牡丹根部内生细菌的分离鉴定及脂肽类物质的拮抗活性研究

【目的】从牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)根部组织中分离鉴定内生细菌,测定拮抗菌株脂肽类活性物质的体外抑菌活性。【方法】采用平板对峙法筛选出对牡丹灰霉病菌(Botrytis paeoniae Oadem)、牡丹炭疽病菌(Gloeosporium sp.)、牡丹黑斑病菌(Altenaria sp.)、牡丹黄斑病菌(Phyllosticta commonsii)有拮抗作用的内生细菌。基于形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列同源性鉴定拮抗菌株。根据脂肽类抗菌物质合成相关基因序列对拮抗菌株进行基因扩增检测,采用酸沉淀法提取拮抗菌株的脂肽类物质,平板对峙法测定脂肽类物质的体外抑菌活性。【结果】从牡丹根部组织中共分离获得62株内生细菌,其中菌株Md31和Md33对4种病原菌均有较明显的抑制作用。Md31和Md33被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。通过对菌株Md31和Md33进行5个脂肽类合成功能基因bmyB、fenD、ituC、srfAA和srfAB的检测,序列同源性分析,表明两个菌株具有合成脂肽类物质的能力。菌株Md31和Md33的脂肽类粗提物对所测试的牡丹病原真菌均具有不同程度的抑制作用。【结论】获得了2株对牡丹病原菌有良好抑制效果的解淀粉芽孢杆菌Md31和Md33,两个菌株的脂肽类粗提物也具有较强的体外抑菌活性,该研究为牡丹内生细菌的进一步开发应用奠定了基础。     

金黄色葡萄球菌拮抗菌株的筛选鉴定及其抗菌物质分析

【背景】植物内生菌的次生代谢产物是新型天然活性物质的重要来源。【目的】从芍药内生细菌中筛选对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌活性的菌株和次生代谢产物。【方法】采用平板对峙法筛选拮抗菌株,根据形态学特征和分子生物学的方法鉴定菌株,PCR扩增检测合成脂肽类物质的功能基因;运用牛津杯法依次测定内生细菌发酵液和脂肽类粗提物的抑菌活性,利用Sephadex LH-20凝胶层析分离脂肽类物质,利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析具有抑菌作用的分离组分。【结果】共筛选出13株对金黄色葡萄球菌具有不同程度抑制作用的内生菌株,其中菌株SY11的抑菌作用最为显著,其发酵液和脂肽类粗提物均具有较强的抑制作用。结合形态学鉴定以及16S r RNA基因序列分析,鉴定其为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)。PCR扩增检测表明菌株SY11含有3个合成脂肽类物质的功能基因fenA、ituD和srfkn,推测该菌株可能具有合成脂肽类物质的能力。根据具有抑菌活性分离组分的质谱分析结果,推测其有效物质的主要成分为Bacillomycin D。【结论】解淀粉芽孢杆菌SY11对金黄色葡萄球菌有良好抑制效果,其脂肽类粗提物也具有较强的体外抑菌活性。本研究为芍药内生细菌的开发应用奠定了基础。     

