无土壤基质饲养中华真地鳖

设置中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker的无基质和有基质饲养条件,研究生长繁育期和越冬期各龄段中华真地鳖的生长、蜕皮、存活率和雌虫产卵情况。有基质饲养条件以饲养土为基质;无基质饲养条件不以任何材料作为饲养基质,只用黑色潮湿的材料对试虫保湿和避光。结果表明:在食料充足的条件下,有、无饲养基质对中华真地鳖的生长发育无明显影响。无基质饲养条件下的生长繁育期大龄若虫和成虫存活率较高,且成虫的月产卵数也相对较高。表明无基质饲养技术可在地鳖虫饲养实践中推广,据此初步设想了无基质饲养地鳖虫的容器构造。     

中华真地鳖若虫分龄的研究

通过系统测定刚蜕皮中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker若虫腹宽、体长及体重值,得出若虫腹宽、体长及体重值变化有一定的规律,腹宽、体长及体重可以作为若虫分龄的标准。     

中华真地鳖空间格局及土壤性质对其存活的影响

为了明确中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker在自然界的分布及土壤性质对其存活的影响, 运用森下氏分散指数(Morisita’s index of dispersion)研究了中华真地鳖种群空间格局; 测试了4种不同土壤含水量（16%~29%）条件下中华真地鳖的卵孵化率与若虫存活率, 还测试了以野外不同来源土壤（山脚栖息土、 堆肥、 菜园土、 蘑菇料发酵土和黄砂红壤土）饲养时中华真地鳖若虫的存活率。结果表明, 中华真地鳖若虫在室外为聚集分布, 成虫为均匀分布, 从地面到40 cm的土壤深度都分布有中华真地鳖。土壤初始含水量21%和24%的卵孵化率最高, 其他含水量的卵孵化率均显著较低(P<0.05), 土壤初始含水量29%时的若虫存活率最低。堆肥、 山脚栖息土更适合中华真地鳖生存。结果可为该虫的采集、 饲养和深入研究提供科学的依据。     

Spatial distribution pattern of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker (Blattaria:Polyphagidae) and the effects of soil properties on its survival

为了明确中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker在自然界的分布及土壤性质对其存活的影响,运用森下氏分散指数( Morisita's index of dispersion)研究了中华真地鳖种群空间格局;测试了4种不同土壤含水量(16％～29％)条件下中华真地鳖的卵孵化率与若虫存活率,还测试了以野外不同来源土壤(山脚栖息土、堆肥、菜园土、蘑菇料发酵土和黄砂红壤土)饲养时中华真地鳖若虫的存活率.结果表明,中华真地鳖若虫在室外为聚集分布,成虫为均匀分布,从地面到40 cm的土壤深度都分布有中华真地鳖.土壤初始含水量21％和24％的卵孵化率最高,其他含水量的卵孵化率均显著较低(P＜0.05),土壤初始含水量29％时的若虫存活率最低.堆肥、山脚栖息土更适合中华真地鳖生存.结果可为该虫的采集、饲养和深入研究提供科学的依据.     

温度对越冬期中华真地鳖生长发育的影响

在恒温30℃、室温10℃和室外冬季变温条件下研究了越冬期中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensisWalker的生长、蜕皮和存活情况。结果表明:在食料充足的条件下,适当加温可增加中、低龄若虫体重,减少死亡率,并可蜕皮,对其生长发育有促进作用;越冬温度对大龄若虫及成虫生长发育的影响不明显,但存活率影响较明显。恒温30℃的条件下可使越冬期雌成虫产卵。     

