世界上第一座象的“孤儿院”

1974年斯里兰卡建立了一座,世界上第一个象的“孤儿院”。这座“孤儿院”曾饲养过12只失去母象的幼象。据该国野生动物专家说,这个“孤儿院”不仅是失去母象的幼象避难所,而且还是挽救这个国家里,正在逐渐减少的3500只象的象群。该国每年要减少200只     

社群压力对圈养雌性亚洲象动情的影响

亚洲象是中国一级濒危保护动物,改善圈养亚洲象的繁殖状况是亚洲象保护工作的重要内容之一。本研究旨在通过分析社群压力对圈养雌性亚洲象应激和动情状况的影响,从而探究圈养雌性亚洲象长期不动情的原因。通过放射性免疫法检测雌性亚洲象尿液中皮质醇、孕酮和雌二醇水平以及粪便中皮质醇和雌二醇水平,以雌激素水平反映亚洲象的动情状况,以皮质醇水平反映亚洲象的应激状态,以争斗行为和友好行为的发生情况反映圈养群体的社群压力。研究发现：(1)处于优势地位的个体表现出更多的斗争行为,处于从属地位的个体受到更多的攻击行为;(2)优势个体的皮质醇水平显著高于处于从属地位个体的皮质醇水平;(3)优势个体的雌二醇和孕酮具有小幅周期性波动,而从属个体的雌二醇和孕酮水平没有表现出明显的波动。从本研究结果可以看出圈养亚洲象群体中优势个体对从属个体的行为抑制可能是导致从属个体雌激素水平低,长期不能参与繁殖的原因。     

西双版纳野生亚洲象的觅食行为

以西双版纳勐养自然保护区的野象谷为基本监测点,通过定点摄像观察和跟踪观察,采用全事件取样、焦点动物取样和扫描取样相结合的方法,从2003 年8 月到2004 年7 月对三岔河地区野生亚洲象的觅食行为进行初步研究。发现野生亚洲象的雌性成体和未成年个体选择集群采食,而成年雄象一般单独采食,亚洲象在昼夜间的采食行为没有显著性差异,且有多种采食方式;采食农作物主要在夜间进行。亚洲象对主要采食地点采取循环利用的方式,这既提高了食物的数量和质量,又有利于热带雨林生态系统的更新与演化。     

江西萍乡上栗杨家湾洞晚更新世长鼻类化石:兼论东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合

江西萍乡杨家湾1、2号洞出土了40余种哺乳动物化石,其中包括剑齿象和亚洲象,其地质时代为更新世晚期。杨家湾洞的剑齿象化石包括DP2, DP3, DP4, M1, M3, dp3, m2和m3等40余件;根据形态特征和测量数据,可将其归入东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis);在形态方面最显著特征是乳齿的宽/长比值较大、每个齿脊上乳突数目较少和白垩质层不发育。亚洲象化石只发现2件齿板,其特征和大小均与现生亚洲象(Elephas maximus)的一致;此外,2号洞还出土了1件门齿残段;我国南方更新世的长鼻类化石多为颊齿,门齿则报道较少;首次观察了我国化石象类门齿施氏线,其外施氏角为136°,该数值在剑齿象和亚洲象的变化范围之内,因此,仅藉此特征很难将其归入二者之一。东方剑齿象的地质分布纵贯整个更新世,但亚洲象在我国的初现时间却至今不明,其根本原因是对早–中更新世亚洲象(古菱齿象)的分类、演化问题没有很好解决;不过,在晚更新世,亚洲象已在我国南方广泛分布;依据现生亚洲象可能出现的时间判断,东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合在我国南方地区的分布时间应当是在中更新世晚期至晚更新世末期,并以晚更新世最为常见。剑齿象出现于我国南方第四纪各个时期,早更新世甚至在北方少数地点发现;真象类在早更新世期间在南方地区缺失,而中–晚更新世时却几乎遍布全国(高山地区除外)。这种时空分布上的变化,究竟是长鼻类自身演化的结果还是由环境变化所致,目前还不清楚。     

西双版纳三岔河地区野生亚洲象的个体识别、种群数量和活动特点

2004 年10 月至2005 年10 月,在云南西双版纳三岔河野象谷用直接观察、拍照、摄像等方法直接记录野生亚洲象的形态学特征,通过耳、门齿、背、尾、疤痕、面部骨骼等特征对经过本地区的象群和独象进行个体识别并建立个体信息库。直接观测记录野象524 头次,通过照片资料和访问间接记录289 头次,识别为46 头个体,由7 个家族(庭)群共38 头和8 头单独活动的雄象组成;发现象群和独象的活动具有季节性;不同象群在野象谷的活动频次差异显著;象群大小和其在本地区的活动频率之间呈明显的正相关。     

圈养亚洲象的刻板行为初探

2011年1月、7月、10～12月,采用事件记录法记录并分析了成都动物园圈养的2只(1♀1 ♂)亚洲象的刻板行为发生频次(次·h-1)和持续时间.结果表明,在刻板行为类型及其时间分配格局中,雌象以摇头最多,占73.93％,而雄象则以刻板踱步最多,占69.58％.雌象和雄象的刻板行为的发生频次和持续时间均是下午(12:00～17:00)多于上午(9:00～11:00);刻板行为持续时间最长的时间段均是16:00～17:00,雌象和雄象的刻板行为发生频次和持续时间还存在个体差异性.     

