 11 h 35 min和13 h 8 min, 12 h 58 min和13 h 1 min, 以及11 h 50 min和12 h 26 min, 且最有效的滞育诱导光周期范围的滞育率明显低于20℃。一定温度范围内（20℃～27℃）, 随温度升高, 临界光周期缩短; 温度达到30℃时则滞育显著被抑制, 滞育率仅为4.3%或更低。这些结果说明温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育的光周期诱导具有很强的补偿作用。因此, 在自然界亚洲玉米螟的滞育属具有温度补偿作用的长日照反应型昆虫, 临界光周期随地理纬度北移而增长; 种群滞育的短日照 长日照反应型特性可能是产生局部世代种群的重要内因。     

黄杨绢野螟滞育诱导及光温反应

为了探讨黄杨绢野螟Diaphania perspectalis(Walker)越冬滞育特性,在自然条件与室内恒温下对黄杨绢野螟滞育诱导的光周期反应与光敏感龄期进行了研究。结果表明:该虫的光周期反应属于长光照反应型,短光照是引起黄杨绢野螟幼虫滞育的主要因子。幼虫的光周期反应对温度敏感,在恒温25℃和28℃条件下,诱导滞育的临界光周期分别为13h36min和12h50min。在日平均温度为26.7℃条件下,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13h40min。在恒温25℃条件下的滞育敏感虫龄试验表明,2～3龄幼虫即孵化后4～9d的幼虫对光周期反应最敏感。     

4℃保存的小鼠屠体卵巢GV卵的发育能力

为了探明雌性动物死亡后GV期卵的可利用性,本研究将ICR系雌性小鼠处死,尸体在4～6℃下分别保存16h、24h和48h,取其卵巢GV期卵,体外成熟后,应用常规法进行体外受精或透明带切割法体外受精,获得2细胞期胚,通过体外培养或胚胎移植观察其发育能力。结果显示,4～6℃下保存16h和24h处理组的体外受精率(分别为31%、33%和21%、24%)与来自新鲜的带有颗粒细胞卵的体外受精率(33%)相比无显著差异。与其相比,保存48h处理组的GV卵已丧失发育能力。此外,体外受精中获得的2细胞胚经体外培养,16h处理组和24h处理组的囊胚率(60%、61%和72%、83%)与新鲜GV期卵处理组的囊胚率(72%)相比差异不显著。获得的2细胞胚经胚胎移植可得到正常幼鼠。上述结果表明,如果雌性小鼠死亡后立即在冷藏温度下(4～6℃)保存,其体内的GV卵在24h以内仍保持发育能力。     

高温对玉米螟赤眼蜂实验种群的影响

以米蛾卵为繁育寄主,组建了玉米螟赤眼蜂在26、29、32和35 ℃下的实验种群生命表,探讨了高温对玉米螟赤眼蜂生长和生殖的影响.结果表明,高温32 ℃～35 ℃对玉米螟赤眼蜂各虫态的生长发育有明显的抑制作用.卵 幼虫的存活率在26 ℃和29 ℃分别为 94.2%和88.6%,32 ℃时下降至80.2%,而35 ℃时仅为53.2%,蛹的存活率也表现出相应的下降趋势.玉米螟赤眼蜂羽化后12 h内的抱卵量、体长及卵粒大小随温度的升高而减少或变小.26 ℃时,玉米螟赤眼蜂羽化后0～12 h的抱卵量为37.9粒,随着温度的升高,抱卵量急剧下降,29 ℃、32 ℃和35 ℃的抱卵量分别为29.6、21.6和13.7粒.在26 ℃及29 ℃时,所有雌蜂均能进行正常交配和产卵,32 ℃时有6.7%的个体不产卵,至35 ℃时,则有60%的个体不能进行正常的生殖活动.     

Maturation patterns in female European eel: age and size at the silver eel stage

The maturation pattern in the female European eel Anguilla anguilla was studied by investigating age and size patterns of silver eels in different aquatic environments in Sweden, covering limnic, brackish and marine waters. The results neither supported the hypothesis that there is a critical size or age when eels enter the silvery stage, nor that size and age at maturity are positively related. Age at maturity, however, was observed to be negatively related to growth rate in all localities, i.e. the female reproductive tactic apparently is to become sexually mature at the earliest possible opportunity. Furthermore, it was recognized that a significant amount of variation was due to habitat differences, since the female eel maturation pattern deviated systematically between sampling sites, as it did also when the effect of growth rate was eliminated. Thus, the ability of the female eel to adjust maturation to an optimal size and age can be questioned, because the panmictic nature of the eel means local adaptations are unlikely Growth rate dependent differences suggest that variations in maturation patterns between eel environments are linked more to the opportunity for nutrient accumulation than to other aspects of growth.     

鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究Ⅳ．人工催熟过程中下海鳗鲡的GtH分泌活动、性腺发育状况和脑垂体GtH细胞的超显微结构

雌二醇通过正反馈作用能促进脑垂体促性腺激素(GtH)细胞的合成活动,使脑垂体GtH水平显著升高。促黄体素释放激素的类似物(LHRH-A)和利血平(reserpine,RES)能促进脑垂体GtH细胞的分泌活动,使血液中GtH含量显著升高。鲤垂体、人体绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)和LHRH—A三种激素混合进行多次注射能诱导雌雄鳗鲡性腺发育成熟,其催熟效果明显优于它们的分别单独多次注射或者鲤鱼脑垂体和HCG的多次注射,表明外源的和内源的促性腺激素对于诱导鳗鲡性腺发育成熟都是重要的。鳗鲡脑垂体GtH细胞超显微结构的观察证实它们在激素诱导性腺发育成熟过程中处于活跃的合成与分泌状态。     