中华真地鳖中肠主要消化酶的活性研究

以中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker为研究材料,测定人工饲养和野生地鳖虫在不同生长阶段消化酶的活性以及温度及pH对人工饲养地鳖虫中肠消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在地鳖虫生长发育过程中,蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随发育而逐渐增强,淀粉酶活性却随发育而逐渐减弱。在低龄若虫、高龄若虫和成虫阶段,人工饲养地鳖虫蛋白酶活力比野生地鳖虫低,人工饲养地鳖虫淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力比野生地鳖虫高;在30～60℃的范围内,人工饲养地鳖虫蛋白酶、淀粉酶的适宜温度范围为40～50℃,脂肪酶的适宜温度范围为35～45℃;蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的适宜pH范围分别为6.5～7.5,5.6～6.4和7.5～8.5。     

中华真地鳖若虫肠道细菌的研究

中华真地鳖是一种传统中药资源昆虫,从人工饲养种群的正常取食及蜕皮若虫肠道环境中分离、纯化,好氧和厌氧培养获得11个细菌菌株,对其形态、染色反应、培养性状和生理生化反应进行了系统研究。鉴定结果表明,上述11个细菌菌株依次分别属于:不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、柠檬酸杆菌属(Citobacter)、沙门菌属(Sal-monella)、芽胞乳酸杆菌属(Sporolacillus)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、地杆菌属(Terrabacter)、放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)、克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella)、沙雷菌属(Serratia)、预研菌属(Yokenella)。中华真地鳖正常取食和蜕皮若虫肠道环境细菌种类不同。分离未获得真菌和放线菌。     

中华真地鳖断触角再生的研究

【目的】研究中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis(Walker)断触角再生特征及再生临界期。【方法】选取1~10龄健康的初龄若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除,蜕皮后观察并统计触角的节数。选取生长一致健康的初龄4龄若虫,于第0~19日龄进行断触角处理,蜕皮后观察触角的再生情况和触角的节数。【结果】不同虫龄的初龄若虫断去触角蜕皮后,均能通过再生使触角的节数增加。1~10龄的若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除,蜕皮后下一龄的触角节数分别为5、8、12、13~15、15~17、16~19、18~20、13~15、20~23、22~25、24~28节。4龄的初龄若虫一条触角分别除基部0~2、3、5、10、15、20节外剪除,蜕皮后触角的节数分别为11~12、13~15、18~21、19~25、24~27节,其中一条触角除基部20节外剪除蜕皮后基本恢复正常节数。不同日龄的4龄若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除蜕皮后,0~8日龄的处理若虫蜕皮后触角节数为13~15节,而12日龄及以后的处理若虫蜕皮后触角节数为5~6节。4龄若虫的断触角再生临界期为9~11日龄。【结论】中华真地鳖在再生临界期内断触角后能够再生触角。     

中华真地鳖六地理种群若虫生长发育研究

本文对中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis六个地理种群进行了研究，发现中华真地鳖体长与体宽呈显著一元线性回归关系，不同地理种群斜率（体形）存在差异。六个地理种群各龄若虫发育历期并不随龄期增长而延长。天津种群雌性若虫期发育历期显著大于其它种群，其它种群间除江苏种群外均无显著差异。雄性若虫期发育历期除天津种群外均无显著差异。同一地理种群，雌性若虫期发育历期大于雄性若虫期发育历期。以上结果表明，中华真地鳖不同地理种群间在形态和生物学上均有一定的差异。     

中华真地鳖的生殖系统

通过解剖分析中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker雌雄内生殖系统和外生殖器的构造,比较不同生长期雌虫的内生殖系统变化,并依据雌虫外生殖器和最后一腹节的构造叙述了地鳖虫卵鞘的形成过程。结果表明:中华真地鳖雌性附腺和雄性附腺发达;雄性外生殖器的阳体结构较为复杂;雌虫外生殖器、腹末构造与卵鞘表面形态的形成有必然的关系。     

MOULTING RHYTHM IN THE ALIENICOLAE OF APHIS FABAE SCOP. (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN THE FIELD

