浙江天目山种植林管理历史及粗死木残体特征影响柳杉腐木甲虫多样性（英文）

不合理的森林管理是导致腐木甲虫多样性丧失的重要原因。在中国亚热带地区, 多样性较高的天然林已被大面积的人工种植林取代, 然而, 这些人工林对腐木甲虫多样性的影响还研究甚少。本研究对浙江天目山自然保护区人工幼龄林（30~40年）、 人工老熟林（80~100年）和半天然混合林（>200年）中柳杉枯立木上的腐木甲虫群落及多样性进行比较。结果表明： 半天然混合林腐木甲虫个体数量（97.4±66.7）显著高于幼龄林（39.9±16.3）和老熟林（21.9±5.9）, 但半天然林混合林(27.9±11.2)与幼龄林(24.1±3.7)腐木甲虫物种数差异并不显著(P>0.05), 而幼龄林的腐木甲虫物种数和个体数量则显著高于老熟林(P<0.05)。腐木甲虫物种数和个体数量与样地粗死木残体体积相关性显著(P<0.05)。典范对应分析和多响应置换过程分析表明腐木甲虫群落特征在不同林型间差异显著(P<0.001)。柳杉枯立木直径、 粗死木残体的直径和数量以及林冠盖度均对腐木甲虫物种组成具有显著影响(P<0.05)。腐木甲虫营养级组成分析也表明, 半天然混合林菌食性甲虫数量显著高于种植林(P<0.001)。结果提示, 提高种植林粗死木残体的数量和质量可以增加腐木甲虫的物种丰富度, 但种植林腐木甲虫多样性可能在随后的演替阶段有所下降, 而且种植林与天然林在腐木甲虫群落组成上差异十分明显。     

鄂尔多斯高原地区昆虫物种多样性研究

鄂尔多斯高原有特殊生境类型,本文研究了该地区的昆虫物种多样性变化及影响因素,得到以下结果：（1）利用巴氏罐诱法得到昆虫标本约5159号,其他无脊椎动物标本291号,鞘翅目为优势昆虫类群,其数量占昆虫标本总数的45．8％,其中拟步甲和步甲个体数量较多,占所有甲虫总数92．8％;（2）根据甲虫的物种多样性和丰富度的特点将4个调查地点分为两组：一组为以荒漠灌丛为主的杭锦旗和植被类型多样化的石灰庙,物种多样性指数,丰富度和个体数量较高;另一组为以人工植被区为主的石龙庙和新街镇,物种均匀度指数较高;（3）主成分排序（PCA）可以将该地区的甲虫群落分为人工植被区和荒漠植被区2种类型,反映降水和植被类型是决定甲虫群落组成的关键因素;（4）降水梯度对甲虫物种多样性有很大影响,物种多样性指数,均匀度指数与降水梯度呈显著的正相关关系;个体数量与降水梯度呈显著的负相关关系;物种的丰富度与降水梯度没有相关关系。以上结果表明,在鄂尔多斯高原地区,只有减少人为干扰,加强保护脆弱的原有植被,才能保护特有的昆虫种类;只有大力开展固沙造林植草,才能改善环境,提高该地区的昆虫物种多样性。     

神农架保护区大步甲和蜗步甲属生境选择与物种多样性研究

针对神农架保护区12个代表地点的6种生境,利用巴氏罐诱法研究大步甲属（Carabus)和蜗步甲属（Cychrus)的物种和数量分布,研究发现：（1）本地区有大步甲7种,蜗步甲2种,其中Cy.bispinosus shennongding,C.ahshimaianus,C.blumenthaliellus和C.yokoae是本地的常见种,分布区域广,占个体总数的88．2％,（2）物种分布与度密切相关,常见种的垂直分布范围比较宽,海拔区间大于1000m,其他种分布相对较窄,垂直区间小于500m,从物种分布特点看,在海拔1500－2000m的范围内种类最多,在海拔2000－2500m的范围内个体数量最多,在海拔500－1000m范围内种类和数量均相对较少,（3）人为或自然干扰程序影响物种的种类组成和个体数量分布,剧烈干扰减少物种种类和数量,在中等干扰的情况下,物种种类国多,在轻度干扰的情况下,物种个体数量较多,在几乎没有干扰的情况下,物种的种类和数量也呈下降趋势,（4）生境类型影响物种的数量分布,C.blumenthaliellus的个体数量在草甸内远高于其他生境,C.yokoae在阔叶林内数量显著高于草甸,C.ohshimaianus在针叶林的数量明显高于混交林和草甸,Cy.bispinosus shennongding也倾向分布在混交林和草甸内,如果以属为单元进行比较,大步甲和蜗步甲属在不同生境内的数量变化没有达到显著性差异,但大步甲在混交林内数量低于其他生境,蜗步甲属在混交林和草甸内有数量优势,（5）比较物种多样性指数值,溪边灌丛最高,针叶林最低,均匀度指数值阔叶林最高,针叶林最低,从物种丰富度看,混交林和溪边灌丛最高,其次为针叶林,本研究结果表明,海拔和干扰程度了大步甲和蜗步甲物种种类分布,生境影响数量分布,为了保护这两属的物种多样性,要保护不同类型的特殊生境,尽量保护生境的样化,尽力控制人为干扰,减缓自然干扰,只有这样才会丰富该地区的物种多样性。     

