陕北长城沿线风沙区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系

陕北长城沿线风沙区位于毛乌素沙漠东南部边沿,属毛乌素沙地向东南移动的最活跃地段,生态环境十分脆弱。使用1981～2003年23a长时间序列的NOAA/AHRR NDVI数据、气候资料,分析了陕北长城沿线风沙区植被覆盖的历史演变及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)陕北长城沿线风沙区植被覆盖状况23a来尽管有波动起伏,但是整体在持续转好,年平均NDVI增加了10.62%。低覆盖率植被面积在减少,高覆盖率植被面积在增加。夏季的NDVI值最高、波动起伏最大,其次是秋季;春、夏、秋三季的NDVI具有明显的上升趋势,季平均NDVI年增长率夏季最大,秋季次之;夏、秋季NDVI与年NDVI具有很高的相关性,这两个季节的植被状况基本决定了全年的植被分布状况。NDVI年变化曲线为单峰型,春季NDVI缓慢增加,秋季NDVI降低速度比较快。(2)年平均NDVI与温度的年际变化相关不明显,各季节NDVI与温度相关也不明显。近年来长城沿线风沙区的年降水量没有明显增加,而年平均NDVI线性增加趋势显著,降水量是引起NDVI年际波动的主要因子,非气候因素是年平均NDVI线性增加的主要原因。降水量与NDVI存在着明显的年相关和隔季相关。年降水量与年NDVI的相关,冬季降水量与春季NDVI的相关,春季降水量与夏季NDVI的相关,夏季降水量与秋季NDVI的相关性都非常高。(3)非气候因素中生态保护和环境建设等人为措施,如植树造林、草原围栏封育等是导致植被显著增加的重要原因。     

Landscape,soil and meteorological influences on canopy dynamics of northern flooding Pampa grasslands,Argentina

Question: How do meteorological variations at seasonal, interannual scales differentially affect the canopy dynamics of four contrasting landscape units within a region? Location: Flooding Pampa, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 5000 km². Central point: 35°15′S, 57°45′W. Methods: We used a 19‐year series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from NOAA‐AVHRR PAL (Pathfinder AVHRR Land) images and meteorological data provided by a nearby weather station. The NDVI was used as surrogate of canopy photosynthetic status. The relationship between annually integrated NDVI and meteorological conditions was explored by stepwise multiple regressions for each defined unit. PC A was performed to compare units and growing seasons on a multivariate basis. Results: Mean seasonal NDVI curve was similarly shaped among landscapes. However, the absolute values differed widely. There was high interannual variation so that the mean seasonal pattern was seldom observed in any particular year. Annually integrated NDVI of all landscapes was negatively associated with summer temperature and positively with previous year precipitation. It was also directly related with current year winter precipitation in two landscapes and with summer precipitation in the others. NDVI response to September and March precipitation accounted for some of the differences in interannual variation among landscapes. Conclusions: Our results revealed a strong intra‐regional variation of canopy dynamics, closely linked to landscape (vegetation‐soil) and water availability (mainly in summer and during the previous year). These links may be used to predict forage production rates for livestock.     

1982-2012年中亚地区植被时空变化特征及其与气候变化的相关分析

干旱区植被生态系统对气候变化极为敏感,并且干旱区的植被变化研究对全球碳循环具有重要意义。然而近几十年来,中亚干旱区植被对气候变化的响应机制尚不甚明朗。利用归一化植被指数NDVI数据集和MERRA（Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications）气象数据,采用经验正交函数（EOF,Empirical Orthogonal Function）和最小二乘法等方法系统分析了31a（1982-2012年）来中亚地区NDVI在不同时间尺度的时空变化特征。进一步分析和研究NDVI与气温和降水的相关性,结果表明：1982-2012年,中亚地区年NDVI总体呈现缓慢增长趋势,而1994年以后年NDVI呈现明显下降趋势,尤其在哈萨克斯坦北部草原地区下降趋势尤为突出。这可能是由于过去30年间,中亚地区降水累计量的持续减少造成的。NDVI的季节变化表明春季NDVI增长最为明显,冬季则显著下降。与平原区相比,中亚山区的NDVI值增长幅度最大,并且山区年NDVI与季节NDVI呈现显著增加趋势（P < 0.05）。中亚地区年NDVI与年降水量正相关,而年NDVI与气温变化存在弱负相关。年NDVI和气温的正相关中心在中亚南部地区,负相关中心则出现在哈萨克斯坦的西部和北部地区;NDVI和降水的相关性中心刚好与气温相反。此外,在近30年间的每年6月至9月,中亚地区NDVI与气温存在近一个月的时间延迟现象。本研究为中亚干旱区生态系统变化和中亚地区碳循环的估算提供科学依据。     

