基于水声学探测的两个广东鲂产卵群体繁殖生态的差异性

2006年4～5月利用Simrad EY60型分束回声探测仪对珠江西江江段罗旁及青皮塘广东鲂产卵场中的繁殖群体进行水声学探测.在人工标定及渔获物统计的基础上,对广东鲂的回声信号进行了判别.结果表明:广东鲂在两个产卵场都有明显的聚群行为,但在罗旁产卵场的聚群规模明显比青皮塘产卵场的大,频次更多.两个产卵场中广东鲂的繁殖生态行为存在明显差异,在青皮塘江段洄游的速度(均值0.24m/s)也低于罗旁的(均值0.61 m/s);另外,在两个产卵场广东鲂的数量动态变化上存在差异.产卵场生境的差异性是导致广东鲂繁殖生态行为差异的主要原因,维护产卵场生境特征对保护广东鲂种群具重要意义.     

西江广东鲂天然繁殖场生态环境调查与评价

2001年在广东鲂产卵期间,对广东鲂天然繁殖场西江水系中两大渔场设立6个监测点进行水质监测分析,并对该水域水质现状作出环境评价。分析了水温、pH值、溶解氧、氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐等二十个监测项目,其中青皮塘只有磷酸盐一项超标,超标率为100%,其余均未超标;罗旁超标项目三项,其中悬浮物、磷酸盐超标率为100%、氨氮超标率为33.3%,其余项目未超标。采用均值型综合污染指数评价法对两渔场水质进行评价,两渔场磷酸盐污染最为严重,分担率青皮塘为63.49%,罗旁为46.09%,综合污染指数均值青皮塘为0.59,罗旁为0.52,均属轻度污染。     

厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)的繁殖生物学特征

从长江上游一级支流龙溪河收集了1382尾厚颌鲂开展繁殖生物学研究。结果表明,厚颌鲂繁殖期为4～7月份,盛期为4～5月份,在繁殖季节可借第二性征辨别性别。繁殖群体主要由2、3龄个体组成,总性比♀∶♂＝1∶1.83。厚颌鲂2龄初次性成熟（♀∶75%;♂∶94.7%）,3龄个体全部成熟。最小性成熟雌性全长189.0mm,体长158.0mm,体重72.1g,成熟系数2.7%;雄性全长179.0mm,体长149.0mm,体重57.1g,成熟系数2.2%。厚颌鲂绝对怀卵量为(59587.22±59018)粒,相对怀卵量为(212.64±89.50)粒/g或(230.96±137.63)粒/mm,绝对怀卵量和相对怀卵量均在5龄大幅增长。比较繁殖力以3龄组最高,2、4、5龄组相近。集群繁殖需要18℃以上水温和其他一些生态因子刺激,亲鱼追逐约1h左右产卵。     

珠江下游广东鲂体长-体重关系和肥满度的年间变化北大核心CSCD

本研究通过对2010至2018年珠江下游肇庆江段广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)的生物资料调查,探究了其体长-体重关系以及肥满度及年龄结构年间变化趋势。结果表明,2010至2018年珠江下游肇庆段广东鲂种群的体长及5+龄以上个体占比率总体呈现下降趋势。2010至2018年珠江下游广东鲂种群体长-体重幂函数相关的条件因子a为0.011~0.004,异速生长因子b为2.816~3.261。广东鲂种群在2010、2011和2014年呈现负异速生长,而在2013及2015至2018年份表现出正异速生长。2010至2018年珠江下游广东鲂种群肥满度总体呈现出上升趋势。此外,2010至2018年珠江下游肇庆段日平均水温20℃以上天数占比率呈现逐渐上升趋势,而洪峰数量减少且相对集中。本研究发现广东鲂异速生长因子与日平均水温和径流量呈现一定线性正相关关系,揭示栖息地环境与广东鲂生长潜在的关联性。持续的高捕捞压力加快了广东鲂种群生长速度,并导致了该种群负异速生长。珠江禁渔期制度实施及其栖息地水温变化,可能是珠江下游广东鲂种群肥满度逐渐升高的原因。     

厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)的繁殖生物学特征

从长江上游一级支流龙溪河收集了1382尾厚颌鲂开展繁殖生物学研究。结果表明,厚颌鲂繁殖期为4—7月份,盛期为4—5月份,在繁殖季节可借第二性征辨别性别。繁殖群体主要由2、3龄个体组成,总性比♀：♂=1：1．83。厚颌鲂2龄初次性成熟（♀：75％;♂：94．7％）,3龄个体全部成熟。最小性成熟雌性全长189．0mm,体长158．0mm,体重72．1g,成熟系数2．7％;雄性全长179．0mm,体长149．0mm,体重57．1g,成熟系数2．2％。厚颌鲂绝对怀卵量为（59587．22±59018）粒,相对怀卵量为（212．64±89．50）粒／g或（230．96±137．63）粒／mm,绝对怀卵量和相对怀卵量均在5龄大幅增长。比较繁殖力以3龄组最高,2、4、5龄组相近。集群繁殖需要18℃以上水温和其他一些生态因子刺激,亲鱼追逐约1h左右产卵。     

三峡库首鱼类分布格局的水声学探测评估

2007年4月19-24日,应用EY60回声探测仪三峡水库库首区域的鱼类分布格局进行了水声学探测。研究发现:三峡大坝坝前至巫山干流江段鱼类分布不均匀,密度范围为0.718～37.46ind./1000m³,均值为3.117ind./1000m³;鱼类主要分布的区域为支流河口及码头等位置,其中船闸通道位置密度最高;垂直分布上鱼类主要分布在30～60m的水层。分析认为,三峡库首区域鱼类的分布可能与浮游生物的丰富度有关。另外本文分析了三峡库区探测中鱼类个体目标强度的分布及信号过滤,以便下一步水声学探测研究的深入。     