云南西北部地区地表甲虫的物种多样性

共调查了云南西北部地区的中甸大雪山、中甸碧塔海、德钦白芒雪山、丽江石鼓镇、玉龙雪山保护区和永胜县6个小区域。采用巴氏罐诱法研究不同生境下地表甲虫物种多样性的变化。其结果：①共采集甲虫标本2852号,分属16个科,以隐翅虫数量最多,占41.3%;步甲次之,占25.9%;金龟、象甲、拟步甲的数量各占5％以上;其他11科合计占13％;②甲虫群落的物种多样性分析表明：农业活动频繁的永胜县,个体数量和丰富度较低;游牧业和旅游业频繁的中甸碧塔海多样性指数和丰富度较低;其他4个区域多样性指数、均量和丰富度较低;游牧业和旅游业频繁的中甸碧塔海多样性指数和丰富度较低;其他4个区域多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度以及个体数量比较均匀。除永胜县外,其他地区甲虫群落间相似性系数随空间距离的增大而降低。③比较针叶林、阔叶林、混交林、灌丛和草甸等5种生境,所有甲虫、步甲、金龟数量在针叶林和草甸生境内较高;隐翅虫数量在针叶林和阔叶林内较高;象甲在阔叶林内数量较高;拟步甲在灌丛内数量较高;但只有步甲和隐翅虫差异显著。④物种的个体数量、丰富度和多样性指数随海拔高度不同,其变化趋势相似。在1500－2000m呈下降趋势;在2500－3000m和3500－4000m分别形成2个峰值。均匀度指数的变化趋势则与之相反。以上结果表明,空间距离和生境类型影响云南西北部地区地表甲虫群落的物种多样性和相似性,频繁的农牧业和旅游业活动,对保持地表甲虫物种多样性的自然分布规律产生一定影响。     

边缘效应对卧龙自然保护区森林-草地群落交错带地表甲虫多样性的影响

本文研究了卧龙国家自然保护区地表甲虫群落在天然落叶阔叶林森林边缘与森林内部和周围草地间多样性差异,在科级水平上探讨边缘效应对地表甲虫群落的影响。调查共设5个重复样带（间距大于500 m）;每个样带以距离梯度（25 m）的方式设置样点,分别由边缘深入到森林内部和草地中央100 m,共设45个样点,通过巴氏罐诱法调查地表甲虫群落组成和季节变化。本研究采集甲虫标本4 736 号,隶属于28个科,步甲科、隐翅虫科和叩甲科分别占总数的49.5%、23.5%和13.0%,共同构成本研究地区地表甲虫的优势类群。甲虫的个体数量从森林内部、边缘到周围草地依次降低,而科多样性和均匀度则依次增高,都达到了显著差异。主坐标分析（PCoA）排序表明,森林内部和周围草地间的地表甲虫群落组成差异较大;而森林边缘的群落组成与两者都有较高程度的相似性,反映了森林边缘的地表甲虫群落已经与森林内部的群落组成发生明显分化,除了森林物种成分外,还包含了若干从周围草地环境扩散来的物种成分。从季节动态看,森林边缘和森林内部在丰富度和个体数量的季节变化曲线方面相似性更高;捕食类和腐食类地表甲虫的季节变化在森林内部和边缘相似性更高,而植食类则在森林边缘和草地的相似性更高。多元回归分析表明,枯落物覆盖率是影响地表甲虫科多样性和均匀度的决定因素,枯落物厚度和林冠层覆盖率是决定甲虫个体数量分布的重要因素。以上结果表明,在科级水平上,地表甲虫群落在天然落叶阔叶林边缘已经与森林内部生境发生分化,而且正在加剧的森林片断化进程将会产生更多的森林边缘,因此,保留大面积的天然落叶阔叶林免受破坏和干扰是保护地表甲虫多样性的必要措施。     

