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1.
试论麦类作物非水力根信号与生活史对策   总被引:17,自引:2,他引:15  
李凤民  鄢 xun  郭安红  山仑 《生态学报》2000,20(3):510-513
从植物非水力根信号的生理调节作用和生活史进化解度看,在水分亏缺条件下,自然选择会导致植物产生大量根系以增加对水分的竞争能力,而浅根系则可在干旱来临时,以快速反应的根信号来调节和平衡植株水分状况,度过干旱时期。但是,自然选择压力下的植物特征往往不利于作物籽粒产量这一种群水平上的属性的改善。作物产量的提高过程是一个不断加强的人工选择过程。在作物生产中,作物水环境得到了改善,强大的多年生竞争者基本消失,  相似文献   

2.
旱地小麦在进化过程中经受了自然和人工的双重选择,其中人工选择在品种驯化和改良过程中扮演了关键的角色.本文综述了人工选择下旱地小麦进化特征、生理可塑性、形态可塑性和种群属性演变等几个相对独立、但又相互联系的问题,探讨了旱地小麦适应逆境胁迫的生理生态机理,并勾画了其进化路线.在旱地小麦从二倍体到六倍体的漫长进化历程中,自然选择对小麦适应外界环境起到关键作用;随着人工选择的介入,以产量为主要目标的性状选择不断得到强化,从群体上呈现适应逆境的形态特征.人工选择下旱地小麦的水分及养分利用效率不断提升,生物量分配呈现出地下部减少、地上部增加的分配特征,对密度胁迫和高温胁迫的耐受性不断增强,但单位面积光合速率呈逐渐降低趋势.旱地小麦生产是复杂的群体过程,而非简单的个体反应.人工选择提高了旱地小麦的种群适合度和个体繁殖分配,强化了与环境的协同性,却弱化了其自然种群属性.本文还对旱地小麦的进化图进行了描绘,对气候变化下旱地小麦育种和栽培管理提出几点建议.  相似文献   

3.
主要农作物高产高效抗逆的生理基础研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本项目是通过对我国主要农作物在现有高、中、低产的各个水平上的产量形成生理学研究,建立以最少的资源投入而获得最大增产效益的理论体系,并提出适合我国特点的高产高效抗逆的作物生产和调控原则。主要研究内容如下。 1 提高作物对光、肥、水的利用效率的研究 1.1 作物高产的光合生理基础与提高光合作用效率的研究。其目标在于确定个体与群体光合在产量建成中的作用和地位,寻找进一步挖掘光合潜力、减少已同化的碳量损失的途径。 1.1.1 同一种碳同化类型(C_3或C_4)的不同作物种间、品种间光合速率的差异及其内在原因  相似文献   

4.
作物及其种质资源与人文环境的协同演变学说是关于作物及其种质资源与人文环境相互影响、相互作用和相互发展的理论。一方面,在一个特定环境中种植不同的作物或不同类型的作物会导致形成相应的饮食习惯与人文环境;另一方面,饮食习惯与人文环境又会对作物及其种质资源产生深刻影响,甚至可以引领其演变。其遗传基础是作物在传播和改良过程中发生自然杂交或突变后,在人文环境的人工选择作用下被定向固定,重组或突变基因频率在群体中不断累积提高,最终形成适应特定人文环境的新型作物及其种质资源。现代作物育种在一定程度上也受作物及其种质资源与人文环境的协同演变学说的指导,并且极大加速了作物及其种质资源的演变进程。本文以中国传统饮食文化习用体系为例,从糯性种质、蒸煮制度、蔬果丰富和物尽其用四个方面考察了作物及其种质资源与人文环境协同演变的关系。建议在作物种质资源保护和利用中要重视农民权利与作物传统生境保护,遵循“有差异,就选择;能遗传,可定向”的基本原则,强化地方品种与近缘野生种的高效利用,开展基因组学研究,正向推动作物改良与种质资源演变。  相似文献   

5.
培养抗性植物的细胞/组织培养途径   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
抗性育种在作物品种改良中已日益显得重要。近10多年来,随着细胞/组织培养、遗传操作等生物技术的迅速发展,以及由于植物具有全能性,在人工培养条件下,从单细胞原生质体可以再生成一个完整的个体成功以来,人们试图利用细胞/组织培养等生物技术将野生种的抗性基因引入到作物中来,或是人工诱发抗性变异,从而筛选出抗性愈  相似文献   

6.
麦类作物是人类主要的食物来源,其遗传改良对于保障世界粮食生产具有重要作用。获得麦类作物的基因组和功能基因组信息是作物遗传育种学家解析种质资源高产及抗逆机理,并准确选择目标性状、实现分子设计育种目标的有效途径。目前,二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyum)是早熟禾亚科中唯一完成全基因组测序的植物。以二穗短柄草为模式植物,利用比较基因组学方法获得早熟禾亚科中基因组庞大而复杂的麦类作物的相关信息,必将加速麦类作物的遗传改良进程。本文重点介绍近十年来短柄草在麦类作物比较基因组学方面的研究进展。  相似文献   

