黄土区４个树种水势特征的研究

采用压力室法对晋西北黄土区柠条（Ｃaragana korshinskii)、河北杨（Populus hopeiensis)、北京杨（Populus beijingensis)和小叶杨（Ｐopulus simonii)4个树种的小枝水势`叶含水率及其环境因子的日变化进行了定期测定.分析了４个树种水势日变化与光照(Ｌ)、气温（Ｔ）、相对湿度（ＲＨ）日变化及叶含水率（ＬＷＣ）日变化的关系以及其水势的季节变化与土壤水分季节变化的关系,主要结果如下：整个生长期所测４个树种以水势的日变化的呈抛物线型,生长小枝水势的平均值分别为柠条（－１．５６９ＭＰa)、河北杨（－１．０３０ＭＰa）和水叶杨（－０．９７１ＭＰa）。小枝水势与环境单因子的相关性大小依次为：光照、气温、相对湿度。水势与光温复合因子（＊Ｔ）、光温复合因子（Ｌ／ＲＨ）的相关性大于它与单因子的相关性,小枝水势与叶含水率的相关性较差。生长期清晨水势（Ｗp)季变化与土壤水分（Ｘ）季节变化的最佳关系模型为Ｗp=Ae^-BX型。但生长期午间水势的季节变化与土壤水分季节变化的关系均不显。土壤水分含量对水势有较大影响。     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错带柠条适应不同生境的形态和生理可塑性

以陕北水蚀风蚀交错带4个不同坡位与土壤质地生境[沟底+坝淤绵沙土(A)、梁坡+红黄土(B)、坡顶+绵沙土(C)、坡顶+风沙土盖绵沙土(D)]中生长的柠条为研究对象,研究了其生长、光合和水力性状的可塑性变化,以揭示柠条对不同生境的适应机制。结果表明:(1)生境D和生境A样地1~3m和3m土层的平均含水量明显高于生境B和C;(2)与生境B和C相比,生境A和D中生长的柠条冠幅、株高和新枝长显著增加,叶厚度减小,正午叶水势、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率亦显著增加,但不同生境中柠条枝比导水率、Huber值和栓塞程度无显著差异;(3)柠条各测定指标中,新枝长、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率表现出较大的可塑性。研究认为,柠条可能主要通过新枝长或光合生理特征的改变来适应不同的水分生境。     

柠条（Caragana korshinskii）的水分生理生态学特性

 柠条的水分生理生态学研究表明,蒸腾速率为395.1±234.4mg·g-1·h-1(平均值±标准差);小枝水势为-1.588Mpa;叶含水率为60.12±3.29%;蒸腾系数为72.82±19.88gH2O·gDW-1。林地土壤水分含量与蒸腾速率、小枝水势和叶含水率的关系十分密切。响应于年生长发育节律和水分条件的变化,柠条的抗旱性在年生长期初(5月)和旺盛生长阶段(8～9月）较弱,在高温干旱阶段(6～7月)和入冬之前(10月)较强。在年生长期中间(6～9月),柠条的抗旱性与蒸腾速率、小枝水势和叶含水率之间均具有负相关性。     

2,4—D和乙烯利对玉米幼苗抗旱性效应的研究

水分胁迫下,２０ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４－Ｄ和４００ｍｇ／Ｌ乙烯利（ＣＥＰＡ）分别不同程度地降低和提高玉米幼叶生长部位的相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）、水势（ψｗ）和渗透调节能力（ＯＡ）。胁迫后期,玉米幼叶中脯氨酸含量（Ｐｒｏ）为：ＣＥＰＡ〉对照（ＣＫｓ）〉２,４－Ｄ。随胁迫宾进行,２,４－Ｄ处理幼叶的膜相对透性（ＲＰ）始终处于较高水平且增长幅度较大,叶片延伸生长速率（ＬＥＲ）对ＲＰ的变化较为敏感;而ＣＥＰＡ处理则与     

