取食雄蜂蛹粉对龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫卵黄发生的影响

本文比较了龟纹瓢虫Proylea japonica和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis取食蚜虫和取食雄蜂蛹粉时的卵黄发生情况.当取食雄蜂蛹粉时,体内卵黄蛋白出现迟,积累速度慢,产卵前期长.但用保幼激素类似物ZR512点滴处理后则能达到与食蚜对照相当的水平.ZR512对取食雄蜂蛹粉瓢虫的作用显著大于取食岈虫者.进一步的研究表明,ZR512能促进这两种瓢虫取食雄蜂蛹粉,但对成虫的体重没有明显的影响.因此推论,雄蜂蛹粉基本能够满足这两种瓢虫生殖的营养需要,但对其内分泌有一定的影响,使瓢虫处于类似生殖滞育的状态.本文根据不同食物条件对卵黄蛋白发生的影响不同,建议用卵黄蛋白的量作为生理指标,以快速初步筛选和评估人工饲料.     

人工饲料中添加脂类和昆虫保幼激素类似物对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响

本文定量测定在人工饲料中加入埴物油和ZR512对七星瓢虫成虫(第一代)的生殖、摄食、生长、食物利用和转化的影响。结果表明:成虫取食加0.1%橄榄油和ZR512的人工饲料时产卵率能达到96.7%产卵前期为8天左右。如果在此基础上分别添加1%的玉米油或豆油时能促进雌虫产卵量的进一步增加,成虫的增重百分率随着生长天数增加持续上升,取食这种人工饲养的成虫除产卵量外,在体重、产卵前期、产卵率三方面都达到或接近取食蚜虫时的水平。 人工饲料中加入橄揽油能刺激成虫的取食,在此基础上加入玉米油或豆油能使食物转化效率显著地提高。人工饲料中加入ZR512时能阻止或打破雌虫的生殖滞育,促进生殖活动。     

益害虫比对沙巴拟刀角瓢虫与越南斧瓢虫捕食烟粉虱行为的影响

在实验室条件下研究了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius若虫不同密度、既定烟粉虱密度不同天敌数量两种条件下,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫Serangiella sababensis Sasaji和越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov & Ren的捕食行为.研究结果表明,但烟粉虱若虫密度从5增加到40头/cm2,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫和越南斧瓢虫搜寻猎物的时间,随着粉虱密度的增加而逐渐减少;取食猎物的时间,随着粉虱密度的增加而逐渐增加;对烟粉虱若虫的取食量也随密度的增加呈上升趋势.两种瓢虫相比,在既定猎物密度的情况下,刀角瓢虫搜寻、取食烟粉虱的时间要显著长于斧瓢虫所用的时间,但对烟粉虱的取食量明显低斧瓢虫的取食量.在固定粉虱数量的情况下,当瓢虫数量从1头增加到3头时,单头刀角瓢虫和斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的取食量逐渐减少,个体间的干扰作用逐渐显现.     

2种瓢虫捕食烟粉虱行为的时间分配策略

【背景】沙巴拟刀角瓢虫和越南斧瓢虫是自东南亚地区引进的粉虱类害虫的优势捕食性天敌,然而其控制烟粉虱的有效性尚未明确。【方法】在室内研究了2种瓢虫幼虫捕食烟粉虱若虫时取食、爬行与休息等行为的时间分配,以及2种瓢虫幼虫和成虫在既定时间内对烟粉虱的取食时间和取食量。【结果】随着瓢虫幼虫龄期的增大,其取食烟粉虱低龄和高龄若虫的时间和休息时间均逐渐减少,而爬行寻找猎物的时间逐渐增多。沙巴拟刀角瓢虫幼虫取食烟粉虱各虫态的时间显著长于越南斧瓢虫幼虫,取食量也显著大于后者;而沙巴拟刀角瓢虫成虫取食烟粉虱的时间长于越南斧瓢虫成虫,但取食量明显低于后者。【结论与意义】2种瓢虫对烟粉虱都有较好的捕食作用,但其时间分配策略有所不同。因此,应根据田间烟粉虱的发生时期,选择合适的瓢虫进行释放。     