Heating rate and induced thermotolerance in Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae, a quarantine pest of citrus and mangoes

A bioassay and graduated temperature water baths were used to document the induction of thermotolerance in third-instar Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). The 99% lethal time dose for larvae exposed to 44 degrees C core temperatures in artificial fruit is 61.5 min when a slow heating rate (120 min ramp) is applied, but only 41.9 min when a fast heating rate (15 min ramp) is applied. In electrophoretic profiles a heat inducible protein of molecular weight 32 kDa was detected in 76% of the larvae exposed to the slow ramp treatment, but only 42% of the larvae in the fast ramp treatment. Results from this research demonstrate that thermotolerance can be induced under conditions used to commercially disinfest fresh produce and highlight the necessity for specifying heating rates in quarantine treatment schedules.     

The effect of dynamic exercise on resting cold thermoregulatory responses measured during water immersion

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on the subsequent post-exercise thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering measured during water immersion. On 2 separate days, seven subjects (six males and one female) were immersed in water (37.5 degrees C) that was subsequently cooled at a constant rate of approximately 6.5 degrees C x h(-1) until the thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering were clearly established. Water temperature was then increased to 37.5 degrees C. Subjects remained immersed for approximately 20 min, after which they exited the water, were towel-dried and sat in room air (22 degrees C) until both esophageal temperature and mean skin temperature (Tsk) returned to near-baseline values. Subjects then either performed 15 min of cycle ergometry (at 65% maximal oxygen consumption) followed by 30 min of recovery (Exercise), or remained seated with no exercise for 45 min (Control). Subjects were then cooled again. The core temperature thresholds for both vasoconstriction and shivering increased significantly by 0.2 degrees C Post-Exercise (P < 0.05). Because the Tsk at the onset of vasoconstriction and shivering was different during Pre- and Post-Exercise Cooling, we compensated mathematically for changes in skin temperatures using the established linear cutaneous contribution of skin to the control of vasoconstriction and shivering (20%). The calculated core temperature threshold (at a designated skin temperature of 32.0 degrees C) for vasoconstriction increased significantly from 37.1 (0.3) degrees C to 37.5 ( 0.3) degrees C post-exercise (P < 0.05). Likewise, the shivering threshold increased from 36.2 (0.3) degrees C to 36.5 (0.3) degrees C post-exercise (P < 0.05). In contrast to the post-exercise increase in cold thermal response thresholds, sequential measurements demonstrated a time-dependent similarity in the Pre- and Post-Control thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering. These data indicate that exercise has a prolonged effect on the post-exercise thresholds for both cold thermoregulatory responses.     

Induced oogenesis of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in freshwater condition

European eel is a catadromous fish species, which means that after living in freshwater premature individuals adapt to sea water, and migrate to the Sargasso Sea for spawning. Although male eel can be sexually matured even in freshwater, to date, it was believed that female eel can be matured only in seawater. Here we show that the process of sexual maturation may be induced in freshwater by treating female eels with carp pituitary (GSI = 9.87 ± 1.55%). It is thus proposed that seawater condition is not an obligatory environment for stimulating gametogenesis and for artificial maturation of the European eel in neither gender.     

高温对珍贵绢丝昆虫——天蚕睾丸生长发育的影响

研究结果表明,高温对天蚕（Ａｎｔｈｅｒａｅａ ｙａｍａｍａｉ）睾丸生长发育有明显影响。３、４龄幼虫睾丸大小在２０～２９℃范围内随温度提高而增大,３２℃下则略有下降;５龄幼虫睾丸大小在２０～２６℃范围内随温度提高而减小,其中以２０℃下的睾丸极显著为大,在２９℃和３２℃下幼虫难以生存,睾丸几乎不可能发育。在茧蛹期,不论在刚结茧还是在化蛹第１天和第６天经受３２℃高温持续处理,睾丸大小增长、精子发生明显受     

Development, survival and reproduction of black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as a function of temperature

The development, survival, and reproduction of the black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) were evaluated at ten constant temperatures (4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35 degrees C). Development was limited at 4 and 35 degrees C. Between 7 and 32 degrees C, developmental periods of immature stages varied from 44.2 days at 7 degrees C to 5.3 days at 28 degrees C. Overall immature development required 129.9 degree-days above 3.8 degrees C. The upper temperature thresholds of 32.3, 28.6, 29.3, 27.2, and 28.6 degrees C were determined from a non-linear biophysical model for the development of instars 1-4 and overall immature stages, respectively. Immature survivorship varied from 82.1 to 97.7% within the temperature range of 10-30 degrees C. However, immature survivorship was reduced to 26.3% at 7 degrees C and 33.1% at 32 degrees C. Mean adult longevity was the longest (44.2 days) at 15 degrees C and the shortest (6.2 days) at 32 degrees C. The predicted upper temperature limit for adult survivorship was at 32.3 degrees C. Total nymph production increased from 16.3 nymphs per female at 10 degrees C to 58.7 nymphs per female at 20 degrees C, declining to 6.1 nymphs per female at 32 degrees C. The estimation of lower and upper temperature limits for reproduction was at 8.2 and 32.5 degrees C, respectively. The population reared at 28 degrees C had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.394), the shortest population doubling time (1.8 days), and shortest mean generation time (9.5 days) compared with the populations reared at six other temperatures. The population reared at 20 degrees C had the highest net reproductive rate (54.6). The theoretical lower and upper temperature limits for population development, survival and reproduction were estimated at 9.4 and 30.4 degrees C, respectively. The biology of T. aurantii was also compared with three other citrus aphid species.