干细胞医治某些顽症

干细胞的“干”源自英文“stem”,意为“树干”和“起源”,类似于一棵树干,可以长出树权,树叶,开花和结果等。干细胞的研究以及应用干细胞技术来修复坏死组织的干细胞生物工程是最具有生命活力的生命科技领域。干细胞是一群原始的细胞,最显著的生物学特性是既有自我更新和不断     

编者按: 干细胞研究与人类健康

干细胞作为一种具有再生各种组织器官潜能的组织细胞,在器官移植、细胞治疗、组织工程、生殖医学等多个领域的基础研究与临床应用前景广泛。干细胞研究已经成为国内外生物学研究的热点,并且是我国“十二五”期间重点支持的研究领域。为促进国家干细胞研究领域的发展,我国政府于2011年10月专门成立了国家干细胞研究指导协调委员会,以统一指导和协调我国干细胞研究领域的发展。中国科学院从2011年启动“干细胞与再生医学”先导专项,对“十二五”期间中国科学院干细胞领域的专项研究进行了重点部署。 随着科研投入力度的加大,近年来我国干细胞研究进展迅速,许多研究成果已经走在世界前沿。本刊对干细胞领域的研究也十分关注,2009年以来共发表有关论文20余篇,涉及到干细胞分化、造血干细胞、肿瘤干细胞、神经干细胞及重编程研究等多个研究方向。为促进对该领域现状及发展的了解,本期汇集了3篇述评和1篇研究论文,作为干细胞研究专题发表,以飨读者。本专题对诱导性多能干细胞、体细胞重编程、干细胞遗传操作技术等3个方面的现状和发展进行了评述,并报道了间充质干细胞成骨分化机理方面的研究成果,反映了目前干细胞研究的一个侧面。刘光慧等主要评介了基于人多潜能干细胞的人类疾病机理与治疗研究的进展,分析了该领域研究成果为人类疾病的发病机制研究和再生医学治疗带来的革命性突破。张毅等简要概括了体细胞重编程的主要方法, 并重点评介了细胞提取物处理技术的研究进展,初步阐明该技术的原理和机制,为其应用奠定基础。孟姝总结了大鼠胚胎干细胞遗传操作技术的研究进展,基于大鼠胚胎干细胞的基因敲除模型的建立,将在揭示基因的生理功能、研究人类疾病的遗传机制以及寻找新药物靶标的过程中发挥更加重要的作用。袁军等研究发现,BMP9可通过p38激酶途径调控间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化,进一步揭示了BMP9诱导和调控间充质干细胞成骨分化的机理。 本刊欢迎和期待更多、更好的有关干细胞研究的来稿,以更广泛和深入地促进我国干细胞研究领域的学术交流。     

机械力及力学信号转导影响干细胞命运的研究进展

干细胞作为一种未分化的祖细胞,目前已被广泛应用于开展组织损伤修复、再生以及干细胞特异谱系分化的研究.大量研究表明,干细胞所处的微环境对调控干细胞的生长和分化具有重要作用,多种溶液介质、细胞外基质和信号通路等参与了干细胞命运的调控.尽管已有大量研究证明,溶液介质(如激素和生长因子)在干细胞的生长和分化中发挥重要作用,但近年来越来越多的研究表明,机械力及力学信号转导同样在干细胞自我更新、分化、衰老和凋亡等细胞生理过程中起到重要的作用.本文将对机械应力响应的细胞基础、生物力学及力学信号调控干细胞自我更新和分化,以及生物力学调控干细胞命运可能的作用机制几个方面加以综述.     

胚胎干细胞体外分化为造血干细胞

造血干细胞移植已成为治疗白血病、再生障碍性贫血、重症免疫缺陷征、地中海贫血、急性放射病、某些恶性实体瘤和淋巴瘤等造血及免疫系统功能障碍性疾病的成熟技术和重要手段,另外这一技术还被尝试用于治疗艾滋病,已取得积极的效果。但是由于移植需要配型相同的供体,并且过程复杂,使得造血干细胞移植因缺少配型相同的供体来源以及费用昂贵而不能被广泛应用。胚胎干细胞是一种能够在体外保持未分化状态并且能进行无限增殖的细胞,在适合条件下能够分化为体内各种类型的细胞,研究胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞,不仅可作为研究动物的早期造血发生的模型,而且可以增加造血干细胞的来源,还可以通过基因剔除、治疗性克隆等方法来解决移植排斥的问题,从而为造血干细胞移植的发展扫除了障碍,因此有着重要的研究价值和应用前景。现对胚胎干细胞体外分化为造血干细胞的诱导方法,诱导过程中的调控机制,并对胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞的存在问题和发展前景进行讨论。     

干细胞生物工程的研究

在实现对人类基因组进行大规模测序的科学重大突破后,生命科学领域内最有价值、最具应用前景,而且最具有影响力的研究课题之一就是细胞生物学以及干细胞生物工程。本文阐述了干细胞领域的概念、种类,总结了干细胞生物工程的临床应用前景。     

