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1.
长江口潮汐大型底栖动物群落的初步研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
通过对长江河口崇明东滩潮沟系统与大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查,研究了潮沟在不同生境的底栖动物群落及其多样性,分析了潮沟生境异质性与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现:①潮沟剖面中出现明显的动物群落分带现象,从潮沟底、潮沟边滩到草滩,底栖动物种类、生活型组成和生活类群比例反映了河口潮滩潮沟栖动物生态系列;②密度和生物量的分布皆为潮沟边滩>草滩>潮沟底,但密度与生物量的面上群/面下群值格局却有不同,说明了密度和生物量的优势生活型和生活类群随潮沟生境的差异而变化;③潮沟系统3种生境的多样性指数D,H′和J值均为草滩>潮沟边滩>潮沟底,是潮沟系统生境结构分化的结果。潮沟底和潮沟边滩等特殊生境的存在,提高了淤泥质河口潮滩的生境异质性,说明了潮沟系统在维持河口生态系统底栖动物物种多样性中的重要作用。  相似文献   

2.
河口盐沼植物对大型底栖动物群落的影响   总被引:39,自引:4,他引:35  
袁兴中  陆健健  刘红 《生态学报》2002,22(3):326-333
通过对长江口崇明东滩盐沼海三棱燕草带大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查,研究了不同盐沼底栖动物群落结构及其多样性特征,分析了盐沼植物群落特征与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现。(1)沿着河口盐沼海拔梯度,从低位盐沼到高位盐沼,底栖动物群落结构及多样性具有明显的梯度变化;(2)盐沼植被与底栖动物群落有密切的关系,尤其是植株高度,地下部分生物量与底栖动物密度,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,物种丰度的相关性最显著。(3)盐沼植被影响底栖动物群落,是由于植物的地下部分和地下部分结构导致盐沼生境结构复杂,增加了沉积物表层环境的结构异质性,使生境多样化,给底栖动物提供大量生活空间,(4)不同盐沼带海三陵蔗草群落的差异,提供了盐沼表层地貌的变化,这种变化及植物结构的复杂化,在这一些动物提供拓殖地的同时,也为底栖动物躲避捕食者提供了避护所;(5)盐沼植被可以改变口潮滩生境中的沉积环境,并通过消浪、缓流及调节有机质的输入动态和沉积作用而影响底栖动物群落的组成和结构。  相似文献   

3.
长江口潮沟大型底栖动物群落的初步研究   总被引:19,自引:2,他引:17       下载免费PDF全文
通过对长江口崇明东滩潮沟系统与大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查 ,研究了潮沟不同生境的底栖动物群落及其多样性 ,分析了潮沟生境异质性与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现 :①潮沟剖面中出现明显的动物群落分带现象 ,从潮沟底、潮沟边滩到草滩 ,底栖动物种类、生活型组成和生活类群比例反映了河口潮滩潮沟底栖动物生态系列 ;②密度和生物量的分布皆为潮沟边滩 >草滩 >潮沟底 ,但密度与生物量的面上群 /面下群值格局却有不同 ,说明了密度和生物量的优势生活型和生活类群随潮沟生境的差异而变化 ;③潮沟系统 3种生境的多样性指数D ,H′和J值均为草滩 >潮沟边滩 >潮沟底 ,是潮沟系统生境结构分化的结果。潮沟底和潮沟边滩等特殊生境的存在 ,提高了淤泥质河口潮滩的生境异质性 ,说明了潮沟系统在维持河口生态系统底栖动物物种多样性中的重要作用。  相似文献   

