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1.
生态足迹评价体系,可以在一定程度上刻画区域社会经济发展对当地生态环境产生的影响,当前可持续发展研究的难点之一,便是如何更加真实的体现这种影响。立足于传统生态足迹模型,采用“一年一区一值”的参数方案计算区域当年均衡因子与产量因子,结合土地利用转移矩阵和建设用地流入量改进建设用地足迹算法,对北疆地区2005年、2010年、2015年、2018年生态足迹及生态承载力进行测度,并结合相关指数对研究区发展的可持续性进行评价。结果表明:(1)北疆生态足迹增涨3.5倍,且以能源增长为主导,生物生产性足迹贡献率大幅下降;人均生态足迹增长3.4倍,工业型城市生态足迹增长率及人均生态足迹增长率均高于其他类型城市。(2)研究区生态承载力呈现上升态势,除水域和草地外,其他地类承载力均呈上升态势,昌吉州与阿勒泰地区的总体承载力及人均承载力均呈下降态势。(3)北疆生态利用效率上涨1.32倍,各行政单元呈现农业及服务业型城市生态利用效率上升、工业型城市生态利用效率降低的态势,表明工业型城市生态足迹增速远高于经济增速。(4)各行政单元呈现生态赤字状态且不断加剧,总体及人均增速都呈现工业型>农业型>服务业型...  相似文献   

2.
“生态位”(ecological niche or niche)这个术语是Crinnell(1904,1917,1928)提出的。他认为生态位就是物种在群落里的功能作用和地位。并指出环境中的物理因素和生物因素共同决定着该种的生态位。Elton(1927)则用生态位一词来描述物种在生物环境中的地位及其与食物和天敌的关系。Clarke(1954)将生态位区分出二个独立的含意,即“功能生态位”和“位置生态位”。Clarke注意到不同的动物和植物在生态复合体中履行不同的功能,而不同的地理区域内相同的功能生态位却可能  相似文献   

3.
为研究村庄社会经济子系统在乡村社会生态网络中的地位等级与未来发展潜力,提出社会经济生态位的概念,并以生态位的"态""势"理论为基础,利用主成分分析法、引力模型结构与社会网络分析方法对厦门岛外260个行政村的社会经济生态位进行计算。研究发现:(1)村庄社会经济生态位的"态"值分布具有不均衡性,厦门岛外村庄"态"值得分较高的村庄多聚集于厦门岛外南部与同安工业区。(2)村庄社会经济生态位的"势"值高低受地理空间与资源禀赋共同作用,厦门岛外"势"值得分较高的村庄集中在自身发展条件优越且地理位置处于区域核心位置的同安工业区与靠近厦门岛的集美大学城区。(3)相比自然子系统,乡村社会经济子系统更强调村庄之间的互动性,社会经济生态位得分中4个行政区村庄平均得分由高到低依次为集美区>同安区=翔安区>海沧区。研究为乡村复合生态系统的生态位研究提供了新的研究视角与方法,与传统生态位的计算方法相比更加强调村庄在实际发展中的互动性与带动作用,可以为村庄发展规划与居民福祉研究提供科学基础与理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
 两年的试验结果表明:大豆叶片光合作用、蒸腾作用、叶水势及叶片对水分扩散的导性在大田自然条件中呈“单峰”或“双峰”型日变化。其变化的产生并非系生物内生物节奏引起,而实属同期生态条件影响的结果。在本研究中,光强、叶温及水蒸汽压亏缺是主要诱因。这些生态因子在量上的不同组合,导致所测生理特性的日变化呈不同趋势。  相似文献   

5.
采用常规方法测定颖果的鲜重、干重变化和籽粒中营养成分积累变化,同时用扫描电镜观察淀粉粒的形态变化的结果表明,籽粒中淀粉含量呈“s”型曲线变化;蛋白质含量先急剧下降后缓慢增加;可溶性糖和脂肪含量均呈单峰曲线变化;粗纤维含量呈“快-慢-快-慢”的变化。籽粒鲜重和可溶性糖、脂肪以及粗纤维含量均呈(极)显著的正相关,与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关;可溶性糖与脂肪含量呈正相关,与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关。鲜食甜玉米的最适宜采收期为授粉后25d:甜玉米淀粉粒呈现“裸露型”、“非裸露型”和“中间型”3种形态。  相似文献   