茄子品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

茄子不同品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂的影响结果表明 ,上海紫茄、呼杂 3 4# 、托塔姆 3 # 、洋红茄 4个品种中 ,取食上海紫茄的瓢虫发育历期明显短于取食其它 3个品种的瓢虫。其幼虫-蛹历期比在托塔姆 3 # 上取食的瓢虫发育历期快 5 69d。瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂在取食上海紫茄的瓢虫幼虫内发育出蜂数多、性比高 ,但寄生率稍低。而在托塔姆 3 # 上取食的幼虫内发育出蜂数少、羽化率低、蜂体小、但寄生率稍高。该蜂喜在 3 ,4龄幼虫内寄生 ,在其上寄生蜂出蜂多、性比高、蜂的个体大     

臭氧对墨西哥豆瓢虫取食和生长的影响

本文报道在美国农业研究中心用臭氧在室内熏蒸和田间开顶熏蒸植物,用此饲养墨西哥豆瓢虫的实验,以及熏蒸后植物体内某些化合物含量变化的测定.结果表明,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis Mulsant)喜食臭氧(O₃)污染的植物,幼虫取食O₃污染植物后蛹显著重于取食未受污染植物所形成的蛹.根据豆瓢虫食性和植物体内糖含量的测定,可以认为,低浓度O₃污染导致植物体内糖含量的增加,是促使豆瓢虫取食量和蛹重增加的重要因素.     

转Btc-ry1 Ah基因玉米花粉对龟纹瓢虫解毒酶和中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

研究了取食转Bt-cry1Ah基因玉米花粉对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica（Thunberg）体内解毒酶和中肠蛋白酶活性的影响。利用饲喂结合比色方法,比较龟纹瓢虫取食转Bt-cry1Ah基因玉米花粉和非转基因玉米花粉后体内α-乙酸萘酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、中肠总蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶的酶活性。结果发现：在解毒酶方面,取食Bt玉米花粉的龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫和蛹的α-乙酸萘酯酶活性显著低于取食非Bt玉米花粉的龟纹瓢虫（对照组）,取食Bt玉米花粉的龟纹瓢虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性在各个发育时期与对照相比均无显著差异。在中肠蛋白酶方面,与对照组相比,取食Bt玉米花粉的龟纹瓢虫的总蛋白酶和强碱性类胰蛋白酶活性在各个发育时期均无显著差异;但取食Bt玉米花粉的龟纹瓢虫的弱碱性类胰凝蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性在蛹期显著低于取食非Bt玉米花粉的龟纹瓢虫。由此可见,龟纹瓢虫取食含有Cry1Ah杀虫蛋白的玉米花粉后,体内代谢解毒酶和中肠蛋白酶与Cry1Ah杀虫蛋白相互作用,可能会引起某些酶活性的变化。因此,转cry1Ah基因玉米花粉对龟纹瓢虫的潜在影响还需要进一步的研究。     

茄子品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及其寄主蜂生长发育的影响

茄子不同品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及瓢虫标腹姬小蜂的影响结果表明,上海紫茄、呼杂34^#、托塔姆3^#、洋红茄4个品种中,取食上海紫茄的瓢虫发育历期明显短于取食其它3个品种的瓢虫。其幼虫－蛹历期比在托塔姆3^#上取食的瓢虫发育历期快5.69d。瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂在取食上海紫茄的瓢虫幼虫内发育出蜂数多、性比高,但寄生率稍低。而在托塔姆3^#上取食的幼虫内发育出蜂数少、羽化率低、蜂体小、但寄生率稍高。该蜂喜在3,4龄幼虫内寄生,在其上寄生蜂出蜂多、性比高、蜂的个体大。     