In a natural population of alienicolae of Aphis fabae Scop, on field beans in July 1952, the frequency of moulting of the last larval instar into the alate form was usually relatively high between about 04.00 and 08.00 hr. G. M. T. This high rate was followed by a decline to a lower fluctuating rate for the rest of the day. The moulting rate at night was usually very low.
The high rate of moulting in the morning, just as the temperature is rising, may be due to acceleration of nymphal development which leads to a synchronization of moulting, much as teneral development of alatae, if accelerated, produces flight peaks during the day (Johnson, Taylor & Haine 1957): data on the relations of moulting and nymphal development to temperature are, however, insufficient for making a complete analysis along these lines.
Changes in moulting rate during the rest of the day are correlated with temperature and with time, both independently. A rise of 1°C. ambient temperature is associated with an 11.6% rise in moulting rate: a fall of 1°C. with a drop of 10.5% and a lapse of 1 hr. in time by a 5.4% drop in the rate. Sunshine and humidity show no simple correlation with moulting rate.     

荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫对LED光的趋性及其繁殖响应特征

为明确荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis成虫对不同LED光的趋性行为反应,初步筛选出该虫趋光性不同的光色并进一步研究其对成虫繁殖生物学特性的影响,以期为今后研发特异性强且绿色高效的荔枝蒂蛀虫灯光防控技术提供理论依据.本文采用对比实验法,测试了荔枝蒂蛀虫雌蛾对9种供试光源的趋性行为反应,并进一步研究夜间LED光照射对荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫交配率、繁殖力及寿命的影响.结果显示,荔枝蒂蛀虫雌成虫对不同LED光的趋光反应率由高到低为:蓝(445～450 nm)>紫(400～405 nm)>红(655～665 nm)>蓝绿(475～480 nm)>橙(600～605 nm)>绿(515～520 nm)>黄(570～575 nm)>白(400～700 nm)>黑暗>紫外(365 nm),试虫对紫外光表现出明显的避光性,对7种单色光表现为不同程度的趋光性,其中对黄光和白光的趋光率在50％以下.在繁殖生物学方面,夜间50 lx的LED黄光和白光持续照射能使荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫的交配率由93.75％降低至50％以下,且产卵前期延长,雌蛾产卵量显著降低.此外,夜间不同LED光源照射能抑制已交配荔枝蒂蛀虫雌蛾产卵活动,白光照射组的单雌日均产卵量降低程度最大,为50.71％,黄光次之(48.96％),蓝光最小,为38.06％.综上所述,荔枝蒂蛀虫雌蛾对LED白光和黄光的趋光性较弱,夜间适当的LED白光(400～700 nm)和黄光(570～575 nm)持续照射可有效降低成虫交配率和繁殖力,该结果对促进LED白光干扰防控荔枝蒂蛀虫技术的优化升级具有一定指导意义.     

Temporal organization of endocrine events underlying larval-larval ecdysis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

The timing of ecdysis in the penultimate instar of Bombyx mori was demonstrated to be under the control of a circadian clock. The temporal organization of secretion of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), ecdysone and juvenile hormone was studied with particular attention to the circadian control of the timing of hormone release. PTTH release occurs, at least, in the second and third night. The latter is responsible for evoking the larval ecdysis. Prothoracic gland initiates ecdysone secretion abruptly with a very short span after the second PTTH release and secrete enough amount of ecdysone for larval moulting, which takes place 11 h later. Juvenile hormone titer is relatively high before the second PTTH release and corpus allatum becomes dispensable for ensuring the larval moulting in 1.5 h. Based on these findings, interpretations for the endocrine system underlying precocious pupation and formation of intermediates, which are produced by neck ligation, are presented.     