陕西吴起植被动态及其与气候变化的关系

使用归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)资料,分析了陕西省吴起县1982-2003年NDVI的演变情况及其与气候变化的关系。结果表明,22年来植被覆盖状况尽管有波动起伏,但整体在持续转好,表现在低覆盖率植被面积在减少,高覆盖率植被面积在增加;年平均NDVI与降水量呈正相关,植被覆盖的改善有利于减小风速;从季节平均值来看,春季降水量与夏季NDVI、夏季降水量与秋季NDVI的相关性均极显著(P<0.01),并且夏秋两季的降水量与年NDVI相关性也显著,说明降水量是影响吴起县植被分布状况的关键性因子;春夏季蒸发量与夏季的NDVI均呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01);春夏季相对湿度与夏季的NDVI呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),冬季相对湿度与冬季的NDVI呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01)。     

Interannual variability of NDVI and its relationship to climate for North American shrublands and grasslands

Abstract. Our objective was to analyse the interannual variability of different characteristics of the seasonal dynamics of NDVI and their relationships with climatic variables for grassland and shrubland sites of North America. We selected twenty-five sites located in relatively undisturbed areas. We analysed the variability of seven traits derived from the annual dynamics of the NDVI at each site: the annual integral, the difference between maximum and minimum NDVI, the dates of the inflection points of a double logistic model fitted to the NDVI curve, the difference between these dates, the date of maximum NDVI, and the coefficient of determination of the double logistic model. The temporal variability of traits that integrated aspects of primary productivity over the year was lower than those related to seasonality. This suggests that from year to year, grassland and shrubland ecosystems would differ more in the timing of production and senescence than in the total amount of carbon fixed. The integral of NDVI showed less temporal variability than annual precipitation. The coefficient of variation of both precipitation and the NDVI integral were positively related. The slope of the relationship was significantly lower than 1, indicating that the variability of ecosystem function is a lower proportion of the variability of annual precipitation in areas with a high relative variability of this climatic variable than in areas of low variability. The variability of most of the NDVI traits analysed showed a negative and, in general, non-linear relationship with annual precipitation. The same kind of relationship has been reported elsewhere for annual precipitation and its coefficient of variation. Mean annual precipitation has been reported as the main control of above-ground net primary production in grassland and shrubland ecosystems. Our results suggest that this climatic variable is also associated with the interannual variability of carbon gains, such as the primary production and its seasonality.     

The greening and browning of Alaska based on 1982–2003 satellite data

Aim To examine the trends of 1982–2003 satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at several spatial scales within tundra and boreal forest areas of Alaska. Location Arctic and subarctic Alaska. Methods Annual maximum NDVI data from the twice monthly Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI 1982–2003 data set with 64‐km² pixels were extracted from a spatial hierarchy including three large regions: ecoregion polygons within regions, ecozone polygons within boreal ecoregions and 100‐km climate station buffers. The 1982–2003 trends of mean annual maximum NDVI values within each area, and within individual pixels, were computed using simple linear regression. The relationship between NDVI and temperature and precipitation was investigated within climate station buffers. Results At the largest spatial scale of polar, boreal and maritime regions, the strongest trend was a negative trend in NDVI within the boreal region. At a finer scale of ecoregion polygons, there was a strong positive NDVI trend in cold arctic tundra areas, and a strong negative trend in interior boreal forest areas. Within boreal ecozone polygons, the weakest negative trends were from areas with a maritime climate or colder mountainous ecozones, while the strongest negative trends were from warmer basin ecozones. The trends from climate station buffers were similar to ecoregion trends, with no significant trends from Bering tundra buffers, significant increasing trends among arctic tundra buffers and significant decreasing trends among interior boreal forest buffers. The interannual variability of NDVI among the arctic tundra buffers was related to the previous summer warmth index. The spatial pattern of increasing tundra NDVI at the pixel level was related to the west‐to‐east spatial pattern in changing climate across arctic Alaska. There was no significant relationship between interannual NDVI and precipitation or temperature among the boreal forest buffers. The decreasing NDVI trend in interior boreal forests may be due to several factors including increased insect/disease infestations, reduced photosynthesis and a change in root/leaf carbon allocation in response to warmer and drier growing season climate. Main conclusions There was a contrast in trends of 1982–2003 annual maximum NDVI, with cold arctic tundra significantly increasing in NDVI and relatively warm and dry interior boreal forest areas consistently decreasing in NDVI. The annual maximum NDVI from arctic tundra areas was strongly related to a summer warmth index, while there were no significant relationships in boreal areas between annual maximum NDVI and precipitation or temperature. Annual maximum NDVI was not related to spring NDVI in either arctic tundra or boreal buffers.     