6.
鹤山丘豆科混交林下几种植物的水分生态研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
测定了鹤山豆科混交林的土壤含水量、林下3种植物(本叉苦、鬼灯笼和山菅兰)叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和相应的环境因子,了解林下植物的水分生理生态特征。在湿季,蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化曲线呈单峰型,两者的变化趋势相似。在旱季,两者之间的日变化曲线存在差异,山菅兰的蒸腾速率呈双峰型,其它两种植物呈单峰型;气孔导度的峰值都出现在早晨。鬼灯笼的蒸腾速率呈双峰型,其它两种植物呈单峰型;气孔导度的峰值都出现在早  相似文献   

7.
以成都-重庆(简称成渝)城市群为研究对象,从经济、社会、生态和城乡协调4个子系统构建城镇化综合评价指标体系,将生态环境承载力和生态弹性结合构建生态环境综合评价指标体系,应用耦合协调度模型测度2005—2018年成渝城市群各地级市城镇化与生态环境的耦合协调度,借助GIS空间分析法、象限分析法和Tapio模型,分析成渝城市群各地级市城镇化与生态环境交互作用的类型、演化路径及其解耦路径。结果表明: 研究期间,成渝城市群的城镇化质量呈现波动上升趋势,以成都、重庆为高值区呈“双核”向四周辐射;生态环境质量缓慢提升,呈四周高、中部低,开口向北的“U”型空间格局。城镇化系统和生态环境系统耦合协调水平较高,总体呈上升的趋势,协调类型由以濒临失调和勉强协调为主逐渐向以中度协调为主演变,呈现中部低、东西高的空间格局。城镇化与生态环境交互作用的演化路径呈现稳定型和变化型2个大类。稳定型包括5个亚类20个城市,成都、德阳、绵阳等城市始终是良好协调型;变化型包括9个亚类16个城市,重庆主城区、铜梁等多数城市的协调度提升,呈“上升式”发展;合川、自贡等少数城市呈“下沉式”发展。生态环境增长率和城镇化增长率均为正,城镇化与生态环境的解耦路径以弱脱钩和扩张连接为主。  相似文献   

8.
小型化效应(Lilliput effect)一般是指灭绝事件后生物个体相对于事件前明显变小的一种演化现象。为了更深入研究,文中将它分为狭义与广义两种类型:狭义型是指它的原始定义,专门针对种级分类单元的小型化,因研究条件苛刻而导致相关研究很少;广义型是指高于种级分类单元的小型化,已有一些实例。文章对华南奥陶纪末大灭绝前后“Katian晚期”、“Hirnantian”及“Rhuddanian初期”3个时期的腕足动物个体大小数据,依“属”、“超科”及“目”3级分类单元有选择地进行比较。分析结果表明,奥陶纪末大灭绝后残存期里较低级分类单元(属级)在个体大小变化方面显示较大的差异性,这与二叠纪末大灭绝后普遍的小型化有很大差别,这可能是因为奥陶纪末的灭绝强度远低于后者所致;同一较高级分类单元中不同属级分子个体变化趋势表现出较为一致的现象,反映出它们可能具有相似的灾难应对机制。  相似文献   

9.
为阐明不同生态养殖池塘浮游细菌数量变化规律及其与环境因子间的相关性,以期为多元立体综合养殖模式中的水质安全与生物疾病防控提供科学依据。利用荧光显微镜细菌计数法(Acridine Orange Direct Counting),研究了“参-虾”“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”三种海水生态养殖池塘的细菌数量特征,使用典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)探讨细菌数量与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,“参-虾”“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”池塘的细菌平均密度分别为(0.49~3.32)×105 cell/mL、(0.52~2.98)×105 cell/mL和(0.47~2.55)×105 cell/mL,细菌数量有明显的时间差异,夏季密度大于春秋季。三种海水生态养殖池塘的水温、溶解氧和pH变化均不明显,且相差不大,而硝态氮均发生显著变化;其中“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”池塘的硝态氮、亚硝态氮、活性磷、总氮和总磷均高于“参-虾”池塘,透明度、叶绿素a和化学耗氧量则均低于“参-虾”池塘。典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,三种海水生态养殖池塘细菌数量的主要环境驱动因子不同,细菌数量均与水温呈显著正相关(P<0.05),“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”池塘细菌数量均与总磷呈显著正相关(P<0.05);细菌数量的驱动因子有明显的时间差异,但规律不明显。  相似文献   