人工养殖的扬子鳄适应自然环境的能力

为了复壮扬子鳄野生种群数量,实施养殖扬子鳄放归自然是重要途径之一.通过对人工养殖扬子鳄进行野外放归的试验研究,以探明其在野外环境下活动情况和适应能力.2007年6～11月,采用无线电遥测跟踪、望远镜观察和夜间辅助灯光望远镜观察等方法,对健康的4条5.5年龄和3条2.5年龄的人工养殖扬子鳄在自然环境下活动情况进行观察;在2008和2009年的5月,将这些鳄重捕后测量它们的大小并察看生长情况.结果显示:扬子鳄的释放初期经历了过渡期和争夺领域期2个阶段,20天后处于不同的区域内,具领域特征和营建洞穴行为,能够安全越冬;逐渐恢复野生习性,自我保护的警惕性提高,逃避威胁的能力加强;小龄鳄生长明显,大龄鳄没有明显生长,这与它们所处环境的食物种类有关;鳄性成熟后,能够成功繁殖.总之,人工养殖扬子鳄能够适应相应的自然环境,能够正常生活、生存和繁衍.     

皂荚天然群体间种实表型特性及种子萌发的差异分析

对位于湖北京山、湖南城步、贵州兴义、重庆秀山、四川成都、广西桂林、山东费县和甘肃天水的8个皂荚（Gleditsia sinensis Lam．）天然群体间果实和种子表型特性及种子萌发率的差异进行了研究,在此基础上,对种子特性与萌发率的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：不同皂荚群体间荚果的长度、宽度、厚度和质量以及种子长度、宽度、厚度和百粒质量均存在极显著差异（P〈O．01）;在低纬度、高降雨量和干扰程度相对大的区域产生的荚果及种子均较大。在不同温度（昼／夜温度35℃／20℃、30℃／15℃、25℃／10oC和15℃／5℃）条件下,8个皂荚群体间种子萌发率无显著差异,平均萌发率为7．70％;种皮经人为损伤后种子萌发率总体上有所提高且在不同温度条件下差异显著,其中在昼／夜温度15℃／5℃的条件下种子萌发率低于其他处理温度。在不同温度条件下,种子的长度、宽度、厚度和百粒质量与萌发率均呈正相关,但总体上相关性不显著。研究结果说明：不同皂荚群体的荚果和种子特性变异较大,且在降雨量高的地区其果实和种子较大;低温对皂荚种子的萌发有一定抑制作用;种皮损伤处理可解除皂荚种子的物理性休眠,但皂荚种子还可能存在生理休眠现象;一定程度的种子复合休眠可能是皂荚群体适应不同生境的重要生存策略之一。     

中华真地鳖断足再生对发育的影响

研究中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker的断足时间及数量对发育历期的影响,以及不同龄期断足处理后发育历期间的差异。以8龄若虫为研究对象,发现其再生临界期为20~26日龄。不同日龄的8龄若虫断去1条后足,蜕1次皮后能再生的若虫从断足至蜕皮的平均时间与8龄的正常历期相近,整个8龄若虫的发育历期均比正常历期长,并随断足处理日龄的增加而逐渐增加。蜕1次皮后断足没有再生的绝大部分个体,8龄若虫的历期均比正常历期短。以3日龄的4龄若虫为处理对象,发现断去不同数量的足后(蜕1次皮后均能再生),从断足至蜕皮的历期及4龄的历期,均随虫体断足数量的增加而增加,但断去1条或2条后足处理,从断足至蜕皮的历期间及断足处理后4龄历期与正常历期间的差异不显著。不同虫龄的若虫断去1条后足的腿节后1次蜕皮后能再生的大部分个体,从断足至蜕皮的时间比同龄若虫的正常历期稍长,所延长的时间相当于从龄初至断足处理的时间,而断足后1次蜕皮未再生的其余个体从断足到蜕皮的时间均很短。     