近30年新疆植被生长异常值时空变化及驱动因子

作为陆地生态系统的主体,植被的时空变化深刻地影响着景观格局和生态功能,深入理解植被动态及其对气候变化的响应,对于提高对生态过程的认识、加强生态管理具有重要意义。在一致性检验的基础上,利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderateresolution imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)的归一化植被指数(normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)数据集将新疆地区全球检测与模型研究组(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies,GIMMS)开发的NDVI数据集的时间序列拓展到2012年,探讨了生长季和各季节植被绿度、气候异常值的动态变化,分析了植被对气候变化的响应。研究结果显示,区域尺度和像元尺度GIMMS与MODIS NDVI之间的一致性较强。1982—2012年,研究区域生长季和各季节植被绿度呈显著增加趋势,但生长季存在明显阶段性:1998年前后分别呈显著增加和显著减少,夏季与秋季与生长季类似,而春季则不存在变化趋势的逆转。NDVI呈正异常值的面积比例与区域尺度NDVI的变化趋势一致;极端异常值、较大异常值多呈明显减少趋势,而一般异常值多呈增加趋势,NDVI的变化倾向于逐渐平稳。区域变暖趋势显著,降水量略有增加,潜在蒸散发显著提高,而湿润指数变化不明显。气温、潜在蒸散发主要在春季、秋季促进植被生长,而夏季降水量、湿润指数对植被生长的调节作用更为突出。     

2001-2020年新疆阿勒泰地区归一化植被指数时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

气候变化是干旱区植被变化的重要驱动因素,探究干旱区气候与植被关系的时空变化,有助于理解生态系统演化特征。基于MODIS-NDVI与CRU数据集中气候数据（降水、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、水汽压及潜在蒸散）,采用Sen+Mann-kendall、Hurst指数及相关分析法,在不同时间尺度评价了阿勒泰地区NDVI的时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：（1）在年尺度上,植被NDVI整体呈上升趋势,但存在弱反持续特征。区域内植被退化现象严重（12.11%）,植被改善区域与退化区域呈破碎化分布。（2）月尺度与季尺度上,NDVI与降水、气温、极端气温、水汽压和潜在蒸散呈正相关,其中降水因素在季尺度上的相关性高于月尺度。（3）不同土地利用方式下NDVI与气候因子的滞后效应表现为短期正效应与长期负效应。     

1985—2015年中国不同生态系统NDVI时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

植被是陆地生态系统不可或缺的部分,气候是影响其动态变化的重要驱动因素。因此,探究植被的时空变化及其与气候因子的响应关系,有助于理解陆地生态系统的内在演化机制。目前,不同生态系统尺度下的植被动态变化与气候因子的时间响应关系仍未被完整剖析。因此,为了厘清过去30年不同生态系统植被生长对气候因子的响应关系,利用GIMMS NDVI3g数据和气候资料数据,通过Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验分析了1985—2015年中国陆地NDVI的时空变化特征,结合时间序列相关分析探究了NDVI变化与降水、温度和饱和水汽压差的内部关联,探讨了中国不同生态系统植被与气候因子间的时间响应机制。结果表明：(1) 1985—2015年中国陆地植被呈现改善趋势,年均NDVI先减小后增加,拐点时间在1995年左右,整体变化率为0.5×10^-3/a。农田、森林和草地生态系统的植被显著改善的程度最高,湿地生态系统的植被退化趋势最显著。(2)中国陆地植被NDVI与气候因子的相关性存在明显的空间异质性,且受不同生态系统分区影响。内蒙古高原中部草地生态系统NDVI与降水...     