10.
答否。在许多高中练习册中有此题目,参考答案一般是“拟态”。笔者认为把这种适应现象当成拟态,不如把它归属为拟势更合适。首先应明确:拟态和拟势是两个不同的概念。拟态是指在正常情况下某些动物所表现的外表形状或色泽斑与环境中生物或非生物相似的现象;而拟势是指某些动物受惊扰或受袭击等特殊情况下显示出异常的姿态  相似文献   

11.
湿地功能评价的尺度效应——以盐城滨海湿地为例   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
欧维新  叶丽芳  孙小祥  龚佳莹 《生态学报》2011,31(12):3270-3276
湿地功能与空间尺度大小有着密切的联系,研究湿地功能的空间尺度效应对从功能上指导湿地系统的空间保护与管理工作有着重要意义。文章借助生态位理论构建了湿地功能的生态经济位评价模型,并以四个不同空间尺度为评价单元,探讨盐城滨海湿地功能评价的空间尺度响应特征。结果表明:随着评价尺度变大,高生态功能和高经济功能湿地面积表现为减少且减幅不断加大,较低和较高功能级别的湿地面积则随着尺度的变大而成倍增加;各功能级别湿地的空间形态也随之变化,且较低和较高功能级别的湿地空间扩展形态变化尤为突出;其原因是评价单元的变化,改变了单元内的地类结构,从而使其对应的某个湿地功能的主导优势地位发生了变化。研究结论表明大尺度评价结果更符合盐城滨海湿地“滚动开发”模式的特点,在湿地功能区划和湿地资源利用规划与管理方面更具有指导意义。  相似文献   

12.
于海洋  张飞  王娟  周梅   《生态学杂志》2015,26(12):3849-3857
本文将土地经济生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中,为区域景观格局表征提供了新的方法.选择典型的生态脆弱区精河县为研究对象,以1990、1998、2011和2013年4期Landsat影像为数据源,运用生态位态势理论计算研究区各土地利用类型的土地经济生态位,并结合景观生态学理论探讨土地经济生态位在县域景观格局分析中的应用.结果表明: 研究期间,精河县耕地、建设用地和草地的土地经济生态位与相应的景观斑块数、聚合度、破碎化指数和分维数具有较好的相关性;土地经济生态位的变化对县域景观格局具有驱动作用,可表征精河县经济发展方向.土地经济生态位与可直接获得经济效益的土地利用类型关系密切,且与景观指数相结合能够很好地解释精河县景观格局的特征.  相似文献   

13.
This paper considers the needs and potentials for the development of the biosphere. An emphasis is placed on the unusual qualities of the biosphere, such as important time lags, interactions between life and its environment at large scales, and biological evolution, which has led to large scale changes in the environment during the Earth's history. These qualities require a different approach to the development of a theory for this large scale system than has been used in the past, when the biosphere was treated as a steady-state, quasilinear system. Other aspects of the development of the science of the biosphere, including the use of remote sensing, are reviewed, and the application of these techniques to the estimation of certain biological variables is discussed.  相似文献   

14.
Adaptive radiations are major contributors to species diversity. Although the underlying mechanisms of adaptive radiations, specialization and trade‐offs, are relatively well understood, the tempo and repeatability of adaptive radiations remain elusive. Ecological specialization can occur through the expansion into novel niches or through partitioning of an existing niche. To test how the mode of resource specialization affects the tempo and repeatability of adaptive radiations, we selected replicate bacterial populations in environments that promoted the evolution of diversity either through niche expansion or through niche partitioning, and in a third low‐quality single‐resource environment, in which diversity was not expected to evolve. Colony size diversity evolved equally fast in environments that provided ecological opportunities regardless of the mode of resource specialization. In the low‐quality environments, diversity did not consistently evolve. We observed the largest fitness improvement in the low‐quality environment and the smallest the glucose‐limited environment. We did not observe a change in the rate of evolutionary change in either trait or environment, suggesting that the pool of beneficial mutations was not exhausted. Overall, the mode of resource specialization did not affect the tempo or repeatability of adaptive radiations. These results demonstrate the limitations of eco‐evolutionary feedbacks to affect evolutionary outcomes.  相似文献   