7.
半干旱区作物根系生长冗余的生态学分析   总被引:24,自引:3,他引:21  
干旱是威胁农业生产的一个常见因子。在水分有限条件下,植物往往产生庞大的根系;这是自然选择的必然结果,是一个进化上稳定的生长对策(ESS)。但作物产量是一个种群水平上的属性;个体的ESS并不能优化整个群体的产量。我们提出在半干旱雨养农业地区作物受自然选择的影响在根系生长上往往失之于过快或过大,出现了“冗余”。通过育种或管理措施降低根系生长冗余可提高作物产量。  相似文献   

8.
作物育种知识讲座(五):诱变育种与倍数性育种   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
作物育种知识讲座(五)──诱变育种与倍数性育种金清波(河南师范大学生物学系453002)(续1995年第30卷第12期第23页)1诱变育种诱变育种是指利用物理和比学的方法诱发作物产生突变,然后按照育种目标,在变异的后代中进行选择和培育,从而获得新品种...  相似文献   

9.
大熊猫的兴衰   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
达尔文的《物种起源》以人工选择为契机,确立了生存斗争和适者生存两个原理,从而创立了自然选择学说。根据自然选择的理论,提出物种起源和生物进化过程中的一些基本规律。其中之一,即种属进化是一个由少到多,复而又少,以至灭绝的缓慢渐进过程。同时,认为灭绝的原因是,优越类型的物种在数量上的增加,就不免使比较不优越的类型减少,使之成为稀有。稀少是灭绝的前驱。只有少数个体的生物物种,当遇到季候性质起大波动的时候,或者在敌害的数量暂时增多的时候,就很可能趋于完全灭亡。所以达尔文的主要结论是物种经自然选择导致灭绝。  相似文献   

10.
亲本对后代群体的不均等遗传贡献及其优化控制   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
杨宁  吴常信 《遗传学报》1993,20(4):294-299
由于自然选择和人工选择的共同作用,使不同亲本的基因在后代基因库中所占比例有所不同,即亲本对后代群体的不均等遗传贡献。本文分析表明,不均等遗传贡献通过实现选择差和群体有效含量对遗传进展产生影响,并使传统的预估选择反应公式出现误差。育种的目标首先是找出在遗传上真正优秀的个体,同时还应当使越优秀的个体对后代基因库的遗传贡献越大。但后一方面尚未得到系统的研究。本文针对这一点,提出了以加快群体遗传进展为总目标、充分考虑育种约束条件的优化控制遗传贡献率的方法。对蛋鸡育种实际资料的计算结果表明,在同等群体含量水平下,优化不均等遗传贡献模式下所获得的实现选择差可比实际值提高34.27—216.57%。  相似文献   

11.
Summary A single locus model of the interaction between natural selection and artificial selection for a quantitative character in a finite population, assuming heterozygote superiority in natural fitness but additive action on the character, has been studied using transition probability matrices.If natural selection is strong enough to create a selection plateau in which genetic variance declines relatively slowly, then the total response to artificial selection prior to the plateau will be much less than that expected in the absence of natural selection, and the half-life of response will be shorter. Such a plateau is likely to have a large proportion, if not all, of the original genetic variance still present. In selection programmes using laboratory animals, it seems likely that the homozygote favoured by artificial selection must be very unfit before such a plateau will occur. A significant decrease in population fitness as a result of artificial selection does not necessarily imply that the metric character is an important adaptive character.These implications of this model of natural selection are very similar to those derived by James (1962) for the optimum model of natural selection. In fact, there seems to be no aspect of the observable response to artificial selection that would enable anyone to distinguish between these two models of natural selection.  相似文献   

12.
Biological control of crop pests is considered a good alternative or complement to the use of pesticides. However, legislation restricts the importation of natural enemies of pests. A potential way to circumvent this limitation is by using experimental evolution and/or artificial selection to improve native biological control agents. Here, we review studies that have used these methodologies and evaluate their success. Experimental evolution or artificial selection has been used on a wide range of traits, with most focusing on improving the performance of natural enemies in ecologically relevant environments, such as in the presence of pesticides or at different temperatures. Although most studies were poorly replicated, the selected traits generally improved following the selection process. However, correlated responses (often in the form of trade‐offs) with other traits of interest were common. We suggest that the selection procedure can be improved by increasing replication and performing experimental evolution under more semi‐natural environments, to ensure that the most useful traits are being selected.  相似文献   

13.
Z. Zhang  Y. Jia  Y. Chen  L. wang  X. Lv  F. Yang  Y. He  Z. Ning  L. Qu 《Animal genetics》2018,49(2):132-136
It is well known that both British and American Pekin ducks originated from China. However, the populations differ substantially in production performance, but the genetic changes involved are still poorly understood. Herein, we sequenced 24 individual Pekin ducks (eight from each population) with an average sequencing depth of more than 45× for each population (mean coverage of 6.29 per individual). Among these populations from three different countries, we identified a large number of SNPs and indels as well as many unique population variants, which can be used as population‐specific molecular markers. Genomic comparisons among the three duck populations revealed many candidate genes as well as pathways and Gene Ontology categories that are putatively associated with meat yield in the British population, growth in the American population and brain development in all three populations. These findings will enable a better understanding of the artificial selection history of Pekin ducks and provide a valuable resource for future research on the breeding of this species.  相似文献   