Functional differences between summer and winter season rain assessed with MODIS‐derived phenology in a semi‐arid region

Questions: We asked several linked questions about phenology and precipitation relationships at local, landscape, and regional spatial scales within individual seasons, between seasons, and between year temporal scales. (1) How do winter and summer phenological patterns vary in response to total seasonal rainfall? (2) How are phenological rates affected by the previous season rainfall? (3) How does phenological variability differ at landscape and regional spatial scales and at season and inter‐annual temporal scales? Location: Southern Arizona, USA. Methods: We compared satellite‐derived phenological variation between 38 distinct 625‐km² landscapes distributed in the northern Sonoran Desert region from 2000 to 2007. Regression analyses were used to identify relationships between landscape phenology dynamics in response to precipitation variability across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Results: While both summer and winter seasons show increases of peak greenness and peak growth with more precipitation, the timing of peak growth was advanced with more precipitation in winter, while the timing of peak greenness was advanced with more precipitation in summer. Surprisingly, summer maximum growth was negatively affected by winter precipitation. The spatial variations between summer and winter phenology were similar in magnitude and response. Larger‐scale spatial and temporal variation showed strong differences in precipitation patterns; however the magnitudes of phenological spatial variability in these two seasons were similar. Conclusions: Vegetation patterns were clearly coupled to precipitation variability, with distinct responses at alternative spatial and temporal scales. Disaggregating vegetation into phenological variation, spanning value, timing, and integrated components revealed substantial complexity in precipitation‐phenological relationships.     

近30年河北大海陀自然保护区山地草甸植被(NDVI)变化及其对气候的响应

河北大海陀自然保护区地处我国暖温带落叶阔叶林区,草甸植被多处于山地顶部,对外界干扰敏感。为了研究该地区的草甸植被变化以及其对气候变化的响应,收集了该地区近30年的TM遥感影像资料,1980—2015年的气候数据,包括年平均气温、7月份平均气温、1月份平均气温、年降水量、6—8月平均降水量等多个气候指标,以及大海陀自然保护区及其周边地区的地形数据等,用滑动平均法、M-K检验法、相关分析法及偏相关分析法等方法分析了大海陀自然保护区草甸植被NDVI及其与气候响应。结果表明:(1)近30年来,大海陀自然保护区草甸植被NDVI呈先上升后下降的趋势,在2004年NDVI达到最高,随后逐渐下降。(2)大海陀自然保护区草甸区域的年降水量变化整体表现为波动循环的趋势,总体略有上升,但没有达到显著水平;年均温变化表现为上升趋势,且达到了极显著水平,该地区的气温上升趋势主要由以1月为主的冬季温度升高而引起。(3)草甸植被NDVI与年均温成显著的负相关关系,与年降水量的关系不明显。     

青藏高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

研究青藏高原植被覆盖时空分布特征对加深气候变化的认识及生态环境保护具有重要的生态价值和现实意义。利用2000—2016年MODIS NDVI 1km/月分辨率数据以及气象观测数据,采用最大合成法、趋势性分析以及相关分析方法,探讨了不同时间尺度青藏高原地区NDVI的分布特征及其与降水、气温的关系。结果表明:(1)青藏高原东南部植被状况明显好于西北部,植被覆盖的分布格局与区域水热条件的时空分布保持了较好的一致性;近17年来青藏高原植被覆盖改善的地区要比退化的地区面积大,严重退化的区域主要位于青藏高原西南部;青藏高原NDVI值在2000—2016年呈幅度较小的增加趋势。(2)除夏季降水量外,研究时段内其他季节降水量均呈增加趋势;气温均呈增加趋势,尤其以春季增加最为显著,整体上青藏高原气候呈现"暖湿化"趋势。总体上年降水量与年最大合成NDVI呈较好的正相关;年平均气温与年最大合成NDVI在高原东南部呈正相关,西南部呈负相关。降水量和热量条件均是高原植被生长的影响因素,降水与植被覆盖的影响较气温密切。     