桑树内生拮抗菌的分离鉴定及其对桑断枝烂叶病的生防初探

【目的】本研究从健康桑树茎中分离筛选对桑断枝烂叶病菌具显著拮抗作用的内生细菌,为该病生物防治奠定研究基础。【方法】采用组织培养法分离桑树内生菌,抑菌圈法和平板对峙法筛选抑菌活性稳定的内生拮抗菌;根据形态学、生理生化特征检测和基于16SrDNA、gyrA和gyrB基因的系统发育分析对拮抗菌进行菌种鉴定;利用抑菌圈法测定拮抗菌株活性发酵液热稳定性,菌丝生长速率法检测活性发酵液抑菌谱;并通过观察拮抗菌对桑断枝烂叶病菌BoeremiaexiguaGXH1菌株生长及菌丝形态的影响,扩增抑菌活性物质合成关键基因,以及采用酸沉淀法提取拮抗菌株脂肽类化合物并进行高效液相色谱串联质谱分析(LC-MS),初步探究可能的抑菌机制。【结果】从健康桑树茎中共分离获得17株桑树内生细菌,并从中筛选获得一株对桑断枝烂叶病菌B.exiguaGXH1有稳定拮抗作用的桑树内生细菌NPJ13菌株。该菌株形态学、生理生化特征与芽孢杆菌属一致,基于16SrDNA、gyrA和gyrB基因序列的系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillusvelezensis)的亲缘关系最近,且处于系统发育树的最小分枝,故将NPJ13菌株鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌,命名为B. velezensis NPJ13。NPJ13菌株对灰霉病菌SWU5、核地杖菌SXSG-5、核盘菌PZ-2及烟草疫霉SWU20等12种病原真菌具有不同程度的拮抗作用,其活性发酵液具有较好的热稳定性。NPJ13菌株会导致桑断枝烂叶病菌GXH1菌丝发生扭曲、膨大、透明度增加、断裂等畸变现象;基因检测结果显示NPJ13菌株基因组中具有PKSI、NRPS、Sfp、ItuD、Srfc等5种抑菌活性物质合成关键基因,LC-MS检测结果表明菌株NPJ13脂肽类粗提物中含有表面活性素和伊枯草菌素。【结论】本研究分离筛选获得一株对桑断枝烂叶病菌具有显著拮抗作用的桑树内生细菌B. velezensis NPJ13菌株,为桑断枝烂叶病的生物防治提供了候选菌株。     

转录组和蛋白组联合分析揭示Ubr1介导的白僵菌萌发和极性生长

【目的】通过比较球孢白僵菌野生型和ubr1基因缺失菌株分生孢子在同一时间点转录组学和蛋白组学的差异表达基因和蛋白及其所属通路,阐明Ubr1影响球孢白僵菌极性生长的机制,为提高球孢白僵菌生物防治潜能提供理论依据。【方法】通过对转录组学和蛋白组学的KEGG分析,获得差异表达基因和蛋白所在代谢调控通路,利用显微镜拍摄菌株在各萌发培养基(germination medium,GM)衍生板中分生孢子萌发的图像验证双组学分析中显著差异的调控通路对分生孢子极性生长的影响。【结果】ubr1基因缺失使分生孢子萌发受损,形成异常弯曲或钩状的芽管。且不论是以转录组,还是以蛋白质组为核心进行双组学KEGG联合分析,二者都能富集到氮代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢和醚脂类代谢通路。进一步的验证实验表明,球孢白僵菌中ubr1基因缺失引起的精氨酸代谢异常是分生孢子极性生长紊乱的一个重要原因,而半乳糖和氮代谢异常则会导致分生孢子的萌发速率变慢。【结论】Ubr1的缺失使精氨酸代谢受阻,进而导致分生孢子萌发管极性生长异常;同时,也使半乳糖和氮代谢异常导致分生孢子萌发速率延迟。本研究的发现对于认识极性生长的机制具有一定贡献,也拓展...     

甲基营养型芽孢杆菌拮抗玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌及环脂肽分析

【目的】探究甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)对植物病原菌玉蜀黍尾孢菌(Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon et Daniels)、链格菌(Alternaria alternate)和灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)的拮抗作用并鉴定抗菌物质,为其病害防治提供优良生防菌。【方法】平板对峙法初筛和杯碟法筛选拮抗菌株;微生物形态学和16S rRNA基因鉴定拮抗菌株;薄层色谱(TLC)和编码基因分析鉴定抗菌物质;玉米田间生防试验评估拮抗菌对3种病原菌的防治效果。【结果】筛选到一株能够明显拮抗玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌的甲基营养型芽孢杆菌B-1841,抑制率分别为65.95%、71.04%和46.69%,抑菌物质为伊枯草菌素类脂肽。玉米田间生防试验表明,菌株B-1841对玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌感染的玉米病害均有防治效果,相对防效分别为60.25%、69.89%和45.21%。【结论】甲基营养型芽孢杆菌B-1841对玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌引起的病害有防治作用,在农作物真菌病害防治方面具有潜在应用价值。     