饲养瓢虫的替代食物:利用地中海粉螟卵与油菜花粉连续多代饲喂稻红瓢虫

稻红瓢虫Micraspis discolor(Fabricius)是稻田害虫捕食性天敌优势种之一,捕食包括蓟马、稻蚜、叶蝉、飞虱Delphacidae、鳞翅目幼虫和卵等多种水稻害虫,对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens有控制作用.为了筛选出稻红瓢虫系统化饲养适宜的替代食物,本研究利用地中海粉螟Ephestia kuehniella Zeller卵和油菜花粉分别连续4代饲养稻红瓢虫,分析各代不同食物处理后幼虫各龄的历期、死亡率、雌性比、雌雄体重间的差异,同时也对比了两种处理F2代间雌虫的繁殖力及雌雄成虫的寿命.实验发现,食用地中海粉螟卵的稻红瓢虫比食用油菜花粉的表现力更佳,具体表现为稻红瓢虫取食地中海粉螟卵的幼虫各代历期显著短于取食油菜花粉的处理(P<0.05),F1～F3代取食地中海粉螟卵的稻红瓢虫比取食油菜花粉的稻红瓢虫具有较高的雌性比例(38.46％ ～41.07％vs 50.75％ ～55.56％),取食地中海粉螟卵的各代初羽化稻红瓢虫体重始终大于取食油菜花粉的各代稻红瓢虫.油菜花粉饲喂的F2代雌性稻红瓢虫产卵前期大约是同期地中海粉螟卵处理的2倍多(P<0.05),且稻红瓢虫取食地中海粉螟卵后的最初30天产卵量大于油菜花粉处理,喂饲地中海粉螟卵的F2代稻红瓢虫雌雄成虫寿命比喂饲油菜花粉的F2代稻红瓢虫长.综合分析幼虫发育和繁殖力结果,地中海粉螟卵比油菜花粉更适合稻红瓢虫的生长发育,稻红瓢虫在连续多代饲喂地中海粉螟卵后比饲喂油菜花粉有着更稳定的幼虫发育指标,表明地中海粉螟卵比油菜花粉更适合作为稻红瓢虫系统化扩繁的替代食物.     

三种捕食性瓢虫成虫对卵的种内自残及其集团内捕食作用

捕食性瓢虫是农田生态系中一类重要的天敌昆虫,种内自残和集团内捕食现象在捕食性瓢虫中普遍存在。本研究在室内通过选择性和非选择性试验比较分析了异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫及龟纹瓢虫成虫对卵的种内自残和集团内捕食作用以及卵表面的化学物质对集团内捕食作用的影响。结果表明:在非选择性试验中,3种捕食性瓢虫成虫对卵表现出相似的取食现象,即对龟纹瓢虫卵取食最多,其次为七星瓢虫卵,对异色瓢虫卵取食相对较少;在选择性试验中,七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫较偏好取食同种卵,对异色瓢虫卵取食均较少;而异色瓢虫喜欢取食异种卵,对同种卵取食相对较少。3种瓢虫卵经正己烷漂洗后,异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫成虫却未对卵表现出取食偏好性。本研究可为捕食性瓢虫组合释放与协调利用、田间集团内捕食作用评定及其在生物防治中的应用提供理论依据。     

南方小花蝽液体人工饲料的饲养效果评价

为评价一种液体人工饲料的饲养效果,以棉蚜饲养南方小花蝽作对照,用液体人工饲料连续两代饲养南方小花蝽若虫和成虫,对南方小花蝽各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行调查。结果显示：用人工饲料饲养的南方小花蝽若虫历期（22～23天）与对照组（21天）之间不存在显著差异,说明液体人工饲料可以很好的满足南方小花蝽若虫生长的营养要求。然而,用棉蚜饲养的对照组南方小花蝽成虫获得率可达到63%,而人工饲料组连续两代的成虫获得率分别仅为45% 和43%。取食人工饲料的南方小花蝽成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量及寿命方面与对照组都没有显著差异,仅在产卵期方面有着显著差异,人工饲料组小花蝽的产卵期为13～16天,而对照组小花蝽的产卵期可达20天,说明液体人工饲料也可以很好的满足南方小花蝽成虫生殖发育的营养要求。     

一种半固体人工饲料连代饲养日本通草蛉幼虫

以棉蚜和his gossypii Glover饲养日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipt）oensis（Okamoto）作为对照,用一种半固体人工饲料连续饲养10代日本通草蛉,对日本通草蛉各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行观测。结果显示,用人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉的幼虫历期为13～15d,蛹期为8d,较对照组的7d和6d分别延长6～8d和2d;用棉蚜饲养的对照组日本通草蛉幼虫累计存活率为94％,成虫获得率为87％,而人工饲料饲养连续10代的幼虫累计存活率为81％～89％,成虫获得率69％～79％。取食人工饲料的日本通草蛉成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量、产卵期及寿命方面与对照组存在显著的差异,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵前期为5．07—5．22d,而对照组草蛉的产卵前期为4．12d,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵量为190～390粒,对照组的单雌产卵量为667．2粒,人工饲料组草蛉的寿命为36—38d,对照组成虫寿命52d。以上结果表明,这种半固体人工饲料可以满足日本通草蛉幼虫生长发育基本需要,可用于日本通草蛉的室内继代饲养,但需要进一步优化配方。     