14.
The ecological niche and mate preferences have independently been shown to be important for the process of speciation. Here, we articulate a novel mechanism by which ecological niche use and mate preference can be linked to promote speciation. The degree to which individual niches are narrow and clustered affects the strength of divergent natural selection and population splitting. Similarly, the degree to which individual mate preferences are narrow and clustered affects the strength of divergent sexual selection and assortative mating between diverging forms. This novel perspective is inspired by the literature on ecological niches; it also explores mate preferences and how they may contribute to speciation. Unlike much comparative work, we do not search for evolutionary patterns using proxies for adaptation and sexual selection, but rather we elucidate how ideas from niche theory relate to mate preference, and how this relationship can foster speciation. Recognizing that individual and population niches are conceptually and ecologically linked to individual and population mate preference functions will significantly increase our understanding of rapid evolutionary diversification in nature. It has potential to help solve the difficult challenge of testing the role of sexual selection in the speciation process. We also identify ecological factors that are likely to affect individual niche and individual mate preference in synergistic ways and as a consequence to promote speciation. The ecological niche an individual occupies can directly affect its mate preference. Clusters of individuals with narrow, differentiated niches are likely to have narrow, differentiated mate preference functions. Our approach integrates ecological and sexual selection research to further our understanding of diversification processes. Such integration may be necessary for progress because these processes seem inextricably linked in the natural world.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract Laboratory selection experiments are powerful tools for establishing evolutionary potentials. Such experiments provide two types of information, knowledge about genetic architecture and insight into evolutionary dynamics. They can be roughly classified into two types: (1) artificial selection in which the experimenter selects on a focal trait or trait index, and (2) quasi‐natural selection in which the experimenter establishes a set of environmental conditions and then allows the population to evolve. Both approaches have been used in the study of phenotypic plasticity. Artificial selection experiments have taken various forms including: selection directly on a reaction norm, selection on a trait in multiple environments, and selection on a trait in a single environment. In the latter experiments, evolution of phenotypic plasticity is investigated as a correlated response. Quasi‐natural selection experiments have examined the effects of both spatial and temporal variation. I describe how to carry out such experiments, summarize past efforts, and suggest further avenues of research.  相似文献   

16.
Knowledge of the pattern of selection in natural populations is fundamental for our understanding of the evolutionary process. Selection at higher levels has gained considerable theoretical support in recent years, and one possible level of selection is the breeding pair where fitness is a function of the pair and cannot be reduced to single individuals. We analyzed the importance of pair‐level selection over 25 years in a natural population of the collared flycatcher. Pair‐level selection was significant in five and probably in another 9 years. The relative importance of pair‐level selection varied over years and can have stronger or the same strength as directional selection. This means that selection can act on the combination of the breeding pair in addition to selection on each individual separately. Overall, the conservative estimates obtained here show that this is a potentially important form of selection.  相似文献   

17.
Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) have an extreme polyandrous mating system. Worker offspring of 19 naturally mated queens was genotyped with DNA microsatellites, to estimate male reproductive success of 16 drone producing colonies. This allowed for estimating the male mating success on both the colony level and the level of individual drones. The experiment was conducted in a closed population on an isolated island to exclude interferences of drones from unknown colonies. Although all colonies had produced similar numbers of drones, differences among the colonies in male mating success exceeded one order of magnitude. These differences were enhanced by the siring success of individual drones within the offspring of mated queens. The siring success of individual drones was correlated with the mating frequency at the colony level. Thus more successful colonies not only produced drones with a higher chance of mating, but also with a significantly higher proportion of offspring sired than drones from less successful colonies. Although the life cycle of honeybee colonies is very female centred, the male reproductive success appears to be a major driver of natural selection in honeybees.  相似文献   

18.
Sexual dimorphism evolves when selection favors different phenotypic optima between the sexes. Such sexually antagonistic selection creates intralocus sexual conflict when traits are genetically correlated between the sexes and have sex‐specific optima. Brown anoles are highly sexually dimorphic: Males are on average 30% longer than females and 150% heavier in our study population. Viability selection on body size is known to be sexually antagonistic, and directional selection favors large male size whereas stabilizing selection constrains females to remain small. We build on previous studies of viability selection by measuring sexually antagonistic selection using reproductive components of fitness over three generations in a natural population of brown anoles. We estimated the number of offspring produced by an individual that survived to sexual maturity (termed RSV), a measure of individual fitness that includes aspects of both individual reproductive success and offspring survival. We found directional selection on male body size, consistent with previous studies of viability selection. However, selection on female body size varied among years, and included periods of positive directional selection, quadratic stabilizing selection, and no selection. Selection acts differently in the sexes based on both survival and reproduction and sexual conflict appears to be a persistent force in this species.  相似文献   

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