15.
Niche construction in the light of niche theory   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Ecological niche construction, the process whereby an organism improves its environment to enhance its growth and persistence, is an important missing element of niche theory. Niche theory has mainly focused on niche-deteriorating processes, such as resource consumption, predation and competition, which have negative effects on population growth. Here, we integrate niche construction explicitly into modern niche theory. We use a graphical approach to analyse how a species' niche-improving impacts interplay with niche-deteriorating impacts to modify its response to the environment. In a model of two consumers that compete for one limiting resource and one predator, we show how niche construction modifies the traditional niche-deteriorating impacts of its agent or of competing species, and hence the potential for species coexistence. By altering the balance between intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects, niche construction can either generate net interspecific facilitation or strengthen interspecific competition. The adaptive benefit derived from niche construction also strongly affects the realized niche of a niche-constructing species.  相似文献   

16.
Knowledge of our Planet's biosphere has increased tremendously during the last 10 to 20 years. In the field of Microbiology in particular, scientists have discovered novel "extremophiles", microorganisms capable of living in extreme environments such as highly acidic or alkaline conditions, at high salt concentration, with no oxygen, extreme temperatures (as low as -20 degrees C and as high as 300 degrees C), at high concentrations of heavy metals and in high pressure environments such as the deep-sea. It is apparent that microorganisms can exist in any extreme environment of the Earth, yet already scientists have started to look for life on other planets; the so-called "Exobiology" project. But as yet we have little knowledge of the deep-sea and subsurface biosphere of our own planet. We believe that we should elucidate the Biodiversity of Earth more thoroughly before exploring life on other planets, and these attempts would provide deeper insight into clarifying the existence of extraterrestrial life. We focused on two deep-sea extremophiles in this article; one is "Piezophiles", and another is "Hyperthermophiles". Piezophiles are typical microorganisms adapted to high-pressure and cold temperature environments, and located in deep-sea bottom. Otherwise, hyperthermophiles are living in high temperature environment, and located at around the hydrothermal vent systems in deep-sea. They are not typical deep-sea microorganisms, but they can grow well at high-pressure condition, just like piezophiles. Deming and Baross mentioned that most of the hyperthermophilic archaea isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents are able to grow under conditions of high temperature and pressure, and in most cases their optimal pressure for growth was greater than the environmental pressure they were isolated from. It is possible that originally their native environment may have been deeper than the sea floor and that there had to be a deeper biosphere. This implication suggests that the deep-sea hydrothermal vents are the windows to a deep subsurface biosphere. A vast array of chemoautotrophic deep-sea animal communities have been found to exist in cold seep environments, and most of these animals are common with those found in hydrothermal vent environments. Thus, it is possible to consider that the cold seeps are also one of slit windows to a deep subsurface biosphere. We conclude that the deep-sea extremophiles are very closely related into the unseen majority in subsurface biosphere, and the subsurface biosphere probably concerns to consider the "exobiology".  相似文献   

17.
Spread of biological species from primary into novel habitats leads to within-species adaptive niche differentiation and is commonly driven by acquisition of point mutations in individual genes that increase fitness in the alternative environment. However, finding footprints of adaptive niche differentiation in specific genes remains a challenge. Here we describe a novel method to analyze the footprint of pathogenicity-adaptive, or pathoadaptive, mutations in the Escherichia coli gene encoding FimH-the major, mannose-sensitive adhesin. Analysis of distribution of mutations across the nodes and branches of the FimH phylogenetic network shows (1) zonal separation of evolutionary primary structural variants of FimH and recently derived ones, (2) dramatic differences in the ratio of synonymous and nonsynonymous changes between nodes from different zones, (3) evidence for replacement hot-spots in the FimH protein, (4) differential zonal distribution of FimH variants from commensal and uropathogenic E. coli, and (5) pathoadaptive functional changes in FimH brought by the mutations. The selective footprint in fimH indicates that the pathoadaptive niche differentiation of E. coli is either in its initial stages or undergoing an evolutionary "source/sink" dynamic.  相似文献   