4.
高原深水湖泊抚仙湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
云南抚仙湖是我国典型的高原深水湖泊,20世纪80年代以来,随着人类活动的加剧,其水体营养水平不断提高,生态系统发生了显著变化。为揭示该湖底栖动物的群落特征及其对生态系统变化的响应,2005年正7月对大型底栖动物群落进行了调查。在抚仙湖18个断面110个样点中共采集大型底栖动物19属27种,大型底栖动物出现率为97.3%,平均密度为855ind./m^2,平均生物量为58.01g/m^2。在密度组成上软体动物(50.3%)〉摇蚊幼虫(32-3%)〉寡毛类(17.4%),优势种为花纹前突摇蚊(Procladius choreus)、长角涵螺(Alocinma tongicornis)和方形环棱螺(Bellamya quadrata),三者共占总密度的51.4%。寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫全湖性分布,而软体动物主要分布在沿岸区,各类群优势种均呈聚集分布。底栖动物在沿岸区生物量显著大于湖心区(P〈0.01),但两者之间密度差异不显著(P〉0.05);南区和北区之间的密度(P〉0.05)和生物量(P〉0.05)差异均不显著。相关分析表明,表层沉积物总有机碳、底层水体溶解氧是影响底栖动物密度分布的关键理化因子,而底层水体溶解氧是影响底栖动物生物量分布的关键理化因子。抚仙湖大型底栖动物群落的Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及改进的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.74、2.88、0.87、2.40和20.84。沿岸区底栖动物多样性明显高于湖心区,主要是由于沿岸区分布有各种沉水植物,提高了底栖动物生境的异质性。与1980年调查结果相比,抚仙湖底栖动物多样性呈上升趋势,这与水体营养水平不断提高,沉水植物分布面积扩大有关。  相似文献   

5.
长江口北支大型底栖动物群落周年变化特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
分析了长江口北支滩涂大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性变化特征。共采集大型底栖动物78种,包括环节动物7种、软体动物23种、节肢动物28种、脊索动物18种、其它两种,全年优势种有8种。密度为0.08 ind/m^2(1月)-1.24 ind/m^2(7月),生物量为0.006 g/m^2(2月)-0.58 g/m^2(5月),Margalef丰富度指数(D)为0.82(1月)-3.88(7月),Pielou均匀度指数(J)为0.60(9月)-0.86(1月),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为1.59(2月)-2.76(10月)。底栖动物密度与环境因子进行相关性分析显示,北支潮间带的大型底栖动物群落按照盐度、沉积特征等不同可分为3组,盐度和温度是影响底栖动物群落分布的主导因子。  相似文献   

6.
珠江口底栖动物生态学研究   总被引:20,自引:1,他引:19  
采泥样调查所获底栖动物一般为体形较小,活动能力较弱的种类,往往是一些底层鱼类和虾类等良好的天然饵料。珠江口海域渔业资源丰富,是中国南海区的主要渔场之一,因此,对该海域饵料底栖动物进行研究有重要意义。通过1999年9月和2000年4月分别对珠江口底栖生物进行的两个航次的采泥样调查,分别鉴定出底栖动物15衙睡21种,共计32种。底栖动物的优势种,秋季为光滑河篮蛤Potamocorbula laevis(Hinds)(Y=0.387),春季为光滑河篮蛤(Y=0.464)和欧虫Owenia fusformis Delle Chiaje(Y=0.120)。平均个体数量和生物量,春季为591.7ind./m^2和26.7g/m^2,秋季为85.0ing./m^2和7.4g/m^2;而在各类群生物中,软体动物占绝大部分,其次为多毛类,其它各类群所占比例都不足5%。生物多样性,个体数量和生物量的分布均呈由北向南增加的趋势。另外,与近20a中的历史资料相比,珠江口底栖动物个体数量变化不大,除2000年春季较高为591.7ind./m^2外,其变化范围在72.4-128ing./m^2之间。春季生物量除1991年较高为27.0g/m^2外,变化不是很大,大约10g/m^2;但秋季生物量呈明显下降趋势,1980年为30.1g/m^2,1990年为27.8g/m^2,1999年秋季急剧下降至7.4g/m^2。此外,从底栖动物各大类群的百分组成变化情况来看,一般以软体动物个体数量(22.7%-83.2%)和生物量(57.9%-82.5%)都最高;多毛类的个体数量百分组成占第二倍,其范围是13.4%-52.3%;其它各类群的百分组成除个别时候所占比例较大外,一般都较小。  相似文献   