渗漏型蒸渗仪对梭梭和柠条蒸腾蒸发的研究

利用非称量蒸渗仪对梭梭、柠条的蒸散进行了研究,结果表明：3年生的梭梭的单株蒸散量是515．3mm,3年生柠条的单株蒸散量是499．1mm。供水量和蒸散量之间存在着一定的正相关关系。3年生和2年生梭梭的单株平均蒸腾量分别是105．8mm和202.77mm;3年生和2年生柠条的单株平均蒸腾量分别为120．67mm和128．72mm。在3种供水条件下,柠条的蒸腾量都是梭梭的81％左右。在水分充足的情况下,梭梭和柠条的蒸腾量呈单峰曲线;在土壤水分亏缺的情况下,它们的蒸腾量呈双峰曲线。在干旱胁迫情况下,柠条和梭梭的蒸腾量与土壤含水率之间存在着极显著的线性关系,它们分别是:ET＝－33．29＋3217.93x（r＝0.8643）和ET＝－35．63＋1674．42x（r＝0．8273）。全年的沙面蒸发量是104.6mm-131．6mm,6－9月份的沙面蒸发量占全年沙面蒸发量的76．84％。沙面蒸发呈明显的双峰曲线。在供水条件下,沙面蒸发量随供水量的增加而增大。在无供水条件下,降水量的90．88％用于蒸发,9．12％保留于土壤中。对3年3个不同供水量蒸渗仅实测值进行多因子回归分析,得出沙面蒸发量与环境因子的关系：Ee＝－42．5131＋730．2497x1＋0．7422x2＋0．5494x3．其中Ee为月蒸发量,x1为0—40cm沙层月均含水率,x2为月均日辐射强度,x3为某月日平     

土壤水分和磷营养对小麦根系生长生理特性的影响

采用小偃６号小麦品种,在模拟田间原状土容重的条件下土培,研究了土壤水分和磷营养对小麦根系生长生理特性的效应。结果表明：在土壤相对含水量为４０％─７０％范围内,土壤水分亏缺,小麦根系生长受到限制,根系比表面积（ＲＡ）、根呼吸速率（Ｒｐ）、根水势（Ｒψｗ）和叶片蒸腾强度（ＥＩ）明显降低,根系干物重（ＲＤＷ）减少;轻度干旱有利于根系的延伸生长;在土壤干旱条件下,磷营养可以提高根系ＲＡ,降低根系Ｒｐ,提高Ｒψｗ、增加叶面ＥＩ,促进根系延伸生长,扩大小麦根系对土壤深层水分的吸收和利用,进而促进地下部生长,提高ＲＤＷ。磷除作为一种营养物质促进作物根系生长发育外,在水分胁迫条件下,磷营养可明显改善植株体内的水分关系,增强对干旱缺水环境的适应能力,提高作物抗旱性。促进根系生长,提高水分利用的有效方法是根据土壤水分状况调节磷的用量。     

钉螺分布与滩地环境因子的关系

长江中下游滩地钉螺的分布与滩地的地下水位关系显著,当地下水位为３２ｃｍ左右时,钉螺密度和有螺框出现率分别达到其最大值。活螺密度（Ｙ）与地下水位的回归方程为：Ｙ＝－１．９６８６＋０．２５１２Ｘ－０．００４０１３Ｘ＾２;有螺框出现率（Ｙ）与地下水位的关系为：Ｙ＝－５５．９７２０＋７．５６８９Ｘ＝－０．１１８０Ｘ＾２;５月份钉螺适宜在土壤含水率３０％左右的土壤表层生活。当土壤含水率为２８－３０％时,滩面     

