土壤保肥—供肥机理及其调节Ⅱ,棕壤型菜园土的腐殖质结合形态及 …

采自辽宁省不同地区的１５对棕壤型菜园土肥、瘦地及其各粒级微团聚体的有机质储量和腐殖质结合形态的研究表明,肥地及其各粒级微团聚 的有机质和各结合形态腐殖质的含量与松态腐殖质占有机质总理的比例比瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的高、稳结态腐殖质的比例较小,紧结态腐殖质的比例肥瘦地大体相当,无论肥地或瘦地,闰级微团聚体的有机质和各结合形态腐殖质的含量及松、稳结态腐殖质占有机质总量的比例均较大粒级的高,而紧结态     

土壤保肥—供肥机理及其调节Ⅲ.棕壤型菜园土的N素保持与供应

对辽宁省北部、中部及南部棕壤型菜园土１５ 对肥、瘦地Ｎ 素保持与供应性能的研究表明,绝大多数肥地及其各粒级微团聚体的全Ｎ 量、ＮＨ＋４ 吸附与解吸量均大于瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的,而ＮＨ＋４ 解吸率则相反．除了大粒级微团聚体外,肥、瘦地及其小粒级微团聚体全Ｎ 储量与ＮＨ＋４ 吸附与解吸性能均有显著差异．肥、瘦地微团聚体的ＮＨ＋４ 吸附与解吸量均随粒径的增大而降低,解吸率则随之升高．ＮＨ＋４ 吸附与营养物质或酶活性等大多没有显著的线性相关关系;肥地及各粒级微团聚体ＮＨ＋４ 解吸与土壤有机质及其结合形态、全Ｎ 含量、脲酶与磷酸酶活性等呈显著线性正相关,瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的与营养物质含量和酶活性均无显著线性相关关系．     

土壤保肥-供肥机理及其调节Ⅲ.棕壤型菜园土的N素保持与供应

对辽宁省北部、中部及南部棕壤型菜园土15对肥、瘦地N素保持与供应性能的研究表明,绝大多数肥地及其各粒级微团聚体的全N量、NH₄⁺吸附与解吸量均大于瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的,而NH₄⁺解吸率则相反。除了大粒级微团聚体外,肥、瘦地及其小粒级微团聚体全N储量与NH₄⁺吸附与解吸性能均有显着差异。肥、瘦地微团聚体的NH₄⁺吸附与解吸量均随粒径的增大而降低,解吸率则随之升高。NH₄⁺吸附与营养物质或酶活性等大多没有显着的线性相关关系;肥地及各粒级微团聚体NH₄⁺解吸与土壤有机质及其结合形态、全N含量、脲酶与磷酸酶活性等呈显着线性正相关,瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的与营养物质含量和酶活性均无显着线性相关关系。     

土壤保肥—供肥机理及其调节Ⅰ.棕壤型菜园土的P素保持与供应

对辽宁省北部、中部及南部的棕壤型菜园土１５对肥、瘦地的保Ｐ供Ｐ性能的测定表明,在绝大多数供试土样中,肥地及其各粒级微团聚体的全Ｐ量、Ｐ解吸量及Ｐ解吸率均大于瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的,Ｐ吸附量则相反．不论肥地或瘦地,＜１０μｍ微团聚体均比＞１０μｍ微团聚体具有更大的Ｐ吸附能力．供试菜园土的＜１０μｍ微团聚体亦具有较大的供Ｐ潜势,其Ｐ解吸率比其他农用土壤相同粒级微团聚体的大１个数量级．     

土壤保肥-供肥机理及其调节 Ⅰ.棕壤型菜园土的P素保持与供应

对辽宁省北部、中部及南部的棕壤型菜园土15对肥、瘦地的保P-供P性能的测定表明,在绝大多数供试土样中,肥地及其各粒级微团聚体的全P量、P解吸量及P解吸率均大于瘦地及其各相应粒级微团聚体的,P吸附量则相反。不论肥地或瘦地,<10μm微团聚体均比>10μm微团聚体具有更大的P吸附能力。供试菜园土的<10μm微团聚体亦具有较大的供P潜势,其P解吸率比其他农用土壤相同粒级微团聚体的大1个数量级。     