两代AVHRR GIMMS NDVI数据集的对比分析——以新疆地区为例

最新发布的1981—2012年的AVHRR GIMMS NDVI3g数据为了解区域植被的近期变化状况提供了数据基础。深入理解该版本与老版本GIMMS NDVIg(1981—2006年)之间的关系,对于使用新数据时充分利用已有老版本的研究结果具有重要意义。以我国西北干旱区的典型区域——新疆为例,研究了两个数据集在反映生长季、春季、夏季和秋季植被现状,植被变化趋势及其对气候变化响应方面的异同。研究结果表明:两个数据集在描述植被活动空间分布、变化趋势及其与气候的相关性方面大体相似,但在数值、动态变化率及其对气候变化响应强度等方面存在的差异也不容忽略。NDVI3g数据生长季和各季节NDVI数值多大于NDVIg,尤其是在夏季和在植被覆盖较好的区域。区域尺度,NDVI3g所反映的植被变化趋势更为平稳,尤其是在夏季和较长的时段,这可能与像元尺度NDVI3g显著增加范围小于NDVIg,而显著减少范围多于NDVIg有关。两个数据集对气温、降水量、潜在蒸散发和湿润指数的响应具有大体一致的空间格局,但对气候因子变化的敏感性存在差异,哪一个数据集更为灵敏依赖于不同的气候因子和时段。一般规律是NDVI3g与热量因子显著正相关的区域小于NDVIg,而与水分因子显著正相关的区域则大于NDVIg。利用长期的生态数据集,尽快理清两个数据集在表征植被变化之间的异同并建立两者的转换关系,对于合理开展植被变化、碳平衡、生态系统服务功能评估等广泛利用NDVI数据的相关研究十分重要。     

2000—2016年云南地区植被覆盖时空变化及其对水热因子的响应

基于2000-2016年MODIS-NDVI数据,利用趋势分析法以及线性相关分析等方法对云南地区植被月变化趋势、年际变化趋势进行详细分析;探讨植被覆盖变化与主要气候水热因子的关系。结果表明：研究区大部分地区植被覆盖良好,年NDVI的平均值为0.55,其中NDVI较高值（> 0.8）区域主要分布于南部,而西北部和中部城市地区NDVI值较低;自2000年开始,研究区NDVI总体呈显著（P < 0.05）增加趋势,年NDVI的变化斜率为0.0036,植被覆盖呈增加趋势的区域占研究区总面积79.80%;不同季节（春、夏、秋、冬）和生长季的植被状况均呈良性发展趋势;湿润指数和水热综合因子在滇西北与NDVI多呈负相关,在滇中地区以正相关为主;春、夏、秋3个季节NDVI受降水影响较大,而冬季NDVI则受气温影响较大;受降水影响较大的区域主要分布在中部和南部,受气温影响较大区域主要分布在滇西北、滇东北地区;NDVI在不同月份对气候因子的滞后时间存在差异,NDVI与当月气温的相关性强于与当月降水的相关性,植被生长对气温的响应无明显滞后效应,对降水存在3个月的滞后期。     

云南省植被NDVI时间变化特征及其对干旱的响应

基于云南省74个气象站点的1997—2012年逐日降水资料和逐旬SPOT-NDVI值,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)多尺度分析了云南省干旱时间和强度演变与NDVI时间动态特征及其相关性分析,进而探讨气候变化对植被的影响。结果表明,1999—2013年云南省年平均NDVI值和年最大NDVI值均呈现波浪式的发展趋势,其趋势线斜率分别为0.0017和0.0011;NDVI年内各月变化情况大体上相同;不同季节NDVI的年际变化特征呈现出显著差异。1997—2012年不同时间尺度SPEI均体现出干旱化加剧的趋势,并随SPEI的时间尺度增大而增大;3个月尺度的SPEI值(SPEI3)结果表明,各月的变化呈现先增大后减小的趋势;SPEI3反映出多年季节水平的干旱强度为:冬季秋季春季夏季。总体上,云南省的年均NDVI与SPEI的相关性极弱,年最大NDVI与SPEI呈正相关;多年月均NDVI与不同尺度SPEI的相关性较强且存在滞后性;不同季节NDVI与SPEI的相关性及滞后性有较大差异,其中冬季NDVI、秋季NDVI与其当年当季SPEI的负相关性较强。     