7.
长江口横沙东滩围垦潮滩内外大型底栖动物功能群研究   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5  
吕巍巍  马长安  余骥  田伟  袁晓  赵云龙 《生态学报》2013,33(21):6825-6833
2011年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和12月(冬季),在横沙东滩的围垦潮滩和自然潮滩进行底栖动物的采样调查,进行功能群划分及数量特征分析。在围垦潮滩和自然潮滩分别采集到底栖动物19种和22种。依据食性将其划分为浮游生物食者、植食者、肉食者、杂食者和碎屑食者5种功能群,围垦潮滩各功能群物种数分别为4,5,4,3,3;自然潮滩分别为6,3,5,6,2。围垦潮滩丰度由高到低依次为植食者>浮游生物食者>肉食者>杂食者>碎屑食者;自然潮滩为浮游生物食者>杂食者>肉食者>碎屑食者>植食者。围垦潮滩季节间仅有浮游生物食者和植食者的物种数存在显著性差异,潮位间仅有植食者的丰度存在显著性差异;自然潮滩季节间仅有浮游生物食者的丰度存在显著性差异,潮位间仅有植食者的物种数和丰度无显著性差异。围垦潮滩主导功能群在各潮位均为浮游生物食者和植食者;自然潮滩主导功能群由高潮带到低潮带变化为浮游生物食者→浮游生物食者和杂食者→杂食者。围垦潮滩浮游生物食者和植食者的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数较高,而杂食者相对较低;自然潮滩杂食者和肉食者的3种多样性指数较高,而植食者相对较低。以上结果表明:围垦潮滩和自然潮滩底栖动物功能群的组成存在一定的差别;各潮位底栖动物功能群组成的不同与生境密切相关;围垦导致底栖动物群落以及功能群发生变化。  相似文献   

8.
为了解互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵红树林的生态影响,作者对位于北海市西村港的红树林湿地以及周边互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。2012年10月至2013年9月连续4次取样,按照取样时间研究大型底栖动物的种类、物种组成、生物量和生物多样性等群落特征的差异,探讨互花米草入侵红树林湿地对大型底栖动物的影响。本研究共采集底栖动物16种,隶属于5门7纲15科,其中互花米草群落10种,红树林湿地12种。研究发现互花米草入侵后中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)个体数量剧增,导致不同采样时间互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物生物量均显著高于红树林湿地;除个别月份外,红树林湿地大型底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于互花米草群落。基于生境–采样时间的双因素方差分析结果表明,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境间差异显著;两种生境的Margalef丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数在不同采样时间差异显著;大型底栖动物生物量和物种数量在两种生境间和不同采样时间差异均显著。基于多元回归分析的研究结果表明,互花米草密度是影响大型底栖动物生物量的关键因子,而互花米草株高可以解释物种个体数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境的变化。对不同采样时间大型底栖动物群落结构的非度量多维度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析结果表明,红树林与互花米草群落的大型底栖动物群落相似性很低。总而言之,在西村港地区,互花米草入侵虽然增加了大型底栖动物的生物量,但由于优势物种的凸显,显著降低了大型底栖动物群落的多样性,且种类组成与群落结构与红树林群落相比已有差异。由此可见,互花米草入侵红树林对当地的大型底栖动物群落多样性造成影响。  相似文献   

9.
迁徙停歇期鸻鹬类在崇明东滩潮间带的食物分布   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
朱晶  敬凯  干晓静  马志军 《生态学报》2007,27(6):2149-2159
崇明东滩是鸻鹬类在东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线上重要的迁徙停歇地,滩涂上的底栖动物为迁徙的候鸟提供了丰富的食物来源。采用圆筒取样法对崇明东滩潮间带的大型底栖动物群落进行了研究。研究表明,该区域的大型底栖动物主要有腹足类、双壳类、甲壳类、多毛类环节动物及昆虫幼虫等类群。其中以腹足类密度最高((2805±360)个/m^2),约占底栖动物总密度的80%。其次为双壳类,密度为(320±31)个/m^2。双壳类的生物量(湿重)为(51.4±7.8)g/m^2,腹足类(38.7±5.1)g/m^2,两者占底栖动物总生物量的90%以上。不同类群的底栖动物在潮间带的空间分布上有显著差异。腹足类主要分布在海三棱藨草带,双壳类在海三棱藨草外带至光滩区域分布较多。从空间分布来看,腹足类在崇明东滩的北部区域分布较多,在南部区域则明显减少。双壳类在南北各条样线上的平均密度没有显著差异。除双壳类在秋季迁徙期的密度高于春季迁徙期外(P〈0.001),其他类群的底栖动物在春季和秋季迁徙期的密度均无显著差异(P〉0.05)。  相似文献   

10.
海岸红树林地沙丘移动对林内大型底栖动物的影响   总被引:17,自引:5,他引:12  
沙丘在广西北海大冠沙白骨壤红树林内的移动,破碎了原有的平滩,形成了埋没滩、过渡滩、侵蚀滩3种沙化滩涂生境。比较研究了不同滩涂生境间大型底栖动物群落的差异。结果表明:除藤壶外,研究地点共有大型底栖动物31种。平滩跟其它滩涂生境间的动物群落相似度都小于0.5,表明沙丘移动使原有底栖动物群落异质化。沙化不仅使原有底栖动物群落的种类、密度和生物量分别下降了35.1%,74.68%和89.76%,而且还降低  相似文献   