可可西里低温适生拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及脂肽化合物分析

极端环境特殊微生物资源研究和开发具有广阔的应用前景和研究意义.对分离筛选自青海可可西里境内植被根围的8株在4和10 ℃条件下生长良好的低温适生芽孢杆菌进行鉴定分析.结果表明: 通过生理生化特征分析、rep-PCR指纹图谱分析、16S rDNA及gyrB基因序列分析鉴定,8株供试菌株分别为莫哈韦芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis)3株,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)1株和简单芽孢杆菌(B. simplex)4株.采用平板对峙试验从中筛选到4株对油菜菌核病原真菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)及水稻白叶枯病原细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)均具有显著拮抗活性的生防菌株;采用MALDI-TOF-MS质谱分析生防菌株的拮抗活性物质,结果显示菌株KKD-1 (B. mojavensis)产生脂肽类化合物泛革素和表面活性素,菌株KKD-2(B. amyloliquefaciens)产生脂肽类化合物伊枯草菌素A、泛革素和表面活性素,推断生防菌株的拮抗活性可能与脂肽化合物的合成及分泌有关.该研究为低温适生性芽孢杆菌生物肥料和生物农药的研发提供了菌株资源.     

可可西里低温适生拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及脂肽化合物分析

极端环境特殊微生物资源研究和开发具有广阔的应用前景和研究意义.对分离筛选自青海可可西里境内植被根围的8株在4和10℃条件下生长良好的低温适生芽孢杆菌进行鉴定分析.结果表明:通过生理生化特征分析、rep-PCR指纹图谱分析、16S rDNA及gyrB基因序列分析鉴定,8株供试菌株分别为莫哈韦芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis)3株,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens)1株和简单芽孢杆菌(B.simplex)4株.采用平板对峙试验从中筛选到4株对油菜菌核病原真菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)及水稻白叶枯病原细菌(Xanthomonasoryzae pv.oryzae)均具有显著拮抗活性的生防菌株;采用MALDI-TOF-MS质谱分析生防菌株的拮抗活性物质,结果显示菌株KKD1(B.mojavensis)产生脂肽类化合物泛革素和表面活性素,菌株KKD2(B.amyloliquefaciens)产生脂肽类化合物伊枯草菌素A、泛革素和表面活性素,推断生防菌株的拮抗活性可能与脂肽化合物的合成及分泌有关.该研究为低温适生性芽孢杆菌生物肥料和生物农药的研发提供了菌株资源.     

产表面活性素和伊枯草菌素A菌株的筛选及其脂肽类产物的特性

采用血琼脂平板法, 从菜园土壤中分离到8株代谢表面活性剂的菌株, 比较各菌株的排油性、抑菌性, 根据合成脂肽类物质表面活性素(Surfactin)和伊枯草菌素A (Iturin A)必需的sfp、ituD和lpa-14基因设计引物, 结合PCR的方法筛选到一株具广谱抗菌性且含有sfp、ituD和lpa-14 3个关键基因的细菌XZ-173。经过生理生化试验测定和16S rDNA序列系统发育学分析, 将其鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)分析该菌株代谢产物, 初步鉴定为脂肽类物质, 并对照高效液相色谱(HPLC)与标准品比对结果, 确定含有Surfactin和Iturin A组分。该菌株产生的脂肽粗品能使纯水的表面张力降低至26.6 mN/m, 临界胶束浓度(CMC)为500 mg/L, 具有很好的乳化性能, 对立枯丝核菌和青枯菌表现出很好的拮抗活性。因此, 产脂肽细菌XZ-173是一株应用前景广阔的功能菌。     

一株扩展青霉拮抗菌的分离、鉴定及抑菌活性物质

【目的】筛选有效抑制扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)的拮抗菌,并鉴定其所产抑菌物质的主要种类及相对含量。【方法】从苹果表面分离到拮抗扩展青霉的菌株BA-16,经形态学、生理生化及16S r RNA基因序列分析对该菌进行鉴定;根据已知脂肽类抗生素合成相关基因序列设计3对特异性引物对菌株BA-16进行检测,对PCR产物克隆、测序和BLAST分析,采用酸沉淀法从菌株发酵液中制备出抑菌物质粗提液,对活性粗提物进行HPLC和MALDI-TOF-MS分析。【结果】经鉴定,BA-16被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),所得PCR产物经测序和BLAST分析,证实BA-16带有sfp和fen B基因。HPLC和MS结果显示菌株发酵液中含有Fengycin和Surfactin两种脂肽类产物,Fengycin是拮抗扩展青霉的主要因素。【结论】本研究对于苹果采后青霉病的生物防治具有良好的应用开发前景。     