土壤保肥-供肥机理及其调节Ⅳ.棕壤型菜园土肥力的调节与培育及其作用实质

棕壤型菜园土肥、瘦地盆栽试验对土壤肥力的调节培育及作用实质的研究表明,在不同的培肥措施下,肥、瘦地的营养物质含量与对照相比没有普遍提高,而土壤微团聚体的团聚度增加,不同粒级微团聚体的比例更趋合理.土壤生产力水平与土壤肥力水平的本质代表-特征微团聚体比例间没有显著的相关关系.试验证明土壤肥力培育的实质在于从根本上改变了土壤的保肥供肥能力,而基于土壤本质属性的土壤特征微团聚体的比例比土壤营养物质含量与土壤生产力水平更适于作为土壤肥力水平及培肥效果评价的指标.     

若尔盖退化高寒草甸土壤团聚体结合有机碳的变化

选取若尔盖沼泽化草甸及其不同退化程度为研究对象,利用湿筛法进行团聚体分级,并测定各组分有机碳含量,研究了高寒草甸退化对土壤有机碳(SOC,Soil Organic Carbon)、团聚体以及团聚体结合有机碳(OC,Organic Carbon)的影响,旨在从土壤团聚体及其内部组成的角度去解析SOC的变化特征及机制。结果显示：1)退化使大团聚体比例降低且内部组成改变,团聚体稳定性降低。2)退化使各粒级团聚体及大团聚体内部组分结合OC含量均显著降低。3)大团聚体及其内部粗颗粒有机质中OC储量减少是退化中土壤有机碳流失的主要形式,微团聚体、闭蓄态微团聚体和闭蓄态黏粉粒中OC储量随退化增加。4)退化显著降低了高寒草甸SOC含量和储量,表层(0—10 cm)SOC含量变化主要决定于微团聚体和大团聚体OC含量,亚表层(10—20 cm)SOC含量主要受大团聚体OC含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)影响;对于SOC储量,团聚体MWD是表层SOC储量的最重要影响因素,而亚表层SOC储量取决于团聚体组成、土壤理化性质和大团聚体OC含量的综合作用。研究结果表明,改善土壤团聚体组成和稳定性,增加大团聚体有机...     

稻田免耕和稻草还田对土壤腐殖质和微生物活性的影响

为了阐明免耕和稻草还田土壤固碳机制,研究了无稻草还田免耕（NT）、无稻草还田常耕（CT）、稻草还田免耕（NTS）和稻草还田常耕（CTS）对水稻不同生育期不同土层（0—5,5—12,12—20cm）土壤腐殖质形态、含量及微生物活性的影响。结果表明,免耕（NT和NTS）处理显著增加0—5 cm土层土壤游离松结态、联结态和稳紧结态腐殖质含量和游离松结态腐殖质占总腐殖质的比例,且免耕对土壤各结合态腐殖质含量的影响程度有随生育期的推后而增加的趋势;5—12cm和12—20cm土层土壤各结合态腐殖质含量和0—20cm各土层微生物活性有减少趋势;在水稻分蘖期免耕对微生物活性影响很弱,在水稻拔节—灌浆期免耕处理显著降低5—12 cm土层土壤微生物活性,相反,免耕却增加水稻成熟期0—5 cm土层的微生物活性;另一方面,稻草还田（CTS和NTS）显著提高土壤各结合态腐殖质含量,尤其是0—5 cm土层、游离松结态腐殖质及水稻生育后期;CTS处理显著增加分蘖期—孕穗期0—20 cm土层的呼吸强度,而稻草还田显著增加孕穗期—成熟期0—5cm土层的纤维素分解强度。可见,通过增加土壤腐殖质含量和各结合态腐殖质含量并改变微生物活性免耕有利于表土层碳的固定作用,而免耕与稻草还田相结合更有利于土壤碳的积累。     