Essential versus alternative foods of insect predators: benefits of a mixed diet

Although many predatory insects appear to be opportunistic generalists in their selection of prey, only a subset of prey species may in fact serve as “essential foods” capable of supporting immature growth and adult reproduction. It has been suggested that other, “alternative foods” serve only to maintain the predator when essential foods are not available, but little research has evaluated the significance of a mixed diet of essential and alternative foods for predator growth or reproduction. Here we test the general hypothesis that although alternative prey may be inadequate to support reproduction when consumed alone by adult predators, consumption of such prey may enhance the predator's reproductive output when the predator also has access to essential prey. We compared egg production by two aphidophagous lady beetles, Coccinella septempunctata and C. transversoguttata, provided with diets of aphids (essential prey) and weevils (alternative prey). As predicted, female predators produced greater numbers of eggs when a diet of pea aphids in limited number was supplemented by alfalfa weevil larvae. The predators laid no eggs when provided only with weevils or only with sugar. But once aphids were added to the diet, females of C. transversoguttata (but not C. septempunctata) laid eggs in greater numbers when they had fed previously on weevils than on sugar. Females of both species also produced eggs in modest numbers when provided with both weevils in excess and sugar, but this diet supported a lower rate of egg production than did a diet of weevils in excess plus a limited number of aphids. Although C. septempunctata has a longer history of association with the alfalfa weevil than does C. transversoguttata, the former species was not more effective in exploiting this alternative prey in support of reproduction. The tendency of generalist predators such as adult lady beetles to consume alternative as well as essential prey probably enhances considerably their ability to capitalize on short-lived and scattered opportunities as they seek out suitable sites in which to reproduce. Received: 11 May 1998 / Accepted: 1 May 1999     

Egg cannibalism by ladybird larvae is less frequent than expected from the nutritional benefit accrued to cannibals

Egg cannibalism is a widespread phenomenon in predatory arthropods. However, conflicting results have been reported regarding the nutritional value of conspecific eggs. Therefore, evaluation of the value of a mixed diet of conspecific eggs and aphids for survival and growth of Adalia bipunctata (Coccinellidae) larvae was tested. Subsequently, the propensity for cannibalism of naive and experienced larvae was assessed in two experiments in which the relative density and quality of conspecific eggs were manipulated in an experimental arena. It was found that larvae that were fed a mixed diet of conspecific eggs and aphids moulted into larger adults than those fed either aphids or eggs, and those that fed on conspecific eggs lost less mass than those fed only aphids during pupal stage. Additionally, in an experimental arena, attacks on aphids were more frequent than expected when conspecific eggs occupied 50% and 75% of the patches. When 50% of patches were occupied by conspecific eggs, the preference for aphids was less marked when larvae had previously experienced cannibalism (76% vs. 52% respectively) or when offered in the arena conspecific egg the cuticular hydrocarbons of which had been removed (76% vs. 48%, respectively). However, cannibalism was not enhanced if larvae experienced heterospecific prey shortages, but were supplemented with an artificial diet. Given that prey choice in A. bipunctata larvae is driven by chemical cues and that hydrocarbons on the egg surfaces and in larval tracks are very similar, we hypothesize that the naive larvae avoid eggs because of the uncertainty that those hydrocarbons indicate either eggs or conspecific larvae.     