土壤干旱期间墨兰的水分生理变化

研究了盆栽墨兰〔Ｃｙｍｂｉｄｉｕｍｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ａｎｄｒ．）Ｗｉｌｌｄ．］在不同土壤含水量情况下的水分生理变化。不同叶龄的叶片对于干旱反应不同,一年生叶比二年生叶敏感。在叶片含水量、叶片水势、叶绿素含量、蒸腾速率和气孔阻力等生理参数中,后两者对干旱反应最灵敏。所以,一年生幼叶的蒸滕速率和气孔阻力可作为指标去判断墨兰植株水分供应情况。墨兰在土壤持水力４４．２％时,相对透性较小,生长正常,一年生动叶的蒸腾速率和气孔阻力分别是３．３６μｇ·ｃｍ￣（－２）·ｓ￣（－１）和７．０８ｓ·ｃｍ￣（－１）;当土壤干旱,持水力降至２２．５％时,相对透性增大３９％,说明细胞已经受旱害,该时的蒸腾速率降至０．９５μｇ、ｃｍ￣（－２）·ｓ￣（－１）,气孔阻力升为２２．２５ｓ·ｃｍ￣（－１）。可以认为,墨兰的土壤临界水分是在土壤持水力４４％—２２％之间。     

金沙江干热河谷土壤含水量对台湾省青枣生长和产量的影响

比较了4个水分梯度3年生台湾青枣（Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.）的树高生长动态、地径生长动态、新梢生下量、枝粗生长量、叶面积、叶面积指数、座果率、平均株产量、叶片含水率和根系含水率等,通过主成分分析法和R型因子综合分析法确定了适合台湾青枣生长的最优土壤含水率。结果表明：第3种水分处理（土壤含水率为田间持水量的70％-85％）的台湾青枣对水分的响应最好,对水分的响应排序值是56．147;其次是第4种水分处理（土壤含水率为田间持水量的85％-100％）,其值为41．506;最后是第1种水分处理（土壤含水率为田间持水量的40％-55％）,其值为34．545。由此可以得出,在金沙江干热河谷地区种植台湾青枣的最佳土壤水分是土壤含水率达到田间持水量的70％-85％。     

墨兰的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称墨兰品种企黑（Cymbidiumsinensecv．Qihei）和白墨（C。sinensecv．Baimo）。2材料类别墨兰种子于培养基中萌发后产生的原球茎。3培养条件（1）种子萌发培养基：1／2MS十适量琼脂;（2）芽分化培养基：1／2MS＋6－BA5．0mg·L－1（单位下同）＋NAA0．5十椰汁50ml·L－1;（3）转瓶培养基：1／2MS＋6－BA2．0＋NAA1.0＋5％活性炭。培养基中加3％蔗糖,0．8％琼脂,PH5．5。培养温度25±2℃,光照强度2W·m－2,每天光照10h。4生长与分化情况4．1种子萌发形成原球茎墨兰葫果以70％酒精消毒15min,在无菌条件下取出种子置…     

叶片内水传输的模拟

根据水在介质中的流动规律和能量守恒原理,在植物叶片内建立了一个稳态的水传输模型。该模型考虑了气孔复合体内外、共质体与质外体、原生质与细胞壁在水传输上的不同,应用计算机详细地分析和计算了叶内(特别是气孔复合体内)水的传输,得到水势在叶片内近似分布的关系式。应用这些关系式对叶内的水势和水势差作了估计,并对不同解剖特征叶片内的水势差作了比较。     

Relationships between plant and soil water status in vine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Soil water status and its effect on plant water status are commonly evaluated for water stress diagnosis in annual crops. We investigated the application of this method to vineyards, using the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) to characterise the soil water deficit experienced by the plant. The stability of the relationship between FTSW and predawn leaf water potential (Ψp) was analysed over two years (2000–2001), in two contrasted soils in vineyards in south eastern France, both planted with the cultivar Syrah, but grafted on different rootstocks (SO4 and 140Ru). FTSW was determined from soil moisture measurements performed with a neutron probe down to 2.5 m, under the rows and between the rows (3 replicates in each case). Vertical and horizontal variations in soil water content were analysed and the upper and lower limits of total vine’s transpirable soil water (TTSW) were calculated for each soil. The lower limit was also compared with the value of soil moisture content determined at −1.5 MPa in the laboratory. FTSW could be calculated for the soil depth analysed, without distinguishing horizontal position (row or inter-row). The lower limit of TTSW for vine was higher than the soil water content at −1.5 MPa, except in the upper horizons (0–0.2 m) which are prone to soil evaporation. A single relationship between Ψp and FTSW was obtained for the two vineyards and for the two years of measurement. This relationship was similar to that established by Lebon et al. (2003) on Gewürztraminer/SO4 in a vineyard in northern France. FTSW can therefore be used as an indicator of the water deficit experienced in vineyards, provided that TTSW is correctly estimated.     