不同碳、氮营养对球孢白僵菌生物学特性和抑菌活性的影响

研究了不同碳营养和氮营养对球孢白僵菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生量、菌丝生物量及其次生代谢产物的抑菌活性.结果表明,球孢白僵菌对单糖、双糖、多糖等碳营养及有机氮和无机氮等氮营养均能够利用,但利用程度存在一定差异.其中,球孢白僵菌的菌丝生长以白砂糖和蛋白胨最快,以甘露醇和硫酸铵最慢;分生孢子产生量以白砂糖和硝酸钾最多,以甘露醇...     

Oviposition by Lobesia botrana is stimulated by sugars detected by contact chemoreceptors

Abstract.  The influence of glucose, fructose and sucrose on oviposition site selection by Lobesia botrana is studied by combining behavioural and electrophysiological experiments. Oviposition choice assays, using surrogate grapes treated with grape berry surface extracts of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot at different development stages, show that L. botrana females are most stimulated by extracts of mature berries containing the highest concentrations of glucose and fructose. Choice assays reveal that the oviposition response to these sugars is dose-dependant (with a threshold of the applied solution = 10 m m and a maximum stimulation at 1  m ) and that females are more sensitive to fructose than to glucose. Tarsal contact-chemoreceptor sensilla are unresponsive to stimulation with sugars but the ovipositor sensilla contain at least one neurone most sensitive to fructose and sucrose with a threshold of approximately 0.5 m m . Corresponding to the behavioural data, glucose is significantly less stimulatory to sensilla than fructose or sucrose. It is argued that fructose may be of special importance for herbivorous insects exploiting fruit as an oviposition site.     

Inch by inch, row by row

Bacterial chemotaxis systems have cooperatively interacting clusters of transmembrane receptors and signaling proteins to detect, amplify, integrate and adapt to environmental signals. A recent study provides experimental data to construct a new model of the signaling complex.     

Log colonization by Ips sexdentatus prevented by increasing host unsuitability signaled by verbenone

Sudden increments of breeding material after windstorms, forest fires, or inappropriate management practices help bark beetles such as Ips sexdentatus Boerner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) increase in numbers and colonize standing healthy pine trees. Preventing bark beetles from arriving to susceptible trees or logs may have great relevance for bark beetle management. Recent studies have reported inhibition of the aggregation response of I. sexdentatus using verbenone. Two field experiments were conducted to examine the effect of verbenone on the colonization pattern of this beetle. The first experiment tested the combined effect of trans‐conophthorin, a non‐host bark volatile with known repellent effect, and verbenone on Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae) log piles of two sizes, but failed to protect them against I. sexdentatus attack when these two infochemicals were released at low rates. The results of this experiment suggested an interaction with the associated secondary bark beetle Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston). A second experiment examined the response of I. sexdentatus and O. erosus to log piles that released verbenone at 0, 2, 10, or 40 mg day^?1. Although I. sexdentatus colonization of Pinus nigra Arnold logs was completely prevented at 40 mg day^?1, O. erosus could be found at all tested verbenone release rates. Besides verbenone, O. erosus colonization density and the height from which logs originated were the variables that best explained I. sexdentatus log colonization pattern. In addition, I. sexdentatus and O. erosus were rarely recorded colonizing the same log, and niche breadth analyses suggested that they excluded each other. The role of verbenone in the colonization process and its potential use in the prevention of population buildups of damaging bark beetles such as I. sexdentatus are discussed.     