人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫捕食功能的影响

研究不同成分的人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)捕食功能的影响。结果表明:不同成分的人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应类型没有影响,与对照组瓢虫一样均符合HollingⅡ型模型;添加蔗糖的饲料2组的a’/Th(瞬间攻击率/处理时间)要高于其他人工饲料组,表明其对棉蚜的捕食效应较强;各人工饲料组喂养的龟纹瓢虫在捕食功能上要明显劣于野生型龟纹瓢虫。     

Ant and silkworm pupae as convenient diets for the development and reproduction of big-eyed bug Geocoris ochropterus (Hemiptera: Geocoridae)

We investigated the influence of convenient diets on big-eyed bug Geocoris ochropterus. Development and reproduction of G. ochropterus fed on convenient diets of ant pupae Oecophylla smaragdina and silkworm pupae Bombyx mori were examined using aphids Aphis gossypii as the control diet. Results showed that Geocoris ochropterus nymphs completed development to adults on all diets. Total average development period was 35.1 days fed on ant pupae, 35.9 days fed on silkworm pupae, and 36.0 days fed on aphids. Head width, body length, forewing length, and fresh body weight of adults were not affected by diets, except for females reared on ant pupae that were significantly heavier than those fed on aphids. There was no significant difference in offspring sex ratio. Total number of eggs deposited per female fed on ant pupae was significantly larger than when fed on aphids, while eggs laid by females fed on silkworm pupae were significantly longer than eggs laid by females fed on aphids. Results suggest that ant pupae and silkworm pupae could be effectively used for mass rearing of G. ochropterus.     

七星瓢虫雌成虫咽侧体的活性

以短期体外放射化学测定法测定了七星瓢虫雌成虫的咽侧体(CA)活性。结果表明,七星瓢虫的CA在TC 199培养液中培养时活性最高。在最适培养条件下CA合成保幼激素(JH)的速度在1—4小时呈直线增加。 七星瓢虫雌虫生殖期CA的活性变化与卵黄发生有相关性。羽化初期CA活性很低,羽化后4—8天CA活性增加,卵母细胞内卵黄沉积开始增多;羽化后8—12天CA活性高峰出现,此时卵母细胞内有大量卵黄沉积;羽化后12—15天CA活性下降,卵完全成熟并陆续出现产卵个体。 食料对七星瓢虫成虫的卵黄发生的影响:取食人工饲料雌虫的CA活性增长缓慢,直至羽化后15天CA活性仍很低,因而抑制了卵黄原蛋白的合成,使卵巢发育缓慢。此种雌虫中CA活性高峰的出现比取食蚜虫的延迟约2倍,前者的产卵前期也较后者延长约2倍。     

营养质量对雄性赤拟谷盗生长发育、抗饥饿和资源再获取能力的影响

昆虫的生长发育、抗饥饿和资源再获取能力对其生存、生殖和性选择非常重要。本文研究了营养质量对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)生长发育、抗饥饿和资源再获取能力的影响。结果表明,三个营养处理下雄性赤拟谷盗的生长发育性状（幼虫重、发育历期、蛹重和成虫重）均存在显著性差异,在高营养质量下生长的雄性赤拟谷盗发育更快,体重更大,且各生长发育性状间存在显著性相关。营养质量对雄性赤拟谷盗成虫的抗饥饿能力没有显著影响,但对其资源再获取能力有显著影响,表现为在高营养质量下生长的雄性赤拟谷盗成虫比在低营养质量下生长的具有更高的资源再获取能力。雄性赤拟谷盗抗饥饿能力和资源再获取能力之间存在显著性相关,但是雄性赤拟谷盗抗饥饿能力和资源再获取能力除了与发育历期存在显著性相关外,与其它生长发育性状不存在显著性相关。本文还对这些实验结果的性选择意义进行了讨论。     

Effects of mixed prey on the development and demographic attributes of a generalist predator,Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an aphidophagous ladybird beetle species with cosmopolitan distribution. However, it may also thrive on arthropods other than aphids, when the latter are not readily available. Certain life history traits and demographic attributes of C. septempunctata were determined using seven different diets with different alternations and proportions of an aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach,1843) and a mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, in the laboratory (at 25±0.5°C, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16 h L:8 h D).The larval duration was longest (12.61±6.17 days) when fed an alternating diet of two days aphid/two days mite. Adult longevity was longest (78.65±1.09 days) when fed aphids only and shortest (3.17±1.25 days) when fed mites only. Life expectancy (e_x) was highest (111 days) when adults were fed only aphids and lowest (11.3 days) when fed only mites. Survival rates of ladybird beetles were positively related to an increasing ratio of aphids in their diet. Their ability to prey on both aphids and mites indicates the effectiveness of C. septempunctata as a biological control agent on plants infested with these two pests.