Effects of water stress on the water relations of Phaseolus vulgaris and the drought resistant Phaseolus acutifolius

The tepary bean ( Phaseolus acutifolius Gray var. latifolius ), a drought resistant species, was compared under water stress conditions with the more drought susceptible P. vulgaris L. cvs Pinto and White Half Runner (WHR). In order to better understand the basis for the superior drought resistance of tepary, this study was designed to determine the relationships among leaf water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, and relative water content (RWC).
Plants were prestressed by withholding irrigation water. These stress pretreatments changed the relation between leaf water potential and relative water content of both species so that prestressed plants had lower water potentials than controls at the same leaf RWC. Tepary had lower water potentials at given RWC levels than Pinto or WHR; this can account for part of the superior resistance of tepary. In all genotypes, prestressed plants maintained osmotic potentials approximately 0.2 MPa lower than controls. Tepary reached osmotic potentials that were significantly lower (0.15 to 0.25 MPa) than Pinto or WHR. Both control and prestressed tepary plants had 0.05 to 0.25 MPa more turgor than Pinto or WHR at RWC values between 65 and 80%. Both prestressed and control tepary plants had greater elasticity (a lower elastic modulus) than Pinto or WHR. This greater turgor of tepary at low RWC values could be caused by several factors including greater tissue elasticity, active accumulation of solutes, or greater solute concentration.
Tepary had significantly lower osmotic potentials than the P. vulgaris cultivars, but there was little difference in osmotic potential between Pinto and WHR. Knowledge of differences in osmotic and turgor potentials among and within species could be useful in breeding for drought resistance in Phaseolus.     

Effect of ABA on the water relations of winter-wheat cultivars varying in drought resistance

Water and osmotic potentials were measured in leaves of a drought-sensitive ('Ponca') and a drought-resistant ('KanKing') cultivar of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L . em. Thell.) to determine if the potentials of the drought-sensitive cultivar could be made similar to those of the drought-resistant cultivar through application of abscisic acid (ABA). Stomatal resistance was also measured. Plants were sprayed with ABA and grown in soil, which was watered or allowed to dry. In well-watered plants, ABA closed the stomata of both cultivars. Stomatal resistance of plants grown without added water and with ABA was less than that of plants grown without added water and without ABA. Under ample water supply, ABA decreased water and osmotic potentials of the drought-sensitive cultivar (Ponca), but had no effect on these potentials in the drought-resistant cultivar (KanKing). Under water-deprived conditions, ABA increased water and osmotic potentials of Ponca, but did not change these potentials in KanKing. The overall effect of ABA was to decrease the differences in the water and osmotic potentials between the two cultivars.     

Water stress effects on toluene biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida

We quantified the effects of matric and solute waterpotential on toluene biodegradation by Pseudomonasputida mt-2, a bacterial strain originally isolated fromsoil. Across the matric potential range of 0 to – 1.5 MPa,growth rates were maximal for P. putida at – 0.25MPa and further reductions in the matric potentialresulted in concomitant reductions in growth rates.Growth rates were constant over the solute potential range0 to – 1.0 MPa and lower at – 1.5 MPa. First ordertoluene depletion rate coefficients were highest at0.0 MPa as compared to other matric water potentialsdown to – 1.5 MPa. Solute potentials down to – 1.5 MPadid not affect first order toluene depletion ratecoefficients. Total yield (protein) and carbon utilizationefficiency were not affected by water potential, indicatingthat water potentials common to temperate soils were notsufficiently stressful to change cellular energyrequirements. We conclude that for P. putida: (1)slightly negative matric potentials facilitate faster growthrates on toluene but more negative water potentials resultin slower growth, (2) toluene utilization rate per cell massis highest without matric water stress and is unaffected bysolute potential, (3) growth efficiency did not differ acrossthe range of matric water potentials 0.0 to – 1.5 MPa.     