长白山北坡暗针叶林群落特征

长白山北坡的暗针叶林带分布海拔为１１００～１８５０ｍ,在野外调查的基础上,对暗针叶林沿海拔梯度物种组成的分布格局进行了研究。文中用α和β多样性指数来度量森林群落的多样性,用群落系数（本质上是一种β多样性指数）来度量不同群落或样地间的相似性,同时用欧氏距离和Ｗａｒｄ法对所有样地进行了聚类分析。研究结果表明主要树种云杉和冷杉在整个暗针叶林带均分布,而伴生树种和多数灌木出现于一定海拔范围内;沿海拔梯度物     

安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类的垂直分布及其群落多样性

采用定点法、样线法和随机调查法,2005—2008年间对安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类垂直分布及群落多样性进行调查.本次调查共捕获蝶类3681只,隶属于10科69属111种,其中蛱蝶科的物种数、个体数和多样性指数均高于其他各科;该地区蝶类呈现由东洋界向古北界过渡的特征,且随着海拔的升高东洋界种类逐渐递减,古北界种类逐渐增多.在3个垂直带中（海拔低于800 m、800～1200 m、高于1200 m）,海拔800～1200 m垂直带的蝶类种类最丰富.研究区6种主要生境类型（落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、针阔混交林、灌木和次生林、农田、居民点）中,灌木和次生林中蝶类的物种数和个体数量、物种多样性指数均高于其他各生境类型,农田生境中蝶类多样性指数最低;生境之间蝶类物种的相似性系数主要与生境构成要素中的植被类型有关,植被类型相差越大,蝶类物种的相似性系数就越小,研究区针阔混交林与灌木和次生林之间的蝶类物种相似性系数最高（0.61）,而常绿针叶林与灌木和次生林之间的相似性系数最低（0.20）.     

西双版纳片段化石灰岩森林附生兰科植物多样性研究

西双版纳石灰岩地区拥有丰富的兰科植物资源,但近年来随着橡胶树的大面积种植,使得该地区很多石灰岩森林呈片段化。为了解片段化石灰岩森林中附生兰科植物多样性状况以及片段化对附生兰科植物的影响,该研究选取了生境片段化的青岩寨和曼纳览,以及连续生境的绿石林和巴卡新寨等4个样地的29个样方进行多样性调查和对比研究。结果表明:4个石灰岩森林样共记录到附生兰科植物34属76种1 528株(丛)。通过对坡向、坡度、海拔、地形、郁闭度和森林类型等6个环境因子与附生兰科植物丰富度进行CCA分析,发现石灰岩地区附生兰科植物的分布主要受海拔和森林类型2个因素的影响,在海拔较高的青岩寨和巴卡新寨附生兰科植物物种丰富度高于低海拔的绿石林和曼纳览,而片段化对附生兰科植物的物种多样性和多度均无显著影响,这可能与片段化的历史较短有关。虽然目前来看生境片段化对石灰岩地区的附生兰科植物多样性无显著影响,但生境脆弱的石灰岩森林植被的保护对于兰科植物多样性保护则更具重要性。     

横断山区东部四种林型地表甲虫的物种多样性

2001年7月8—14日在横断山区东部选择皆伐后经过管理的人工次生林(MSF)、无人管理的农耕区次生林(USF)、邻近天然的冷杉林(NAF)和杜鹃矮曲林(NRF)4种林型,共设置样地20块,以巴氏罐诱法收集地表甲虫的物种组成和数量数据,并以地表甲虫的种类和数量分布为属性做主成分分析和聚类分析,研究森林皆伐和管理行为对地表甲虫物种多样性的影响。共采集地表甲虫标本4292号,步甲科、觅葬甲科和隐翅虫科分别占总数46．8％、13．1％和11．4％,是数量最多的类群;金龟科、象甲科和拟步甲科的数量也各在5％以上,为常见类群。其中,步甲科的个体数量在NRF显著多于其他林型,在USF显著少于其他林型;觅葬甲科在两个天然林显著多于两个次生林;拟步甲科在NRF显著多于其他林型;花萤科在MSF和NAF显著多于USF;叩甲科在USF显著多于MSF和NAF;象甲科在NRF和MSF明显多于USF;叶甲科在NRF明显多于USF。地表甲虫的个体数量从USF、MSF、NAF到NRF逐渐增多,而均匀度指数则逐渐降低;MSF内物种丰富度和多样性指数分别显著高于USF和NRF。主成分分析和聚类分析表明,除了USF与其他林型有明显差异外,其他林型间有一定的相似性,但MSF与天然NAF间相似性较低。以上结果表明,森林砍伐后并种植人工林措施改变了该地区地表甲虫群落的物种分布格局,有助于恢复物种多样性。     