11.
2006年5月至2007年1月在杭州湾南岸跨海大桥附近潮滩共采集到32种大型底栖动物,根据其食性类型划分为5种功能群。用功能群方法对这些物种生境变化的关系进行了分析,结果表明:大型底栖动物各多样性指数在潮带间差异显著,季节间则只有Margalef种类丰度(S)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)存在显著性差异;各功能群密度在季节间均不存在显著性差异,而在潮带间除了浮游生物食者外,其它类群均存在显著性差异;肉食者的种类数在潮带间不存在显著性差异,而在季节间存在显著性差异,其它功能群刚好相反。滩涂大型底栖动物群落主要包括4个营养级别,各营养级的构成密度在季节间差异不显著,在潮带间则差异显著;各营养级种类数是处于第四级的肉食者季节间差异显著,潮带间变化不显著,处于第二、三营养等级的功能群则正好相反。底栖动物功能群多样性综合反映了杭州湾南岸大桥建设区域潮间带大型底栖动物群落变化情况。  相似文献   

12.
崇明东滩潮间带潮沟浮游动物的种类组成及多样性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
为了揭示潮间带潮沟水域浮游动物的多样性, 作者于2008年4–12月在崇明东滩选取6条潮沟共18个站点进行4个季节的浮游动物采样调查。检获到浮游动物44种, 隶属于6个类群, 其中桡足类占绝对优势, 达总种类数的79.5%。分析了浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、群落结构及物种多样性等生态特征参数的季节变化。优势种有9种, 春季以细巧华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus tenellus)优势度最高, 夏季以火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)优势度最高, 秋季以火腿许水蚤和中华华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)优势度较高, 冬季则以四刺窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona etraspina)和中华华哲水蚤的优势度较高。多样性指数显示, Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)值以夏冬季较高, 物种丰富度指数(d)值以夏秋季较高, Pielou均匀度指数(J′)值以冬季最高。与崇明岛附近的长江口北港北支水域已有的研究结果相比, 种类组成差异较大, 仅有6个共有种。浮游动物的生态特征与潮汐关系密切, 涨潮时物种多样性略高于落潮时, 涨潮和落潮时优势种的种类及优势度也均呈现出一定差异。盐度、温度、径流及潮流等环境因素对潮沟浮游动物的时空分布产生了重要影响。  相似文献   

13.
Zonation of intertidal macrobenthos in the estuaries of Schelde and Ems   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Based on data, collected in 1980–1990, the intertidal benthic macrofauna of the Schelde and Ems estuaries was compared. The spatial occurrence of the benthic macrofauna along the salinity gradient, including the freshwater tidal area was emphasized. Both estuaries appeared to have a very similar species composition, especially at genus level. The higher number of species observed in the Schelde estuary was probably due to a greater habitat diversity. In both estuaries species diversity decreased with distance upstream. The total density did not vary along the estuarine gradient, whereas biomass is highest in the polyhaline zone.In both estuaries distinct intertidal benthic communities were observed along the salinity gradient: a marine community in the polyhaline zone, a brackish community in the mesohaline zone, and a third community in the oligohaline and freshwater tidal zones of the estuary. These three communities were very similar between both estuaries. Their main characteristics were discussed together with the occurrence and distribution of the dominant species.For the Schelde estuary and to a lesser extent also for the Ems estuary, there was evidence that anthropogenic stress had a negative effect on the intertidal macrobenthic communities of the oligohaline/freshwater tidal zone. Only Oligochaeta were dominating, whereas the very euryhaline and/or true limnetic species were missing. In the mesohaline zone, the Schelde estuary was dominated by large numbers of short-living, opportunistic species, whereas in the Ems estuary relatively more stable macrobenthic communities were observed. A comparison with some other European estuaries showed in general similar trends as those observed for the Schelde and Ems estuaries.  相似文献   