基于单位补充量模型的西江广东鲂种群资源利用现状评价

广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)是珠江中下游最重要的经济鱼类之一, 但由于过度捕捞和栖息地破坏, 资源日趋衰退, 科学评估其资源利用现状, 对合理开发与科学养护具有重要意义。利用2009—2015年西江肇庆江段渔业资源调查监测数据, 分析了广东鲂生长与死亡相关特征及参数变化; 利用单位补充量渔获量(Yield per recruitment, YPR)模型、单位补充量产卵群体生物量(Spawning biomass per recruitment, SBR)和生物学参考点评估了西江肇庆江段广东鲂资源利用状况。结果表明: 西江广东鲂体长(L)和体重(W)关系为W=1.518×10–5L3.051(R2=0.962, n=2252), 生长方程为L_t=419.989[1–e–0.225(t+0.172)]; 现有捕捞强度(F平均1.27/年)远超过种群开发可承受水平(F_40%=0.53, F_0.1=0.27, F_20%=0.94); YPR_ave=30.58 g, 远低于YPR_0.1(36.73 g)和YPR_max(45.89 g); SBR=11.5%, 低于20%的下限临界参考点。西江广东鲂种群资源已过度开发, 处于补充型捕捞过度和生长型捕捞过度状态。目前珠江禁渔期制度的实施对广东鲂资源补充起到了良好作用, 但提高开捕体长至250 mm资源恢复效果将更明显。     

长江上游龙溪河厚颌鲂种群资源的利用现状和保护

由于栖息地被破坏和过度捕捞等人为因素的影响,长江上游特有鱼类厚颌鲂Megalobrama pellegrini的种群资源显著减少.利用单位补充量模型进行分析,结果显示:长江上游支流龙溪河的厚颌鲂种群资源已经被过度开发,现有的捕捞强度(0.94年-1)远超过种群可承受的水平(F40%=0.18年-1,F0.1=0.20年-1和F25%=0.30年-1);繁殖潜力比为4.50%,低于25%,将造成种群的补充量不足,导致种群资源量下降;限制捕捞强度和捕捞规格是控制过度捕捞、保护种群资源的有效措施.     

荒漠植物梭梭群体和叶片水平气体交换对不同土壤水分的响应

为揭示C4荒漠植物梭梭的抗旱性和适应环境的光合作用特征,在人工控制土壤水分条件下,选择代表性植株,使用改进同化箱和LI-8100土壤碳通量自动测量系统组成的群体光合作用测量系统进行测量.该系统能够自动、连续观测,在测量时光、温环境因子稳定,能够准确测定植物的群体水平光合作用.使用LI-6400测定叶片水平光合作用.在相同土壤水分条件下,群体与叶片水平光合速率存在极显著差异（P〈0.001）,当土壤水分为田间持水量的50%（土壤含水量约10%）左右时梭梭的光合能力最强,群体光合速率（CAP）日均值为6.22μmolCO2m-2s-1,叶片光合速率（Pn）日均值为20.18μmolCO2m-2s-1,群体为叶片水平的30.8%.升高或降低土壤水分,梭梭的光合能力都下降.CAP与Pn的线性回归关系为CAP=0.20Pn＋1.82（r2=0.89,P〈0.001）.结果表明,适宜的土壤含水量可显著提高梭梭群体和叶片的光合能力,过高的土壤含水量不利于梭梭生长发育.梭梭群体及叶片水平的气体交换对同一水分条件有近似的响应趋势,利用拟合公式,可从叶片水平推算出群体水平的光合速率.     

金沙江中下游圆口铜鱼的繁殖生物学

根据2013—2014在皎平渡圆口铜鱼产卵场的定点亲鱼收集(n=206)和2006—2014年在金沙江中下游金安桥至巧家干流江段的流动亲鱼采集(n=70), 对圆口铜鱼的繁殖生物学进行了初步研究。定点亲鱼收集的结果显示: 圆口铜鱼雌性最小性成熟个体全长330 mm, 体质量441.0 g, 年龄4龄; 雄性最小性成熟个体全长352 mm, 体质量396.6 g, 年龄3龄; 50%个体达到性成熟的年龄和全长分别为雌性4.32龄 406 mm, 雄性4.44龄 412 mm; 繁殖群体雌雄性比为1.37﹕1, 繁殖群体中雌性年龄为4—7龄, 雄性年龄为3—7龄; 雌雄个体的性成熟系数平均值均以6龄个体最高, 分别为10.55%和3.45%; 平均卵径为0.16 cm, 卵径分布呈双峰型。定点和流动亲鱼收集的雌性性成熟个体的结果表明: 圆口铜鱼绝对繁殖力变动范围为4055—137900粒/尾, 平均值为22817粒/尾; 相对繁殖力变动范围为5—73粒/g, 平均值为20粒/g, 75.68%个体的绝对繁殖力在10000—30000粒/尾之间, 70.27%个体的相对繁殖力在15—20粒/g之间; 绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力均随着体长和体质量的增加而增加, 其中全长、体质量与绝对繁殖力呈指数分布函数正相关, 而与相对繁殖力呈二次项函数正相关。研究结果可为长江流域圆口铜鱼资源的保护提供重要的基础数据支撑。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.