世界各国干细胞治疗相关政策与规划分析

随着生物技术的迅速发展,干细胞（stem cell）作为具有复制和多向分化功能的集体起源细胞,对人体发育、衰老和疾病的治疗有着巨大的作用,受到世界各国的普遍关注。自从20世纪末美国Science（《科学》）杂志两年连续两次将干细胞生物学和干细胞生物工程评为世界十大科学成就之首以来,干细胞领域就持续成为国内外医学和生物学研究的热点。人们期待着干细胞技术能很快产业化,形成治疗产品,用来重建和修复病变或衰老的组织器官。     

探寻干细胞的多潜能性

研究人员鉴定了在干细胞研究中调节自我更新和分化的关键因素。多潜能干细胞能分化为“在体内生长为所有细胞类型的”子细胞，或者能被刺激分化为一种专门的状态。2006年，两个研究组分别发表了热点文章，开始揭示“控制多潜能性分化决定”的调控网络。     

诱导MSCs向成骨细胞分化相关因素研究现状

骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal steml cells,MSCs)是干细胞家族的重要成员,是一类具有自我增殖和多项分化潜能的多能干细胞.MSCs定向分化为成骨细胞将可能为包括骨缺损、骨折不愈合、股骨头坏死等多种骨科难治性疾病的治疗带来一场革新.本文主要介绍了化学因素、生物因素、他汀类药物、物理因素、转基因技术以及中医药等相关因素诱导MSCs向成骨细胞分化的研究现状.     

精原干细胞的生命历程

精原干细胞是动物体内的一种成体干细胞,在睾丸微环境中可以像胚胎干细胞一样具有增殖、分化潜能。近年来借助于各种细胞学技术,人们对精原干细胞在不同睾丸微环境中的分化和发育状况进行了深入研究,睾丸内不同种类细胞间的相互作用以及特定微环境对干细胞转分化的影响,已成为本领域的热点核心内容。将从精原干细胞生命历程的角度讨论该过程中所取得的研究成果和存在的问题。     

干细胞与再生医学研究进展

干细胞具有分化成为体内所有类型细胞的能力,因此,其在再生医学治疗、体外疾病模拟、药物筛选等方面具有广阔的应用前景。干细胞技术在近些年取得了突飞猛进的发展,特别是诱导多能性干细胞的出现使干细胞领域经历了一场巨大的变革。我国干细胞研究在这场干细胞技术变革中取得了多项重大成果,逐渐成为了世界干细胞研究领域中的重要力量。本综述着重介绍近几年来,主要是诱导多能性干细胞技术出现之后,我国在干细胞和再生医学领域取得的重要进展,主要涵盖诱导多能性干细胞、转分化、单倍体干细胞以及基因修饰动物模型和基因治疗等方面。     

成体干细胞研究进展

近年来由于成体干细胞研究技术的突破 ,成体干细胞的多向分化潜能日益为人们所关注。尤其“横向分化”的发现 ,不仅更新了对成体干细胞的传统认识 ,而且为其临床疾病治疗奠定了基础。介绍了成体干细胞的特点及分化潜能 ,并对其临床应用作了概括性讨论。     

BMP signaling and stem cell regulation

Stem cells play an essential role in cellular specialization and pattern formation during embryogenesis and in tissue regeneration in adults. This is mainly due to a stem cell's ability to replenish itself (self-renewal) and, at the same time, produce differentiated progeny. Realization of these special stem cell features has changed the prospective of the field. However, regulation of stem cell self-renewal and maintenance of its potentiality require a complicated regulatory network of both extracellular cues and intrinsic programs. Understanding how signaling regulates stem cell behavior will shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell self-renewal. In this review, we focus on comparing the progress of recent research regarding the roles of the BMP signaling pathway in different stem cell systems, including embryonic stem cells, germline stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and intestinal stem cells. We hope this comparison, together with a brief look at other signaling pathways, will bring a more balanced view of BMP signaling in regulation of stem cell properties, and further point to a general principle that self-renewal of stem cells may require a combination of maintenance of proliferation potential, inhibition of apoptosis, and blocking of differentiation.     

干细胞的异常分化与肿瘤发生

干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞群体。越来越多的研究表明,干细胞异常分化可导致肿瘤。并且在肿瘤组织中存在部分细胞,它们具有干细胞的多种特性,被称为肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell,CSC)。肿瘤干细胞理论的提出,为肿瘤的治疗与研究提供了新的方向。本文综述了正常干细胞异常分化、肿瘤干细胞的存在和特性、肿瘤干细胞靶向治疗的前景及所面临的问题等方面的研究进展。     

The role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration

After myocardial infarction, injured cardiomyocytes are replaced by fibrotic tissue promoting the development of heart failure. Cell transplantation has emerged as a potential therapy and stem cells may be an important and powerful cellular source. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into true cardiomyocytes, making them in principle an unlimited source of transplantable cells for cardiac repair, although immunological and ethical constraints exist. Somatic stem cells are an attractive option to explore for transplantation as they are autologous, but their differentiation potential is more restricted than embryonic stem cells. Currently, the major sources of somatic cells used for basic research and in clinical trials originate from the bone marrow. The differentiation capacity of different populations of bone marrow-derived stem cells into cardiomyocytes has been studied intensively. The results are rather confusing and difficult to compare, since different isolation and identification methods have been used to determine the cell population studied. To date, only mesenchymal stem cells seem to form cardiomyocytes, and only a small percentage of this population will do so in vitro or in vivo. A newly identified cell population isolated from cardiac tissue, called cardiac progenitor cells, holds great potential for cardiac regeneration. Here we discuss the potential of the different cell populations and their usefulness in stem cell based therapy to repair the damaged heart.     