卧龙自然保护区落叶松林不同恢复阶段的嗜尸性甲虫物种多样性

在四川卧龙国家自然保护区,以天然落叶阔叶林（约100年生）为对照,选择新种植（5年生）、幼年（15年生）和成熟（45年生）的3种落叶松种植林,采用引诱法分别在地表和地上1.5 m处取样,研究处于不同恢复阶段林地中的嗜尸性甲虫物种多样性及其变化格局。共采集甲虫标本3 066号,其中隐翅虫、球蕈甲和埋葬甲科分别占总个体数的43.71%、31.83%和17.97%。嗜尸性甲虫的多度格局呈对数正态分布,随着落叶松林树龄的增长,其分布格局更加接近天然林。物种丰富度和多样性在3种落叶松林内均显著低于天然林,且在3种落叶松林中,新种植的最低。主坐标分析排序和聚类分析表明,不同树龄的落叶松林和天然阔叶林间的嗜尸性甲虫群落组成存在显著差异。以上结果表明,落叶松种植林尚无法取代天然落叶阔叶林在维持嗜尸性甲虫物种多样性中的作用。     

Diversity of pselaphine beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) in eastern Thailand

Pselaphine beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) are cosmopolitan, species‐rich, and yet poorly studied, particularly in the tropics. We sampled beetles in three types of primary forest and two types of disturbed forest habitats in eastern Thailand to assess the utility of pselaphine beetles as bioindicators of forest disturbance. We simultaneously measured leaf litter mass, soil moisture, soil acidity and canopy cover at each site to infer which environmental factors affect pselaphine beetle diversity and abundance. At each site, pselaphine beetles were extracted from ten 1 m² samples of leaf litter and soil with Tullgren funnels. We sampled 1867 adult beetles representing six supertribes, 51 genera and 114 morphospecies; 7% of the genera and 92% of the species were undescribed. Forest types differed significantly in species richness, abundance, diversity and evenness. Primary forest had greater numbers of species and individuals, and higher diversity indices (H′). Teak plantation and secondary forest had substantially fewer individuals and species of pselaphine beetles. Species composition differed between primary and degraded forests. Canopy cover, soil moisture, and leaf litter mass positively correlated with beetle species richness and abundance. Leaf litter mass and soil moisture were the two most important factors affecting the diversity of pselaphine beetle assemblages. Among the 114 morphospecies collected, 43 morphospecies were specific to two or three habitats and 64 morphospecies were found only in a single habitat. Thus pselaphine beetles appear to have rather narrow habitat requirements and their presence/absence was correlated with environmental differences. These traits make pselaphine beetles a suitable bioindicator taxon for assessing forest litter diversity and monitoring habitat change.     

宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区眼蝶群落多样性

蝴蝶是地球生物多样性的重要指示物种之一, 其种群动态及群落结构变化能够揭示环境改变对生态系统的影响。六盘山国家级自然保护区生境优越, 植物区系多样, 孕育了丰富的蝶类资源。为了有效利用环境和保护蝶类资源, 2016-2018年, 作者采用样线调查法, 对宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区人工植被、针阔混交林、阔叶林、灌木林4种生境中眼蝶亚科昆虫进行了调查, 分析了眼蝶在空间及时间上的动态变化。共记录眼蝶亚科13属19种4,363只, 其中阿芬眼蝶(Aphantopus hyperanthus, 961只)、亚洲白眼蝶(Melanargia asiatica, 637只)、爱珍眼蝶(Coenonympha oedippus, 594只)分别占总数的22%、15%和13%, 为保护区优势种; 蟾眼蝶(Triphysa phryne, 17只)仅占总数的0.39%, 为保护区的稀有种。在空间分布上, 4类生境中针阔混交林眼蝶物种丰富度和优势度低, 多样性指数最高, 不同生境眼蝶群落物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数存在明显差异(P < 0.05), 优势度指数差异不显著。在时间动态上, 2016-2018年眼蝶个体数量呈下降趋势, 物种个体数量高峰期主要发生在8月, 优势种变化明显。因此, 保护宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶种类多样性刻不容缓。     