西双版纳亚洲象食物源基地对缓解人象冲突的效应

建设食物源基地的目的是招引亚洲象返回保护区深处而减少周边村寨的人象冲突.2005-2010年对勐养子保护区食物源基地内亚洲象活动的监测数据进行统计,分析亚洲象在基地的活动规律,结合基地周边村寨的亚洲象肇事情况,研究了基地对亚洲象和周边村寨的影响,以探讨基地对缓解人象冲突的效应.结果表明:基地提供大量食物招引亚洲象,对缓解人象冲突有一定作用;亚洲象在基地活动的月节律和日节律与当地农作物的播种、成熟时间以及日常劳作时序基本一致;食物匮乏时,亚洲象取食引种的外来植物王草,或是进入周边村寨取食作物,并出现距离基地越近,亚洲象肇事越严重的现象.因此,认为食物源基地建设应格外关注其位置布局和更恰当的植物配置.     

云南思茅亚洲象对栖息地的选择与利用

以思茅市境内栖居的一个由5 头雌象(3 头成年体, 1 头亚成体, 1 头幼体) 组成的象群为研究对象, 利用痕迹追踪、样线调查和村庄调查等方法对野生亚洲象的栖息地选择和行为进行了初步研究。在栖息地中共记录到野生高等植物457 种, 组成5 种植被类型。旱季象群的活动区域面积是35.67 km² , 该活动区域中有3 个核心活动区, 面积分别是3.65 km² , 2.79 km² 和3.29 km² , 象群对此3 个活动核心区域循环利用; 在旱季亚洲象经常取食19种野生植物, 其中主要取食的有8 种, 还取食7 种农作物, 对农作物有一定依赖性, 这种依赖的程度随着农田周围森林中野生食物丰富程度的增加而降低; 在季雨林中亚洲象主要取食的植物种类最丰富。雨季象群的活动区域面积是18.42 km² , 该区域中只有1 个核心活动区, 面积9.08 km² 。雨季亚洲象只取食5 种野生植物, 另取食5 种农作物, 农作物为其雨季主要食物。研究结果表明, 思茅地区亚洲象栖息地中的野生食物可能不足, 人类活动对亚洲象的生存干扰较为严重, 亚洲象的行为表现出对栖息地内食物条件和人类干扰的适应。建议尽快遏止日益严重的栖息地片断化趋势, 恢复自然植被并为亚洲象提供充足的野生食物是保护该物种的关键。     

幼年长江江豚的行为谱(英文)

采用焦点动物跟踪法及连续记录法,观察了人工饲养条件下一头幼年长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)的水下以及半自然条件下两头幼豚的水面行为型式。观察时间最长持续至出生后一年,以构建其行为谱。结果显示:1)所有幼豚都能表现出丰富多样且活跃的行为型式;2)幼豚刚出生时,与存活攸关的行为型式最先出现;3)具有玩耍和社居性质的行为型式在行为谱中占大部分;4)幼豚大部分行为型式已与其他年龄段个体的相似;5)大部分行为型式出现在生命的早期阶段。以上特征可能是这种动物对水生和社居生活的适应。     

基于红外相机技术对亚洲象个体识别和种群数量的评估

以云南西双版纳国家级自然保护区尚勇子保护区内亚洲象种群为研究对象,通过自动红外照相技术,估算了该地区亚洲象的最小种群数量。本研究于2016年1月,在研究区域内共布设了27个相机位点,野外安放时间为4个月。调查期间,每台相机的有效捕获日为9-52d不等（均值为24d）,红外相机有效捕获日621d,拍摄到亚洲象照片共1944张。通过红外相机照片开展个体识别,最终估算出尚勇保护区内亚洲象的最小种群数量为69头（其中成年象38头,亚成象15头,幼象16头）。拍到7头活动于中国-老挝边境区域的跨境象群。本文探讨利用红外相机拍摄的亚洲象照片进行个体识别的方法,指出与常规调查方法相比较的优势和不足,作为快速、实时有效的种群评估方法的价值。研究结果丰富了保护区内亚洲象种群数据库,为研究、制定和开展亚洲象保护行动提供重要支撑。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.