贺兰山不同海拔土壤团聚体碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征变化

探究干旱半干旱区山地森林生态系统不同海拔土壤养分在团聚体中的分布规律,可为理解脆弱山地生态系统养分循环提供理论依据。本研究以贺兰山不同海拔(1380～2438 m)土壤为对象,分析0～20 cm土层团聚体分布及其稳定性、不同粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷储量及其化学计量特征。结果表明: 随海拔升高贺兰山主要土壤团聚体由微团聚体(0.25～0.053 mm)转变为大团聚体(>0.25 mm),平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)在高海拔样地(2139～2248 m)显著高于低海拔样地(1380～1650 m)。各粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮含量和储量随海拔升高呈增大趋势;全磷含量随海拔升高呈波动趋势,且在各粒级团聚体分布均匀。大团聚体和微团聚体对土壤养分具有更高的贡献率,各粒级团聚体比例是影响土壤养分的关键因素,大团聚体和微团聚体是土壤养分的主要载体。各粒级团聚体C∶N在不同海拔变化不显著,C∶P和N∶P在中高海拔显著高于低海拔。贺兰山中高海拔的表层土壤具有更高的养分储量,较高含量的大团聚体和微团聚体有助于有机碳和养分的固持,低海拔土壤氮素限制高,在森林培育过程中可通过适当添加氮肥以改善低海拔土壤全氮状况。     

秸秆还田对稻田土壤水稳性团聚体养分及其生态化学计量比的影响

以福州平原早、晚稻田为研究对象,分析了秸秆还田对早、晚稻田土壤不同粒级水稳性团聚中TC、TN、TP含量及其计量比的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田之后,早稻土壤各粒级水稳性团聚体中,TC、TN、TP含量以及TC∶TN均不同程度增加,且在1~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体中,TC、TP含量及TC∶TN分别增加42.3%、22.2%和29.1%(P0.05);各粒级水稳性团聚体中,TN∶TP均不同程度减小,TC∶TP则无明显变化规律;秸秆还田后,晚稻土壤1~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体中TC、TP显著降低(P0.05),而各粒级水稳性团聚体中TC∶TN基本无变化,TC∶TP和TN∶TP则在1~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体中增大,其余粒级团聚体中减小;从团聚体粒级角度看,早、晚稻土壤中TC、TN、TP主要分布在水稳性大团聚体中(0.25~2 mm粒级),团聚体粒级越小,养分含量越少;秸秆还田后,晚稻土壤水稳性大团聚体对土壤养分贡献率增大,水稳性微团聚体(0.25 mm粒级)养分贡献率则降低;总体上,早、晚稻田中,1~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体对秸秆还田响应显著;秸秆还田对福州稻田水稳性团聚体中养分含量有影响,对其化学计量比的影响则不明显。     

Effects of different organic waste amendments on soil microaggregates stability and molecular sizes of humic substances

Three soils which had been amended for several years with pig slurry, cattle slurry, and sewage sludge were dry-sieved to obtain microaggregates in the size range of 250–125, 125–50, and <50 μm. With amendments, aggregate size distribution of whole soils was shifted to larger sizes, especially for the most fragile soil, whereas percent content of microaggregates decreased except for the lower size aggregates of the fragile soil. Particle size distribution of microaggregates revealed an increase in percent sand and a reduction of percent silt and clay in the <50 μg size fraction for all soils. These results showed the aggregation effect induced by the organic waste additions. Aggregate stability of microaggregates revealed significant correlation with humic substances content (humic acids alone and humic plus fulvic acids) and non significant with total organic matter substantiating the belief that humic substances are the predominant binding agents in this aggregation range. Molecular weight distribution of humic acids extracted from microaggregates of unamended soils demonstrated that the lower the soil aggregate size distribution, the larger the contribution of the high molecular weight fraction. All microaggregates from amended soils showed a progressive increase of the high molecular weight humic acids with decreasing size, reaching a maximum in the <50 μm fraction. In this aggregate size a parallel enhancement of the aggregate stability was also evident. It is concluded that a close relationship exists between aggregate stability and high molecular weight humic substances. Additions to soils of organic material containing high molecular weight constituents would represent a useful management practice to improve aggregate stability.     

