关于一些植物学术语的中译等问题(三)

(1)确定rhizome的中文译名“根状茎”符合此术语的定义,同时认为另一中文译名“根茎”不符合有关定义,且易引起误解,应予废弃。(2)介绍了在中国植物学文献中稀见的2种属于有限花序类的花序类型,有限伞形花序和有限头状花序。根据有关欧美专家的花序研究,介绍了在中国植物学文献中放在无限花序类的隐头花序和柔荑花序系由聚伞花序演化而出,而应属于有限花序类的论断; 同时,作者提出楼梯草属梨序楼梯草组的雄隐头花序系由同属的骤尖楼梯草组的有限头状花序演化而出的论点。     

关于一些植物学术语的中译等问题（二）

（１）在各种花对称的分类中,Ｅｈｒｅｎｄｏｒｆｅｒ的分类包括了被子植物花对称方面从原始到进化的各种类型,最为全面广德国学者Ｓｔｒａｓｂｕｒｅｒ在１９１１年编著的第１１版植物学教科书中将具２对称面的荷包牡丹属的花称为ｂｉｌａｔｅｒａｌ或ｄｉｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｓｃｈ．这个类型代表了被子植物花的一种较进化的构造,应该予以肯定。由于被指定为描述具２对称面的花的术语ｂｉｌａｔｅｒａｌ与被指定为描述具丑对称面的花的术语ｂｉｌａｔｅｒａｌｌｙｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌ颇为相似,而易引起混淆．为避兔发生混淆．建议不再应用这二术语．在描述具２对称面的花时,选用ｄｉｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌ,中文译为双面对称的,在描述具１对称面的花时,选用ｚｙｇｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ（左右对称的）或ｍｏｎｏｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌ,后者的中文可译为单面对称的。（２）赞同将术语ｔｅｐａｌ译为花被片,而不赞同译为“被片”。     

一些花序的新定义和一个新的花序分类系统——植物学教材质疑(六)

花序是生花的分枝结构或系统,通常是被子植物科的重要特征,与传粉密切相关。花序教学的困难可能来自各教材在花序定义和分类上存在的问题。本文重新定义了一些花序类型,如有限和无限花序、伞房花序、轮伞花序,也澄清了伞形花序、柔荑花序、头状花序和隐头花序等花序分类上的一些混乱。笔者提议将花簇生和因花序退化而形成的单花列为花序类型。最后,本文提出了一个新的花序分类系统,增加了一些分类单元。     

芋(Colocasia esculenta)的民族植物学

应用民族植物学的基本原理和方法,选择中国云南和山东为试点,兼顾其他省区,开展芋[Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schott]的民族植物学研究.结果表明:在云南传统栽种芋的菜园和农地被高附加值的经济作物所代替,芋在不同民族家庭中的地位也从传统作为主食变成蔬菜或杂粮;在山东已形成芋的产业化、标准化生产的格局,芋在汉族农家经济中的地位得到提升.在云南分布有芋的野生近缘种、半栽培种、栽培品种,种质资源丰富;在山东未发现芋的野生类型,以旱芋类型的多子芋栽培品种为主.由于经济的发展和主流文化的影响,民间对芋的植物崇拜及植物崇拜文化丢失的速度大大加剧.在古朴的传统食芋文化中,蕴含着丰富的关于芋植物资源利用和保护的传统知识和朴素的科学内涵,需要进行深入的挖掘和探讨.     

关于水生植物的一系列问题——植物学教材质疑(三)

许多植物学教材对水生植物的论述有待修正.关于水生植物,特别是浮水植物和沉水植物的定义,有些教材表述不够严谨.同时,在代表植物的选择及其插入的叶解剖图上,一些教材也存在不少问题.此外,水生植物适应综合征是学习的重点,但一些教材出现错误观点.针对上述问题,本文提出了一些修改建议;并且,在沉水植物的教学中,设计了探究式教学方...     

香港1993-2009年水果市场动态研究——香港动态经济植物学研究(三)

该文报告了1993-2009年香港水果市场的几种情况:(1)香港农产品由本地生产的数量少,绝大部分依靠进口;(2)水果是众多农产品中进口价值最高一类产品,每年进口价值比进口蔬菜加大米总和还要多;(3)在50多种水果品种中,占总进口量90%的19种水果进口情况;(4)各种水果来自全球65个国家,进口值最多的15个国家进口水果情况;(5)由中国内地进口的水果从1993年占总进口值14%到2009年下降至5%。并对这几种水果市场情况进行了讨论。     

关于《中国植物志》中鹿药(百合科)花特征的纠正

根据野外调查,同时结合文献分析,指出《中国植物志》和Flora of China中关于百合科(Liliaceae)鹿药花部特征描述存在的问题,并提出修改建议。此外,对其学名进行了简要讨论。     