山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区蛾类多样性

选择山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区针阔叶混交林、阔叶落叶林、杂木林和灌木林4种植被类型为调查样地来初步了解蛾类群落结构及多样性。共采集蛾类标本4709只,隶属24科184种,其中螟蛾科种类和个体数量最多。在4种植被类型中,灌木林的蛾类种数最多,有20科132种,灌木林中螟蛾科为优势科;阔叶落叶林中最少,14科74种,尺蛾科为优势科;针阔叶混交林和杂木林居中,其中前者优势科不明显,后者以草螟科占优势。对4种植被类型中蛾类物种丰富度、多度、多样性和均匀度指数进行了计算和分析,结果表明:蛾类的多度指数在阔叶落叶林中显著低于其余3种植被类型;蛾类的丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数在灌木林中均最高,在针阔叶混交林和杂木林中则相近。蛾类种-多度曲线在针阔叶混交林、杂木林和灌木林中符合对数正态分布模型,而在阔叶落叶林中不符合对数正态分布模型。     

Dung beetle communities as biological indicators of riparian forest widths in southern Brazil

Riparian forests provide important habitat for many wildlife species and are sensitive to landscape change. Among terrestrial invertebrates, dung beetles have been used to investigate the effects of environmental disturbances on forest structure and diversity. Since many studies demonstrated a negative response of dung beetle communities to increasing forest fragmentation, and that most dung beetle species had a more pronounced occurrence during warmest seasons, three hypotheses were tested: (1) Scarabaeinae richness, abundance, diversity and evenness are lower in thinner riparian zone widths than in wider widths during the warmest seasons; (2) Scarabaeinae richness and abundance are positively influenced by leaf litter coverage and height and canopy cover; and (3) Scarabaeinae composition varies with the reduction in riparian vegetation and among annual seasons. We selected four fragments with different riparian zone widths in three secondary streams in southern Brazil. In each fragment, four sampling periods were carried out seasonally between spring 2010 and winter 2011. We collected dung beetles using pitfall traps with two types of bait. We collected 1289 specimens distributed among 29 species. In spring and summer, dung beetle richness was higher in fragments with the widest riparian zone than in those with a thinner riparian zone, and it did not vary between fragments in fall and winter seasons. Dung beetle abundance did not differ among fragments with different riparian zone widths, but it was higher in spring and summer than fall and winter. Richness and abundance were positively influenced by leaf litter. While dung beetle diversity was higher in fragments with wider riparian zone widths than in those with thinner widths, the evenness was similar among fragments. Dung beetle composition differed between the fragments with the widest and thinnest riparian zones, and it also varied among the seasons. Our results suggest that decreased riparian zones affect negatively to dung beetle community structure in southern Brazil. Fragments with thinner riparian zones had lower beetle richness in warmest seasons and an altered community composition. In this sense, the dung beetles are potentially good indicators of riparian forest fragmentation since some species were indicators of a particular riparian zone width. From a conservation perspective, our results demonstrate that the new Brazilian Forest Code will greatly jeopardize not only the terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity of these ecosystems, but also countless other ecological functions.     

鼎湖山植物群落多样性的研究

根据鼎湖山自然保护区１６个植物群落的样地调查资料,从种丰富度和不同类型的物种多样性指数、均匀度与植被类型、人为干扰程度、演替阶段等方面的关系进行了分析。本区植被类型的多样性指数、均匀率指数变化反映了其结构复杂程度、生境的差异。物种丰富和多样性随着人为干扰程度的增强而降低。群落内各层的物种丰富度的大小的顺序为“灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层”,而群落多样性指数的大小顺序为“灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层”。群落多样     

High diversity beetle assemblages attracted to carrion and dung in threatened tropical oak forests in Southern Mexico

Despite high diversity levels of beetles inhabiting dung and carcasses, very few studies have attempted a comparative assessment of copro-necrophile beetle communities in relation to spatio-temporal variations, particularly in the tropics where the vast majority of beetles occur. We compared beetle assemblages attracted to pads of cattle dung and rat carcasses in four contrasting vegetation types associated with oak forest. In a total of 52 transects including 3,952 dung pad days and 2,600 carcass-trap days we recorded 14,989 beetles representing 406 species and 33 families. Necrophiles (323 species and 33 families) were considerably more diverse than coprophiles (172 species and 16 families). Staphylinidae were taxonomically and numerically dominant, comprising 45% of species and 66% of individuals, respectively. Species estimators (Chao 2) suggested that the observed beetle richness represented 68% of coprophile and 56% of necrophile species richness, with rare species constituting the majority of the species: singletons and doubletons?=?89 species (52%) of coprophiles and 166 species (51%) of necrophiles. Beetle assemblages varied in diversity and composition as regards to vegetation type and season: samples from less disturbed vegetation types (continuous oak forest and ravines) had higher beetle diversity, and a strong seasonality effect was recorded for necrophiles, but not for coprophiles. In addition, an indicator value analysis (IndVal), showed that relatively preserved vegetation types recorded more indicator species as compared to disturbed sites. Our studies clearly demonstrates that the least fragmented oak forest and ravine are the most valuable areas for necrophile and coprophile beetles in Neotropical Mexico, especially for specialist beetles.     