Influence of land-use types and climatic variables on seasonal patterns of NDVI in Mediterranean Iberian ecosystems

Question: What is the influence of management on the functioning of vegetation over time in Mediterranean ecosystems under different climate conditions? Location: Mediterranean shrublands and forests in SE Iberia (Andalusia). Methods: We evaluated the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the 1997-2002 time series to determine phenological vegetation patterns under different historical management regimes. Three altitudinal ranges were considered within each area to explore climate × management interactions. Each phenological pattern was analysed using time series statistics, together with precipitation (monthly and cumulative) and temperature. Results: NDVI time series were significantly different under different management regimes, particularly in highly transformed areas, which showed the lowest NDVI, weakest annual seasonality and a more immediate phenological response to precipitation. The NDVI relationship with precipitation was strongest in the summer-autumn period, when precipitation is the main plant growth-limiting factor. Conclusions: NDVI time series analyses elucidated complex influences of land use and climate on ecosystem functioning in these Mediterranean ecosystems. We demonstrated that NDVI time series analyses are a useful tool for monitoring programmes because of their sensitivity to changes, ease of use and applicability to large-scale studies.     

Consistent response of vegetation dynamics to recent climate change in tropical mountain regions

Global climate change has emerged as a major driver of ecosystem change. Here, we present evidence for globally consistent responses in vegetation dynamics to recent climate change in the world's mountain ecosystems located in the pan‐tropical belt (30°N–30°S). We analyzed decadal‐scale trends and seasonal cycles of vegetation greenness using monthly time series of satellite greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and climate data for the period 1982–2006 for 47 mountain protected areas in five biodiversity hotspots. The time series of annual maximum NDVI for each of five continental regions shows mild greening trends followed by reversal to stronger browning trends around the mid‐1990s. During the same period we found increasing trends in temperature but only marginal change in precipitation. The amplitude of the annual greenness cycle increased with time, and was strongly associated with the observed increase in temperature amplitude. We applied dynamic models with time‐dependent regression parameters to study the time evolution of NDVI–climate relationships. We found that the relationship between vegetation greenness and temperature weakened over time or was negative. Such loss of positive temperature sensitivity has been documented in other regions as a response to temperature‐induced moisture stress. We also used dynamic models to extract the trends in vegetation greenness that remain after accounting for the effects of temperature and precipitation. We found residual browning and greening trends in all regions, which indicate that factors other than temperature and precipitation also influence vegetation dynamics. Browning rates became progressively weaker with increase in elevation as indicated by quantile regression models. Tropical mountain vegetation is considered sensitive to climatic changes, so these consistent vegetation responses across widespread regions indicate persistent global‐scale effects of climate warming and associated moisture stresses.     

延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系

利用GIMMS和SPOT两种归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据和气候资料,分析延安北部丘陵沟壑区1982—2007年植被覆盖的历史演变及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖状况26a来尽管有波动起伏,但是整体在持续转好,年平均NDVI增加了14.2%。夏季的NDVI值最高、波动起伏最大,其次是秋季,春、秋季的NDVI年际变化具有明显的上升趋势。各季NDVI与年NDVI均有相关关系,春、秋季NDVI与年NDVI相关显著。NDVI年内变化曲线为单峰型,春季NDVI缓慢增加,秋季NDVI降低速度比较快。(2)年平均NDVI与年温度相关不明显,夏、秋、冬三季NDVI与同期温度相关也不明显,只有春季平均NDVI与该季温度相关显著。3—4月份温度对植被的影响呈正相关,温度越高,返青生长越快;初夏6—7月份,温度对植被生长有滞后影响,前期温度与后期NDVI为负相关。降水量是引起NDVI年际波动的影响因子之一,年降水量与当年7月和9月份NDVI相关,决定了一年植被最为旺盛时的好坏。月降水量对NDVI影响具有滞后性,上年9月份降水影响翌年4—6月份的NDVI,6月和7月份NDVI受当月和前期降水影响。(3)1999年以来,延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖快速上升,除与降水增多有关外,非气候因素中生态保护和环境建设等人为措施,如植树造林、封山禁牧等封育措施是导致植被显著增加的重要原因。