植物学(被子植物分类部分) 教材中若干问题的商榷

本文对《植物学(被子植物分类部分)》教材(吴国芳等,1992)中如下问题与同行商榷：(1)关于克朗奎斯特(Cronquist)的被子植物分类系统;(2)关于金鱼藻科(Ceratophyllaceae)的分类位置;(3)关于被子植物分类原则;(4)关于插图与特征描述是否一致的问题;(5)关于分类群特征描述中的若干问题。     

植物学(被子植物分类部分)教材中若干问题的商榷

本文对《植物学（被子植物分类部分）》教材（吴国芳等,１９９２）中如下问题与同行商榷：（１）关于克朗奎斯特（Ｃｒｏｎｑｕｉｓｔ）的被子植物分类系统;（２）关于金鱼藻科（Ｃｅｒａｔｏｐｈｙｌａｃｅａｅ）的分类位置;（３）关于被子植物分类原则;（４）关于插图与特征描述是否一致的问题;（５）关于分类群特征描述中的若干问题。     

The capitula of phasmid eggs: an update with a review of the current state of phasmid ootaxonomy

The relationship between egg shape and presence or absence of a capitulum is considered. The distribution of capitula of different types within the order Phasmida is reviewed. These tend to confirm tribal and subfamily groupings but suggest that the suborder Anareolatae is polyphyletic and some suggestions are made for its regrouping. The species of Phasmida which have been recently studied from an ootaxonomic viewpoint are surveyed.     

Herbaria and Botanic Gardens as the memory of biological diversity

Abstract

In order to fully understand biological diversity of plants, it is necessary to study their genetic and metabolic-functional aspects. However, it is also necessary to identify with utmost precision the kind of organism under study, to allow the reproducibility of experimental results. Within this context, a major role is played by Botanic Gardens and Herbaria, where the investigated specimens are cultivated and kept as exsiccata, respectively, as a memory of plant diversity. After pointing out the role of herbaria in reference to the typologic concept of species, the author mentions the recent advances made possible by PCR techniques and RAPD markers in the analysis of the species and of the evolutionary relationships amongst allied taxa. Systematics, as study of diversity, is a modern and fascinating science.     

植物焦磷酸酶(PPase)的研究进展

植物焦磷酸酶(PPase)可分为存在于细胞质中可溶性的无机焦磷酸酶和与膜结合的不可溶性焦磷酸酶.后者不仅能水解焦磷酸,同时还具有质子泵的功能.橡胶树乳管中与黄色体膜结合的不可溶性焦磷酸酶,是调控橡胶生物合成的一个必不可少的酶.对植物焦磷酸酶的结构及其功能和分子生物学研究的进展进行了综合论述,并着重阐述了焦磷酸酶在橡胶树橡胶生物合成中的作用.     

The geographic, taxonomic and temporal distribution of determinate growth in marine gastropods

Many marine gastropods are characterized by determinate growth, as inferred from the presence of unique terminal elaborations of the shell's aperture. Although determinate growth has evolved repeatedly in most major gastropod clades, it is especially frequent among siphonate caenogastropods. Analyses of shallow-water assemblages show that the incidence of species with determinate growth is far higher in the tropics (especially the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans) than at higher latitudes. Compilations of fossil assemblages from warm-water environments indicate that, although determinate growth occurred in some Palaeozoic gastropods, it became widespread only in the Neogene. In some groups, terminal apertural elaborations arose in lineages whose growth was more or less continuous and indeterminate, but in others it was derived either from or was ancestral to episodic growth. The hypothesis that periodic or terminal apertural elaborations evolved as a means to dispose of calcium carbonate once growth in the spiral direction ceased is rejected in favour of functional interpretations. Among the latter, the roles of modified apertures in defence and in mate recognition are explored, but no firm conclusion regarding the latter possibility can be drawn owing to our ignorance of mate recognition in gastropods.     

The response of an autumn-sown determinate faba bean to different plant distributions

The response of an autumn-sown determinate selection, 858 , to different plant distribution patterns was examined in field trials during the two seasons 1985/86 and 1986/87 at the University of Nottingham. Plants were sown at two densities (20 and 40 plants per m2) and at three different row widths (11.9, 23.8 and 47.6 cm) in the autumn of each season. Plant numbers and combined yields were greater in 1986/87 than in 1985/86. Grain yield was unaffected by differences in inter-row spacing and this was ascribed to the early attainment of complete ground cover even when plants were grown in widely spaced rows. Yield was most strongly correlated with seed numbers per m². An examination of yield on a per plant basis suggested that narrow inter-row spacings were more productive at low plant densities, while yield per plant was greater at higher densities if the crop was grown on wider inter-row spacings. It was concluded that autumn-sown determinate forms of faba bean were able to compensate for large changes in plant distribution and consequently yield was unaffected.