Elevational Gradient in Species Richness Pattern of Epigaeic Beetles and Underlying Mechanisms at East Slope of Balang Mountain in Southwestern China

We report on the species richness patterns of epigaeic beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae) along a subtropical elevational gradient of Balang Mountain, southwestern China. We tested the roles of environmental factors (e.g. temperature, area and litter cover) and direct biotic interactions (e.g. foods and antagonists) that shape elevational diversity gradients. Beetles were sampled at 19 sites using pitfall traps along the studied elevational gradient ranging from 1500 m–4000 m during the 2004 growing season. A total of 74416 specimens representing 260 species were recorded. Species richness of epigaeic beetles and two families showed unimodal patterns along the elevational gradient, peaking at mid-elevations (c. 2535 m), and the ranges of most beetle species were narrow along the gradient. The potential correlates of both species richness and environmental variables were examined using linear and second order polynomial regressions. The results showed that temperature, area and litter cover had strong explanatory power of beetle species richness for nearly all richness patterns, of beetles as a whole and of Carabidae and Staphylinidae, but the density of antagonists was associated with species richness of Carabidae only. Multiple regression analyses suggested that the three environmental factors combined contributed most to richness patterns for most taxa. The results suggest that environmental factors associated with temperature, area and habitat heterogeneity could account for most variation in richness pattern of epigaeic beetles. Additionally, the mid-elevation peaks and the small range size of most species indicate that conservation efforts should give attention to the entire gradient rather than just mid-elevations.     

北京松山自然保护区森林群落物种多样性及其神经网络预测

物种多样性是群落结构和功能复杂性的一种度量,物种多样性的空间分布格局受许多环境因子的影响.运用多样性指数,多层感知器网络,分析了松山保护区森林群落物种多样性与群落类型、结构和生境之间的关系.结果表明:(1)大果榆+山杨混交林、油松+青杨混交林物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均较高,而大果榆林、华北落叶松林的各项指数值均较低.Patrick指数和Shannon-Weiner指数在森林群落中均表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;Pielou指数在榆林中表现为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层,而在其他森林群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.(2)功能层物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化趋势不同,在乔木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度随海拔的升高逐渐降低;在灌木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度均呈比较明显的单峰曲线变化趋势;在草本层,丰富度和多样性随海拔的升高都呈下降趋势,而在草本层,均匀度变化不大.(3)用多层感知器网络预测功能层多样性效果很好,结果发现坡向对乔木层和灌木层物种多样性的影响最大,而海拔高度对草本层物种多样性的影响最大.     

Influence of tree species and soil properties on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities

Although Carabidae is among the best-studied families of beetles in Europe from the faunistic point of view, there is still a lack of available information on the ecological requirements of the particular carabid species. The habitat preferences that determine the distribution of species are largely influenced by habitat structure and microclimate. In addition to other factors, these habitat parameters are influenced by the nature of the vegetation. Therefore, our study investigated the influence of tree species on carabid beetle communities. We conducted the research at 9 stands in the Borová Hora Arboretum (Zvolen, Central Slovakia). Each studied site represents a monoculture of one of nine tree species. At each site, some soil and leaf litter attributes (pH, conductivity, and content of H, C, N and P) were evaluated. Ground beetles were collected by pitfall trapping during the vegetation periods in 2008–2011. In total, 3012 individuals of 29 species were obtained. Significant differences in the total dynamic activity and species richness of the carabid beetle communities among the compared forest stands were revealed. The results of the research confirmed statistically significant relationships among 1) the soil conductivity and both the richness and Shannon diversity of the ground beetle communities, 2) the litter and soil N content and richness, the Shannon diversity and the species composition of the ground beetle communities. The Shannon diversity and richness were negatively related to the soil conductivity and positively related with the N content. Our research showed that dominant tree species indirectly influence diversity and composition of carabid communities via the soil properties.