长期定位施肥对保护地土壤腐殖质结合形态的影响

以长期定位施肥蔬菜保护地土壤为材料,研究了不同施肥处理土壤中结合态腐殖质含量及其相关性变化.结果表明,有机肥与无机肥配施松结态腐殖质含量高于单施无机肥的相应处理,但相对含量呈现相反趋势;稳结态腐殖质相对较稳定,没有明显变化;紧结态腐殖质绝对含量及百分含量都明显高于单施无机肥处理,其中以配施有机肥与氮磷钾肥最高,为11.53 g·kg^-1;长期定位施用有机肥后保护地土壤松/紧比值呈降低趋势, 其中有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施处理的松紧比值最低,为1.10.     

草原及开垦后土壤有机质性质研究

从土壤有机无机复合状况、腐殖质结合形态和腐殖质组成等方面,研究了供试土壤(草原淡黑钙土、草原风沙土和已开垦的风沙土)有机质的性质．结果表明,不同土壤类型及利用方式对土壤有机质性质的影响有很大的差异．与风沙土相比,淡黑钙土的全土碳、生物量碳、重组碳、可提取腐殖物质(HE)、松结态腐殖质的含量和全土腐殖化度较高．风沙土种向日葵后其全土碳、生物量碳、重组碳和HE含量及各种结合形态腐殖质含量均下降,但腐殖化程度相差不大．     

Preliminary results of hemizona assay (HZA) as a fertility test for canine spermatozoa

The Hemizona assay (HZA) is considered to be an effective test for predicting the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa. It is a functional test that distinguishes the zona-binding capacity of spermatozoa from fertile and infertile males. The objective of this study was to validate the HZA for canine spermatozoa, as a test for diagnosing canine male fertility status. Various parameters that affect binding capacity were examined: the presence of an adequate number of capacitated and motile spermatozoa for an HZA, the influence of fertility status, sperm-binding variability within fertile dogs over 60 d, variability in sperm-binding capacity of different oocytes, the lower limit number of spermatozoa binding to a zona from the fertile control, and evaluation of HZI to determine the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. Hemizonae were obtained from frozen oocytes of spayed bitches. The oocytes were manually cut into nearly equal halves. Spermatozoa were capacitated by swim-up and 1 h incubation at 37 degrees C in modified Ham's F10 medium. Spermatozoa and hemizonae were co-incubated in 100-microL drops at 37 degrees C for 1 h. Spermatozoa from 7 fertile and 3 infertile dogs were used for this study. The optimal sperm concentration for hemizona insemination was 1 x 10(6)/mL capacitated and motile spermatozoa. A significant difference (P < 0.001) was found the number of tightly zonabound spermatozoa between fertile and infertile dogs. Although there was a small difference in zona binding capacity between ejaculates of the same fertile dog (44 +/- 18.24), the main cause for the difference mentioned above was that of poor zona pellucida-binding capacity of spermatozoa from infertile dogs. We found a maximum of 14.28% bad oocytes when we compared sperm samples from 3 fertile and 3 infertile dogs in 56 HZA replicates. To avoid the effect of bad zona on sperm binding we calculated 37 (95% CI) bound spermatozoa from infertile dogs in 56 replicates. Thus, an HZA experiment in which a control dog had < 37 zona bound spermatozoa was repeated. Based on a minimum of 37 bound spermatozoa for fertile males (controls), a differential zona-binding capacity and hemizona index (HZI) between fertile and infertile dogs and between 2 fertile dogs was determined. The binding differential between fertile and infertile dogs was 64.92 +/- 24.29, while between 2 fertile dogs it was 22.38 +/- 10.02 (P < 0.001). According to the HZI values, a value equal to or less than 41.11 indicated an infertile test dog, while an HZI value equal to or greater than 57.95 indicated a fertile test dog. Any value between these two could indicate either fertility or infertility. The evaluation of fertilizing potential of spermatozoa can be improved using the HZA protocols described above.     