14.
Smelt, flounder, eel, three-spined stickleback, twaite shad, ruffe and herring were the major species among 62 forming the fish community of the Elbe estuary. Species richness, species diversity, evenness and total fish biomass decreased in the upstream direction. Total abundance was greatest during summer. Salinity was the most significant physico-chemical factor affecting species richness and total fish biomass, whereas water temperature was the best predictor of total abundance. Marine fish species decreased with decreasing salinity, while the freshwater species roach and ide were absent at salinities > 15‰. Bream, blue bream, white bream, perch and pikeperch occurred more frequently in shallow marginal regions with lower current velocities, while herring and other marine species occurred closer to the deep central regions with high current velocities. Annual and seasonal variations of the community structure mainly reflected in population dynamics of smelt, flounder, twaite shad, three-spined stickleback and eel, especially those of 0-age smelt. Populations of smelt and ruffe and their importance in the fish community increased between 1989 and 1992, while those of twaite shad and eel decreased. At oxygen concentrations <3 mg I1, smelt and flounder were rare, but eels were at their maximum at 3.5 mg I−1. Changes of species composition and fish abundance were closely related to daytime and tidal cycle.  相似文献   

15.
de Leeuw  Jan  Apon  Leo P.  Herman  Peter M. J.  de Munck  Wim  Beeftink  Wim G. 《Hydrobiologia》1994,282(1):335-353
In 1986 a sluice gate barrier was completed in the mouth of the Oosterschelde estuary. The barrier has been partially or completely closed during 1986 and the first months of 1987. Consequently the high tides were reduced to such a level that the salt marshes were scarcely flooded. Since April 1987 the barrier has been closed on average during two out of 706 high tides a year. Although the barrier allows tidal exchange the tidal flow has been restricted as a result of the reduced width of the mouth of the estuary. This restriction of the tidal flow caused a 26 cm decrease of mean high water in the eastern part of the estuary. As a result the inundation frequencies of the salt marshes decreased.The response of salt-marsh vegetation to this tidal reduction was analyzed using annual records (1982 till 1990) of species composition in 57 permanent plots in two marshes at the southern shore of the estuary. Analysis of the response of individual species to marsh elevation in the pre and the post-barrier situation revealed that most species moved down the marsh elevation gradient. The first axis of an ordination (DCA-1) was significantly negatively related to inundation frequency. Between 1984 and 1990 all plots were displaced towards a significantly higher ordination score, indicating a trend towards a species composition from higher up the marsh. The position of most plots along DCA-1 remained stable until 1985 and started to increase in 1986 or 1987. The vegetation in plots dominated either by Halimione portulacoides or by Spartina anglica, started to change in 1985. This premature change was attributed to frost damage in January 1985. The initially high rate of change along DCA-1 decreased in 1989 and 1990. This would suggest that the vegetation re-equilibrated with the newly established tidal conditions. Further analysis revealed no significant difference in the relation between inundation frequency and sample score along DCA-1 between 1984 and 1990. This corroborates the view that species composition had re-equilibrated with the tidal conditions. Along DCA-2 the samples were displaced towards a significantly higher score as well. The change was attributed to an increase of the perennial Halimione and the annual Suaeda maritima. The annual Atriplex hastata displayed an increase from 1986 till 1988, but strongly declined in 1990. The transient response of this annual was described by DCA-3.During the pre-barrier phase several attempts had been made to predict the vegetation response to tidal reduction. We developed a multivariate model (CCA) with inundation frequency as a constraining factor to describe the relation between inundation frequency and species composition in the pre-barrier phase in 1984. Next we used this model to predict the score of the samples along CCA-1 in the post-barrier phase from the inundation frequencies in 1990. The actual ordination score in 1990 was calculated from the observed species composition. The predicted ordination scores did not differ significantly from the observed ones. In retrospect it is concluded that the response of the vegetation to the reduction of the tides, as far as the fraction of species composition which is related to inundation frequency is concerned, could have been predicted by our model.
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16.
There is growing evidence to support that paleo‐timescale events are important determinants in the present‐day distribution of organisms. We explored the relationship between community composition of tidal marsh birds in the northeastern United States and potential drivers of biodiversity patterns across timescales to explore the relevance of historical contingency in this ecosystem. These potential predictors represent some of the major known influences on biodiversity in tidal marshes, including 1) a recent, intense hurricane event driving a large‐scale perturbation of this ecosystem (4 yr), 2) gradual modification of marshes through installation of human infrastructure (~ 150 yr), and 3) marsh formation and development after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~ 20 000 yr). We surveyed > 1300 locations in tidal marshes from 2011–2014 using passive point count methods to measure bird community composition at these points. We found that rarefied richness, total individuals (N), and total biomass were best explained by a quadratic relationship with marsh age peaking at 40° latitude, the location of the Last Glacial Maximum of the Laurentide ice sheet. We hypothesize that formation of marsh millennia earlier in the southern part of our survey area allowed for earlier evolution of specialization to tidal marsh by bird species than those occupying much younger, northern marshes, which could have then driven differential rates of colonization in the north (by habitat generalists) and competitive exclusion in the south (by habitat specialists). We tested this theory using a novel functional diversity metric (community habitat specialization index, or CHSI) and find that community specialization decreased linearly with marsh age, supporting our hypothesis. Our findings highlight the importance for consideration of historical contingency in biodiversity research and further exploration of mechanisms operating across geological timescales.  相似文献   