18.
Range expansion results from complex eco‐evolutionary processes where range dynamics and niche shifts interact in a novel physical space and/or environment, with scale playing a major role. Obligate symbionts (i.e. organisms permanently living on hosts) differ from free‐living organisms in that they depend on strong biotic interactions with their hosts which alter their niche and spatial dynamics. A symbiotic lifestyle modifies organism–environment relationships across levels of organisation, from individuals to geographical ranges. These changes influence how symbionts experience colonisation and, by extension, range expansion. Here, we investigate the potential implications of a symbiotic lifestyle on range expansion capacity. We present a unified conceptual overview on range expansion of symbionts that integrates concepts grounded in niche and metapopulation theories. Overall, we explain how niche‐driven and dispersal‐driven processes govern symbiont range dynamics through their interaction across scales, from host switching to geographical range shifts. First, we describe a background framework for range dynamics based on metapopulation concepts applied to symbiont organisation levels. Then, we integrate metapopulation processes operating in the physical space with niche dynamics grounded in the environmental arena. For this purpose, we provide a definition of the biotope (i.e. living place) specific to symbionts as a hinge concept to link the physical and environmental spaces, wherein the biotope unit is a metapopulation patch (either a host individual or a land fragment). Further, we highlight the dual nature of the symbionts' niche, which is characterised by both host traits and the external environment, and define proper conceptual variants to provide a meaningful unification of niche, biotope and symbiont organisation levels. We also explore variation across systems in the relative relevance of both external environment and host traits to the symbiont's niche and their potential implications on range expansion. We describe in detail the potential mechanisms by which hosts, through their function as biotopes, could influence how some symbionts expand their range – depending on the life history and traits of both associates. From the spatial point of view, hosts can extend symbiont dispersal range via host‐mediated dispersal, although the requirement for among‐host dispersal can challenge symbiont range expansion. From the niche point of view, homeostatic properties of host bodies may allow symbiont populations to become insensitive to off‐host environmental gradients during host‐mediated dispersal. These two potential benefits of the symbiont–host interaction can enhance symbiont range expansion capacity. On the other hand, the central role of hosts governing the symbiont niche makes symbionts strongly dependent on the availability of suitable hosts. Thus, environmental, dispersal and biotic barriers faced by suitable hosts apply also to the symbiont, unless eventual opportunities for host switching allow the symbiont to expand its repertoire of suitable hosts (thus expanding its fundamental niche). Finally, symbionts can also improve their range expansion capacity through their impacts on hosts, via protecting their affiliated hosts from environmental harshness through biotic facilitation.  相似文献   

19.
Across angiosperms, variable rates of molecular substitution are linked with life-history attributes associated with woody and herbaceous growth forms. As the number of generations per unit time is correlated with molecular substitution rates, it is expected that rates of phenotypic evolution would also be influenced by differences in generation times. Here, we make the first broad-scale comparison of growth-form-dependent rates of niche evolution. We examined the climatic niches of species on large time-calibrated phylogenies of five angiosperm clades and found that woody lineages have accumulated fewer changes per million years in climatic niche space than related herbaceous lineages. Also, climate space explored by woody lineages is consistently smaller than sister lineages composed mainly of herbaceous taxa. This pattern is probably linked to differences in the rate of climatic niche evolution. These results have implications for niche conservatism; in particular, the role of niche conservatism in the distribution of plant biodiversity. The consistent differences in the rate of climatic niche evolution also emphasize the need to incorporate models of phenotypic evolution that allow for rate heterogeneity when examining large datasets.  相似文献   

20.
高寒小嵩草草甸暖季草场主要植物种群的生态位   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
对高寒小嵩草草甸不同放牧强度下20种植物种群的优势度、生态位宽度及生态位重叠规律进行了研究。结果表明,经过2年的放牧实验,对照、轻度和中度放牧组的主要优势种均为小嵩草和垂穗披碱草,重度放牧组的主要优势种为鹅绒委陵菜和阿拉善马先蒿;由于小嵩草、矮嵩草和线叶嵩草具有耐牧和耐践踏等生物学特点,它们的生态位宽度很大(0.938,0.824,0.815);垂穗披碱草由于其耐牧和耐旱性较差,生态位宽度相对较小(0.805),且青海野青茅、异针茅、针茅、紫羊茅和双叉细柄茅等禾本科牧草的生态位宽度在放牧强度梯度上均较小(0.226,0.448,0.445,0.608,0.605),说明放牧抑制了高大禾草层片的发育,为植株矮小的莎草科牧草的生长创造了条件;异针茅和针茅之间、甘肃马先蒿和阿拉善马先蒿之间生态位重叠较小(0.500,0.572),这是种间对资源利用上分化的结果。分布于放牧演替系列2个极端的种群间生态位重叠较小,表明物种的分布是既间断又连续的。  相似文献   

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