利用CENTURY模型研究东北黑土有机碳的动态变化Ⅰ．自然状态下土壤有机碳的积累

应用CENTURY模型,对自然状态下的黑土有机碳库进行了模拟．结果表明,在自然状态下,黑土有机碳库经历了一个由快到慢的增长过程,经过长时间积累,趋向于稳定状态．0～20cm表层土壤有机碳总量最后稳定在7914．72～11672．78g·m^-2．黑土有机碳从北向南总的趋势是逐渐降低．达到稳定状态时,活性土壤有机碳库、慢分解土壤有机碳库和惰性土壤有机碳库分别占土壤全碳的3．36％～4．62％、50．54％～55．47％和36．47％～41．95％,可见慢分解和惰性组分库的增长对土壤有机碳库的积累起到了重要作用．模型模拟结果与已发表的实测结果比较接近,可以为进一步研究开垦后黑土有机碳变化提供依据．     

长期不同植被覆盖对黑土团聚体内有机碳组分的影响

为探究黑土团聚体内土壤有机碳(SOC)的“分馏”特征, 揭示不同植被覆盖下土壤团聚体的固碳机制, 该文以中国科学院海伦农业生态系统国家野外综合研究站内不同植被覆盖(草地、农田和裸地)长期定位实验的土样为研究对象, 利用团聚体湿筛分组、有机碳物理和化学分组相结合的方法, 研究了黑土团聚体及其内部的碳密度和腐殖质组分的碳分配特征。研究发现, 黑土经过不同植被覆盖31年后, 长期草地覆盖使土壤表层SOC、全氮(TN)含量显著增加, 农田和无植被覆盖的裸地SOC含量减少, 且在裸地显著降低。3种处理中, 2-0.25 mm (含2 mm, 下同)粒级团聚体均为优粒级。土壤团聚体的稳定性顺序为草地>农田>裸地。草地覆盖使土壤大团聚体的比例和有机碳库增加, 微团聚体和粉黏粒所占比例和碳库均减少, 说明草地覆盖促进了土壤大团聚体形成, 土壤固碳能力显著增强。而农田和裸地因外源碳投入少, 有机碳含量均是微团聚体>大团聚体>粉黏粒, SOC主要分布在微团聚体中。不同植被覆盖处理对土壤团聚体内密度组分和腐殖质各组分碳的富集“分馏”作用很明显, 与农田和裸地相比, 长期草地植被覆盖处理>2 mm和2-0.25 mm粒级团聚体中轻组碳含量富集的较多, 2-0.25 mm粒级团聚体中富里酸、胡敏酸和胡敏素的碳富集均最高, 而农田和裸地促进了微团聚体内腐殖质碳的富集。草地覆盖显著增加了大团聚体内活性有机碳组分, 来源于植物的碳首先进入到大粒径的团聚体中, 使土壤团聚结构显著改善, 农田和无植被覆盖的裸地土壤中轻组碳含量显著降低, 团聚体内有机碳以重组碳和胡敏素为主, 稳定化程度更高。     

Transport of messenger RNA into different classes of membrane-associated polyribosomes in Ehrlich-ascites-tumor cells.

The membrane-bound polyribosomes in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells can be separated into a loosely bound and a tightly bound fraction by means of a high salt treatment. Both membrane fractions as well as the free polyribosomes in the supernatant synthesize about the same set of proteins, suggesting a close relationship between these polyribosome fractions in the Ehrlich cell. Relatively high concentrations of cycloheximide do not prevent newly synthesized poly(A)-containing mRNA from entering the tightly bound polyribosome fraction. Nor had treatment of the cells with puromycin in the presence of cycloheximide, which released about 70% of the nascent chains, any significant effect on the entrance of newly synthesized mRNA into tightly bound polyribosomes. These results suggest that in ehrlich ascites tumor cells nascent polypeptide chains are not involved in the binding of polyribosomes to membranes.