Aspects on properties, use and ethical considerations of embryonic stem cells – A short review

Mammalian embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into all cell types of an adult individual. The culturing of human embryonic stem cells renders possible studies that were previously only available in animal models. Embryonic stem cells constitute a particularly attractive tool for studies of self-renewal, commitment, differentiation, maturation and cell-cell interaction. There is currently considerable hope that studies of embryonic stem cells will lead to new therapies; either by themselves, through cell replacement strategies, or by generating results assisting other fields of research to reach clinical results. There are, however, considerable challenges to be met before embryonic stem cells can be used in large-scale clinical trials.Stem cell research is an area that has given rise to much debate internationally, within science, law and politics as well as within philosophy and ethics. The ethical attitudes expressed in the public debate over stem cell research notably divide over three important distinctions: (1) Reproductive versus therapeutic cloning; (2) Using already existing embryos versus producing new embryos for research purposes; (3) Production of embryos from eggs and sperm versus through somatic-cell nuclear transfer. The potential medical benefits that may result from embryonic stem cell research arguably support a continued development in this area. However, some opponents argue that this research offends the (relative or absolute) moral status of an unborn human. Furthermore, the research would probably prove to be a both time-consuming and very expensive method for treating disease. Thus, the questions arise whom the new technique wouldbenefit and at what cost, if ever developed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

干细胞巢研究进展

干细胞巢即干细胞周围的微环境构成,一般包括干细胞的相邻细胞、粘附分子及基质等,但不同的干细胞有不同的巢结构。干细胞巢通过不同信号途径调控着干细胞的行为,使干细胞的自我更新和分化处于平衡状态。根据近年来有关干细胞巢的研究,本文从果蝇生殖系干细胞巢、哺乳动物造血干细胞巢、肠干细胞巢、毛囊表皮干细胞巢和神经干细胞巢等五个系统分别综述了干细胞巢的构成及其对干细胞的调节作用,探讨了干细胞巢作用于干细胞的内在机制。     

GATA转录因子家族在细胞命运调控中的作用

在胚胎发育过程中,组织器官的形成依赖于干细胞在空间与时间上正确的定向分化、增殖,以及中间细胞的凋亡.这一细胞命运决定的过程必须被严格精确地调控,从而保证胚胎发育过程中组织器官形成得以顺利地进行.在此过程中,GATA转录因子家族扮演了不可或缺的角色,它们在胚层分化、造血系统和心脏形成、胸腺和肠道发育以及肿瘤发生中都起到了重要的作用.本文结合目前对GATA转录因子家族的研究和本课题组实验结果,介绍其在干细胞分化和维持,以及它们在细胞重编程中所起的作用.     

诱导性多能干细胞向神经细胞分化的研究进展

诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,iPS cell)是通过转染外源特定的基因组合来诱导成体细胞重编程为类似于胚胎干细胞的一种多潜能干细胞,iPS细胞与胚胎干细胞不仅在形态上相似,而且在功能方面几乎相同.另外,iPS细胞的诞生克服了胚胎干细胞在临床应用时涉及的移植免疫排斥与伦理道德问题,因此具有重要的临床应用价值.目前iPS在治疗中枢神经系统性疾病方面的研究已取得很大进展,包括iPS细胞向神经细胞诱导分化方法的改进、分化机理的探索以及iPS细胞分化来源神经细胞在神经系统疾病模型中治疗作用的研究等.从iPS细胞的创建及特点、iPS细胞向神经细胞分化的诱导方法及研究新进展方面予以综述.     

Stem cells and regenerative medicine

Stem cells have been defined as clonogenic cells that undergo both self-renewal and differentiation to more committed progenitors and functionally specialized mature cells. Of late years, stem cells have been identified in a variety of tissues of an adult body. Depending on the source, they have the potential to form one or more, or even all cell types of an organism. Stem cell research provided some outstanding contributions to our understanding of developmental biology and offered much hope for cell replacement therapies overcoming a variety of diseases. The establishment of human ES cell lines enabled us to generate all tissues we comprise. Recently, excitement has been evoked by the controversial evidence that adult stem cells have a much higher degree of developmental plasticity than previously imagined. More recently, the existence of multipotent somatic stem cells in bone marrow has been reported. Combined with these discoveries and achievements as well as the developing technologies, scientists are now trying to bring stem cell therapies to the clinic.