蝉拟青霉菌丝体与天然蝉花中化学成分的比较分析

以天然蝉花Cordyceps cicadae做对比,对一株蝉拟青霉Paecilomyces cicadae菌株发酵菌丝体的化学成分进行了分析,包括粗成分、生物活性成分、无机元素、氨基酸、脂肪酸等。结果表明:蝉拟青霉菌丝体中虫草多糖的含量为33.2mg/g,甘露醇的含量为78.9mg/g,麦角甾醇的含量为0.6256mg/g,腺苷的含量为1.0620mg/g,钙、铁、锌、硒和锰微量元素的含量分别为5187.59μg/g、207.23μg/g、41.93μg/g、0.087μg/g和28.24μg/g,18种氨基酸齐全,不饱和脂肪酸是优势脂肪酸,以亚麻油酸、油酸为主,其相对含量分别为53.91%和20.63%,与天然蝉花相比,发酵菌丝体中虫草多糖、甘露醇、麦角甾醇、腺苷、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显高于后者,其它化学成分和天然蝉花中相应成分基本一致。     

蝉拟青霉菌丝体与天然蝉花中化学成分的比较分析

以天然蝉花Cordyceps cicadae做对比,对一株蝉拟青霉Paecilomyces cicadae菌株发酵菌丝体的化学成分进行了分析,包括粗成分、生物活性成分、无机元素、氨基酸、脂肪酸等。结果表明:蝉拟青霉菌丝体中虫草多糖的含量为33.2mg/g,甘露醇的含量为78.9mg/g,麦角甾醇的含量为0.6256mg/g,腺苷的含量为1.0620mg/g,钙、铁、锌、硒和锰微量元素的含量分别为5187.59μg/g、207.23μg/g、41.93μg/g、0.087μg/g和28.24μg/g,18种氨基酸齐全,不饱和脂肪酸是优势脂肪酸,以亚麻油酸、油酸为主,其相对含量分别为53.91%和20.63%,与天然蝉花相比,发酵菌丝体中虫草多糖、甘露醇、麦角甾醇、腺苷、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显高于后者,其它化学成分和天然蝉花中相应成分基本一致。     

正红菇深层培养菌丝体与野生子实体有效成份的分析比较*

本文分析比较了正红菇深层培养菌丝体和野生子实体有效成份的含量和组成及抑菌作用。结果表明:正红菇深层培养菌丝体和野生子实体均含有蛋白质、多糖、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、挥发性物质、麦角固醇及抑菌活性物质等多种有效成份,其组成基本一致,但菌丝体在多种成份的含量上略低于子实体。     

蛹虫草对锌的耐性与富集特征

在培养基内添加不同量的锌,研究其对蛹虫草子实体的形成、子实体和菌丝体生物量、子实体多糖含量和葡萄糖含量的影响,以及蛹虫草子实体和菌丝体对锌的富集能力。结果表明锌对上述各项都有影响。液体培养条件下,锌浓度在453906mg/L范围内可以促进菌丝体生长,锌浓度超过4077mg/L时,菌丝生长受到抑制。培养基锌的浓度在4077mg/L以下时,蛹虫草菌丝体锌的富集量随着液体培养基锌浓度的提高而提高。固体培养条件下,锌含量在226453mg/kg范围内可以促进蛹虫草子实体生长,并且在此含量范围内,蛹虫草子实体中葡萄糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在680906mg/kg时,子实体多糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在2038mg/kg以下时,蛹虫草子实体中锌的富集量随着培养基锌含量的提高而提高,在培养基锌含量为2038mg/kg时,子实体中锌的含量达到28570mg/kg(干重)。     

四种子囊菌甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性研究

比较了冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis、古尼虫草Cordyceps gunnii、蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris、黑柄炭角菌Xylaria nigripes等四种子囊菌提取物的抗氧化活性,对它们的子实体(F)和菌丝体(M)甲醇提取物清除DPPH自由基能力、还原力、金属离子鳌合能力和总酚含量进行了测定,结果显示四种子囊菌子实体的自由基清除能力、还原力和总酚含量均高于其菌丝体(P0.05),但四种子囊菌子实体的DPPH清除能力不存在显著差异(P0.05);古尼虫草和蛹虫草子实体的还原力和总酚含量显著高于冬虫夏草和黑柄炭角菌子实体(P0.05),但前两者之间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力、还原力呈正相关。     

平菇菌丝体与子实体营养成分的分析比较

采用现代化学分析手段对平菇菌丝体和子实体的营养成分进行分析比较。结果表明,用PDA固体培养的菌丝体的灰分、可溶物、总糖和粗蛋白的含量均明显低于子实体,而粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量则显著高于子实体;菌丝体的Fe、Ca、Zn的含量显著高于子实体,而Mg和K的含量明显低于子实体,Na的含量两者比较接近;菌丝体和子实体的氨基酸组成相似,都含有17种氨基酸,但子实体的各氨基酸的含量均高于菌丝体,从各项氨基酸含量的比值来看,菌丝体则更优于子实体。两者都不失是极好的营养食品源。     

人工培养蛹虫草与野生冬虫夏草氨基酸含量的比较

对人工培养蛹虫草与青海产野生冬虫夏草的氨基酸含量进行测定,结果表明:野生冬虫夏草中所含有的各种氨基酸,在人工培养虫草的子实体及菌丝体中都有存在;且后者的精氨酸及脯氨酸含量明显高于野生冬虫夏草。由此为鉴定人工培养虫草的质量,进一步为工业规模开发与利用人工培养虫草,提供了科学理论依据。     

蛹虫草化学成份测定

大米栽培的蛹虫草（Cordycepsmilitaris）子实体化学成份测定结果、含有蛋白质、脂肪、糖类,有多种无机元素和维生素,18种氨基酸齐全,以及虫草酸,虫草菌素,虫草多糖和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等特殊化学成份,含量丰富,对身体具有滋补保健作用。     

蛹虫草子实体中甘露醇含量的测定

建立了HPLC法测定蛹虫草子实体中甘露醇含量的方法。通过比较提取溶剂、提取方式及提取时间等条件对甘露醇提取效果的影响,确定甘露醇分析的前处理方法为:1g子实体粉中加入150 mL 90%乙醇热回流提取1h。采用SUGAR SP0810柱(300 mm×8 mm)为分析柱,超纯水为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温70℃,示差折光检测器检测,进样量10μL。甘露醇在0.04-9.9 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为y=103860x+2183.9(r=0.9999),平均回收率为104.27%,RSD=2.19%(n=9)。本方法准确度高,稳定性、精密度、重现性好,适用于蛹虫草子实体中甘露醇含量的分析。     

蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝体胞内多糖成分分析

比较蝉虫草子实体、孢梗束、虫体以及蝉虫草发酵菌丝体的胞内多糖含量、单糖组成和分子量差异,结果表明,蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝中胞内多糖的含量和组成均存在差异。葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖是蝉虫草发酵菌丝体和子实体粗多糖中主要的3种单糖,阿拉伯糖和木糖是子实体粗多糖中的特征性单糖,而果糖属于菌丝体的特征性单糖。子实体粗多糖中高分子量组分（>1×10 ⁶Da）的相对含量明显高于菌丝体粗多糖。本研究对提升蝉虫草发酵多糖产品品质、促进蝉虫草开发应用具有参考价值。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.