Studies on Anopheles sinensis, the vector species of vivax malaria in Korea

Extensive previous studies on taxonomy, behavior/bionomics and control of Anopheles sinensis are reviewed and summarized. Recent molecular identification revealed that the population of An. sinensis complex includes An. sinensis, An. pullus, An. lesteri and at least two new species, and An. yatsushiroensis is synonmy of An. pullus. An. sinensis is the main vector species of vivax malaria in Korea. Larvae of An. sinensis breed in wide range of habitats which are naturally-made clean water, stagnant or flowing; main habitats include rice fields, ditches, streams, irrigation canals, marshes, ponds, ground pools, etc. Their host preferences are highly zoophilic. Human blood rate is very low (0.7-1.7%); nevertheless An. sinensis readily feeds on man when domestic animals are not found near by. They feed on hosts throughout the night from dusk to dawn with a peak period of 02:00-04:00 hours; they are slightly more exophagic (biting outdoors); much larger numbers come into the room when light is on. Main resting places are outdoors such as grasses, vegetable fields and rice fields. A mark-release-recapture study resulted that 37.1% was recaptured within 1 km, 29.4% at 1-3 km, 21.1% at 3-6 km, 10.3% at 6-9 km and 2.1% at 9-12 km distance. An. sinensis hibernate outdoors (mostly under part of dense grasses) during October-March. At the end of the hibernation period (March-April) they feed on cows at daytime. Until today any single measure to effectively control An. sinensis population has not been found. Indoor residual spray with a long-lasting insecticide can not reduce vector population densities, but shorten their life spans in some degree, so contributes to malaria control.     

Epidemio-entomological survey on malarial vector mosquitoes in Kyongbuk, Korea.

In order to determine population dynamics of Anopheles sinensis, a survey based on average number of female mosquitoes per trap-night was carried out during the period of 5 years from 1987 to 1991. A. sinensis first appeared between the 2nd and 20th April, and were trapped in large number between the 5th and 12th July. The number of trapped mosquitoes began to decrease from mid-August, and a few were collected until mid-November, each year. The average number of A. sinensis in July was 542.6 per trap-night in 1987, but in 1989 increased abruptly to 1,331.4, and then decreased to considerably lower levels, 271.9 in 1990 and 372.1 in 1991. The nocturnal activity of A. sinensis to attack humans was found to become active in the early night, and it was gradually decreasing at mid-night, however, then slightly increasing toward dawn. The immature stage of A. sinensis in the rice paddies was first found in the correlation pattern with peak adult densities in early July. The highest larval density of A. sinensis in the study area was 21,226 x 10(3) in early July 1990. The larval A. sinensis showed high resistance level and resistance ratios against 3 kinds of organo-phosphorous compounds, diazinon, malathion, and fenitrothion, but low resistance against fenthion. The present results indicated that the population density of A. sinensis in Kyongbuk area is decreasing over the five-year from 1987 to 1991.     

中华鳖幼体呼吸代谢的初步研究

本文利用改装后的Ｋａｌａｂｕｋｈｏｖ－Ｓｋｖｏｒｓｔｏｖ呼吸器,同时测定了中华鳖在自由潜水状态下的空气呼吸和水呼吸摄氧量。结果表明：在正常生活状态下,中华鳖主要依靠空气呼吸摄氧;水呼吸仅占总呼吸摄氧量为２．６８％左右。呼吸摄氧率无显著昼夜变化。     

Moulting of mechanoreceptive hair sensilla of Lepisma saccharina (Zygentoma) and Machilis spec. (Archaeognatha)

In all insects investigated hitherto the mechanoreceptive hair sensilla possess the same organization plan. There are differences in the moulting process of hemimetabolous insects. While the functions of the three enveloping cells are corresponding, the position of the moulting porus is different. In Gryllus and Periplaneta the moulting porus is situated at the base of the hair, in Machilis 25 mum above the base of the hair. In Lepisma, however, the moulting porus is located at the tip of the hair shaft. Comparison of mechanoand contactchemoreceptive hair sensilla shows that the position of the moulting porus in primitive ectognathous insects represents an argument for the close morphological and phylogenetical relationship between both types of sensilla. Interpreting our results, the original position of the moulting porus is at the tip of the hair sensilla. In mechanoreceptors, where the moulting porus is located at the base of the hair, the original tip of the hair (position of the moulting porus) is overgrown at the side by a 'secondary hair process'.