Pulmonary vasoconstriction by serotonin is inhibited by S-nitrosoglutathione

Nitric oxide (NO) functions as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor by activating guanylate cyclase to increase cGMP levels. However, NO and related species may also regulate vascular tone by cGMP-independent mechanisms. We hypothesized that naturally occurring NO donors could decrease the pulmonary vascular response to serotonin (5-HT) in the intact lung through chemical interactions with 5-HT(2) receptors. In isolated rabbit lung preparations and isolated pulmonary artery (PA) rings, 50-250 microM S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) inhibited the response to 0.01-10 microM 5-HT. The vasoconstrictor response to 5-HT was mediated by 5-HT(2) receptors in the lung, since it could be blocked completely by the selective inhibitor ketanserin (10 microM). GSNO inhibited the response to 5-HT by 77% in intact lung and 82% in PA rings. In PA rings, inhibition by GSNO could be reversed by treatment with the thiol reductant dithiothreitol (10 mM). 3-Morpholinosydnonimine (100-500 microM), which releases NO and O simultaneously, also blocked the response to 5-HT. Its chemical effects, however, were distinct from those of GSNO, because 5-HT-mediated vasoconstriction was not restored in isolated rings by dithiothreitol. In the intact lung, neither NO donor altered the vascular response to endothelin, which activates the same second-messenger vasoconstrictor system as 5-HT. These findings, which did not depend on guanylate cyclase, are consistent with chemical modification by NO of the 5-HT(2) G protein-coupled receptor system to inhibit vasoconstriction, possibly by S-nitrosylation of the receptor or a related protein. This study demonstrates that GSNO can regulate vascular tone in the intact lung by a reversible mechanism involving inhibition of the response to 5-HT.     

Reactivation by copper of phenolase pre-inactivated by oxalate

The activity of spinach chloroplast phenolase which had been repressed by ammonium oxalate was restored by adding copper. Oxalate appears to bind to the enzyme at a single site, the binding paralleling the inhibition produced at neutral pH. The inhibition of oxalate is due to its binding with copper at the active centre to form an inactive complex, the oxalate moiety of which is releasable when more copper is added. Similar reactivation by copper was obtained with pure mushroom phenolase.     

Collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts is regulated by decorin

Decorin is a small, leucine-rich proteoglycan that binds to collagen and regulates fibrillogenesis. We hypothesized that decorin binding to collagen inhibits phagocytosis of collagen fibrils. To determine the effects of decorin on collagen degradation, we analyzed phagocytosis of collagen and collagen/decorin-coated fluorescent beads by Rat-2 and gingival fibroblasts. Collagen beads bound to gingival cells by alpha2beta1 integrins. Binding and internalization of decorin/collagen-coated beads decreased dose-dependently with increasing decorin concentration (p < 0.001). Inhibition of binding was sustained over 5 h (p < 0.001) and was attributed to interactions between decorin and collagen and not to decorin-collagen receptor interactions. Both the non-glycosylated decorin core protein and the thermally denatured decorin significantly inhibited collagen bead binding (approximately 50 and 89%, respectively; p < 0.05). Mimetic peptides corresponding to leucine-rich repeats 1-3, encompassed by a collagen-binding approximately 11-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment of decorin and leucine-rich repeats 4 and 5, previously shown to bind to collagen, were tested for their ability to inhibit collagen bead binding. Although the synthetic peptide 3 alone exhibited saturable binding to collagen, neither peptides 3 nor 1 and 2 markedly inhibited phagocytosis. Leucine-rich repeat 3 bound to a triple helical peptide containing the alpha2 integrin-binding site of collagen. When collagen beads were co-incubated with peptides 3 and 4, inhibition of collagen phagocytosis (55%) was equivalent to intact native/recombinant core protein. Thus a novel collagen binding domain in decorin acts cooperatively with leucine-rich repeat 4 to mask the alpha2beta1 integrin-binding site on collagen, an important sequence for the phagocytosis of collagen fibrils.     

Polarity induced by chloramphenicol and relief by suA

The suA allele, known to relieve polarity in Escherichia coli, also relieves a unique polar effect on E. coli tryptophan operon messenger RNA produced by chloramphenicol.     

Separation by capillary electrophoresis followed by dynamic elution

In this study we have explored the behaviour of peptides after capillary electrophoresis (CE) followed by elution under pressure. The use of D2O- rather than H2O-based buffer solutions appears to restrict the diffusion of peptides after CE, resulting in little loss of resolution when peptides are eluted by dynamic flow. In this paper we present results showing that a simple two-step process, involving CE at a low voltage, switching off the power supply, and connecting the fused capillary at the anode end to a syringe pump for dynamic flow, can retain separation characteristics and can be used for the isolation of picomole quantities of peptides for sequence determination.