A Historical resumé of indian limnology

A broad categorisation of Indian freshwater investigations published so far is presented. The lacunae are pointed out. Problems and priorities for further limnological researches in the context of India's limited water resources are high-lighted.     

The effect of different irrigation treatments on yield and quality of Verna lemon

Verna lemon trees were irrigated by six different treatments: five flood and one drip. Soil and plant water status, yields and fruit quality were measured. The drip-irrigated treatment gave higher yield and fruit size. The levels of soluble solids, acidity and sugars in the lemon juice decreased in the treatments that used most water. This is explained by a dilution effect. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Partition of photosynthates between shoot and root in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as a function of soil water potential and root temperature

Low soil water potential and low or high root temperatures are important stresses affecting carbon allocation in plants. This study examines the effects of these stresses on carbon allocation from the perspective of whole plant mass balance. Sixteen-day old spring wheat seedlings were placed in a growth room under precisely controlled root temperatures and soil water potentials. Five soil water potential treatments, from −0.03 MPa to −0.25 MPa, and six root temperature treatments, from 12 to 32°C were used. A mathematical model based on mass balance considerations was used, in combination with experimental measurements of rate of net photosynthesis, leaf area, and shoot/root dry masses to determine photosynthate allocation between shoot and root. Partitioning of photosynthates to roots was the lowest at 22–27°C root temperature regardless soil water potential, and increased at both lower and higher root temperatures. Partitioning of photosynthates to the roots increased with decreasing soil water potential. Under the most favourable conditions, i.e. at −0.03 MPa soil water potential and 27°C root temperature, the largest fraction, 57%, of photosynthates was allocated to the shoots. Under the most stressed conditions, i.e. at −0.25 MPa soil water potential and 32°C root temperature, the largest fraction, more than 80%, of photosynthates was allocated to roots.     

Influence of drought and flowering on growth and water relations of perennial ryegrass populations

Spring-sown (vegetative) and autumn-sown (flowering) swards of Lolium perenne cvs Melle, Aurora and their hybrid growing in 0.9 m deep bins of soil in the glasshouse were compared, a) as drought progressed from June to August 1986, and b) after cutting, fertilising and re-watering.
During drought, vegetative plants produced more herbage, had initially higher leaf extension rates, had longer and wider leaves, maintained more tillers, had lower mortality, adjusted osmotic potential more effectively and had stomata less sensitive to stress than did flowering plants. On re-watering, previously stressed flowering plants regrew more slowly than the irrigated controls, whereas previously stressed vegetative plants regrew more rapidly than the controls.
Aurora was the most drought-resistant population, mainly because of low tiller death rates. The hybrid tended to have the lowest leaf water potentials and conductances and grew poorly during drought. Possible underlying physiological mechanisms are discussed.     

白沙枇杷果实发育、果实水势及与裂果关系研究

对生长在山坡地6年生白沙枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)的裂果与果实发育、可溶性糖含量、土壤相对含水量及果实水势关系进行了研究,并探讨了覆盖地膜、断根和果实套袋技术对预防裂果的效果。结果表明,随着白沙枇杷果实的发育,果形指数变小;临近成熟期,果实的可溶性糖含量最高,土壤相对含水量增加,同时果实水势也升高。模拟大雨后,果实水势与裂果率呈正相关,相关系数R=0.941。这说明白沙枇杷临近成熟时,果实内积累了大量的可溶性糖等高渗透物质,从高含水量的土壤中大量吸收水分,使果实水势升高,导致裂果。以覆盖地膜、断根和果实套袋组合的技术预防裂果的效果最好,其中覆盖地膜和断根对预防裂果的贡献较大。