17.
Variations in morphology, fatty acids, pigments and cyanobacterial community composition were studied in microbial mats across intertidal flats of the arid Arabian Gulf coast. These mats experience combined extreme conditions of salinity, temperature, UV radiation and desiccation depending on their tidal position. Different mat forms were observed depending on the topology of the coast and location. The mats contained 63 fatty acids in different proportions. The increased amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (12–39%) and the trans/cis ratio (0.6–1.6%) of the cyanobacterial fatty acid n- 18:1ω9 in the higher tidal mats suggested an adaptation of the mat microorganisms to environmental stress. Chlorophyll a concentrations suggested lower cyanobacterial abundance in the higher than in the lower intertidal mats. Scytonemin concentrations were dependent on the increase in solar irradiation, salinity and desiccation. The mats showed richness in cyanobacterial species, with Microcoleus chthonoplastes and Lyngbya aestuarii morphotypes as the dominant cyanobacteria. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns suggested shifts in the cyanobacterial community dependent on drainage efficiency and salinity from lower to higher tidal zones. We conclude that the topology of the coast and the variable extreme environmental conditions across the tidal flat determine the distribution of microbial mats as well as the presence or absence of different microorganisms.  相似文献   

18.
Salt marshes of Samborombón Bay (Argentina) have been grazed sporadically at very low stocking rates, but in the last decade, grazing intensity increased due to agriculture expansion. We investigated the effect of cattle grazing on vegetation and soil salinity on the most extended Spartina densiflora community. This community develops along an elevation gradient where the frequency and duration of tidal flooding and soil salinity increased as elevation decreased. Vegetation and soil data were collected from a national park excluded to cattle grazing for 30 years and from an adjacent commercial livestock farm continuously grazed by cattle. As elevation level decreased, plant cover, richness and diversity of functional groups and species decreased. As we expected, grazing altered soil salinity and vegetation composition in different extent along the elevation gradient. Grazing changed vegetation structure more intensively in the high elevation level because it reduced the competitive exclusion exerted by S. densiflora, allowing the increase in floristic richness. Grazing increased soil salinity and the contribution of salt-tolerant species only in the medium but not in the low elevation level probably because the higher frequency and duration of tidal flooding counterbalanced the increase in evaporation promoted by biomass removal in the low respect to the medium elevation level. While grazing may cause positive impacts for plant conservation in the high elevation level, it may cause negative consequence for livestock production because of the reduction in forage quality along the entire elevation gradient.  相似文献   

19.
Questions: What are the feedbacks among the seed bank, parent vegetation, and landscape structure that control plant species turnover in space and time in a tidal freshwater marsh? How can these feedbacks be used to better understand marsh community dynamics and to establish restoration practices that seek to restore vegetation diversity of this important and widely distributed ecosystem? Location: Potomac River, Virginia, United States (15 km south of Washington, DC). Methods: We sampled the seed bank and standing vegetation in a tidal freshwater marsh and explored similarities between seed bank and vegetation composition through space and time. We then investigated marsh surface elevation, distance to nearest tidal channels, and life history of component species as potential explanations for the observed vegetation patterns. Results: The composition of individual plots changed considerably from year to year; however, the composition at broader spatial (whole marsh) and temporal (4 years) scales was relatively stable. Species composition of the seed bank was dissimilar to both the previous and current year's standing vegetation, and similarity to standing vegetation was particularly low in plots dominated by annual species. Landscape structure and life history characteristics of individual species best explained the spatiotemporal variability in marsh vegetation. Conclusions: Restoration designs should be landscape‐dependent and explicitly incorporate spatially structured elements such as elevation gradients to maximize community diversity in reconstructed tidal freshwater marshes. Optimal designs include areas of high seed input, areas of high species turnover, as well as other areas of greater stability.  相似文献   

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