野生大熊猫生态学研究进展与前瞻

在现代食肉目动物中,大熊猫无疑是最为引人注目的物种之一,既在科学上具有重要的研究价值,同时亦是世界自然保护的象征。自20 世纪80 年代初期我国政府与世界自然基金会合作开展野生大熊猫生态学研究
以来,迄今已积累了大量有关该物种及其栖息地的生态学知识,近年来3S 技术及分子生物学技术的推广应用将野生大熊猫生态学研究提升到了一个崭新的高度。本文在综合大量历史文献的基础上,从栖息地生态学、觅食
生态学、繁殖生态学、行为生态学、分子生态学、种群生态学和群落生态学等不同方面就野生大熊猫生态学的研究现状进行了梳理,力图归纳已有研究发现,阐明研究结果的科学价值及在保护生物学上的意义。同时,结
合研究与保护管理工作的需要,对未来研究方向进行了前瞻。     

温州大学生命与环境科学学院介绍

温州大学生命与环境科学学院动物学教研室现有教授4人,副教授2人,其中博士和硕士4人,是一支以中、青年教师为骨干的学术水平高,科研能力强,结构合理,充满活力的教学和科研梯队。主要研究方向有:1)动物生理生态学:以爬行类、鸟类和小型哺乳类动物为研究对象,采用生理学、细胞学、分子生物学、生态学和进化论的方法和技术手段,运用现代进化生物学的理论和思想,从分子、细胞、组织、器官、个体和种群等多层次,揭示动物的生理多样性及其功能进化意义,探索动物对不同环境的生理适应机理和生存策略。目前重点研究动物能量代谢和产热调节机制、分子…     

车前属（Plantago L.）植物生态与进化生物学研究进展

车前属植物是理论生态学、生理生态学、进化生物学研究的理想材料。本文综述了近年来国内外学者在车前属生态学、进化生物学、系统分类学方面的研究概况。     

车前属(Plantago L.)植物生态与进化生物学研究进展

车前属植物是理论生态学、生理生态学、进化生物学研究的理想材料。本文综述了近年来国内外学者在车前属生态学、进化生物学、系统分类学方面的研究概况。     

哺乳动物的生理应激反应及其生态适应性

应激反应是哺乳动物的基本生理现象之一。目前,与应激有关的研究主要来自生物医学和神经内分泌学。虽然Hans Selye 提出了个体对应激的普遍性适应综合症概念,但目前的研究还主要集中于应激对个体的负效应以及与应激相关的疾病研究。然而,从进化角度似乎很难理解在数亿年的进化过程中,动物应激反应仅简单地
进化为影响个体健康并导致个体患病的一种生理过程。本文从进化的角度,综述了应激反应与动物繁殖对策的关系以及个体对环境应激源的应对类型,并阐述了动物应激反应的适应和进化意义。     

哺乳动物的蛰眠: 类型、物种分布与模式

哺乳动物的蛰眠(包括冬眠、夏眠和日蛰眠等)是最具吸引力的生命现象之一,是动物应对寒冷、食物
短缺、干旱等不良环境条件的适应策略之一。冬眠生理学(生态学) 研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。国际学
术界在该领域发展比较迅速,国内发展相对缓慢。本文从哺乳动物蛰眠的季节和持续时间、蛰眠期间所利用能
量的来源和贮存方式、启动蛰眠的信号来源等方面综述了哺乳动物蛰眠的类型;介绍了蛰眠的哺乳动物物种的
系统学分布;并对温带或北极动物的冬眠和冬眠阵及其各阶段的体温和代谢率变化特征、日温剧烈波动环境下
的冬眠特征以及日眠和日眠阵等方面进行了概括介绍,以期能促进国内相关领域的发展。     

庆祝《动物学杂志》创刊五十周年 云南师范大学环境生物学、生态安全与恢复实验室

云南师范大学生命科学学院动物生理生态学实验室成立于1990年，是一个年轻、充满朝气的集体，为云南师范大学示范实验室。主要以我国热带亚热带小型哺乳动物为研究对象，采用生理学、细胞学、分子生物学和生态学的方法和技术手段，运用现代进化生物学的理论和思想，从分子、组织、器官、个体和种群等不同层次上，揭示动物在胁迫环境下的能量利用、分配和信息传递的分子机制及进化扩散途径以及各种环境胁迫因子对动物或人类生存适应特征、适应对策、适应模式及其分子机制、扩散途径和遗传多样性：其研究成果可以直接应用于人类疾病的防治、新药的开发、环境保护、动物保护等领域。     

长爪沙鼠的行为和生理生态学研究进展

动物生理生态学主要研究野生动物对自然环境的适应,阐述或回答动物与生存和繁殖相关的生态学问题.长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)栖息地环境从西向东横跨荒漠草原和典型草原,而且具有明显的季节性,其生理生态学研究对于了解物种分布范围的决定因素、对季节性环境的适应策略以及种群动态等生态学和进化生物学问题具有重要意义.对本研究组关于长爪沙鼠的生活史特征、能量代谢特征、社群行为和贮食行为、生态免疫以及种群动态等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对未来可能的发展方向进行展望.     

我国哺乳动物生理生态学的一些进展和未来发展的建议

本文简要论述了我国哺乳动物生理生态学(主要是啮齿动物)的几个主要领域(方向)的研究进展,如
对环境的适应和瘦素的生理功能。根据国际发展动态,对未来一些可能的发展方向提出了建议。     

鹿科动物基因组学研究进展

鹿科动物是世界上最丰富的大型哺乳动物之一,在极北地区、热带地区和高海拔地区都有分布。中国占世界鹿科动物40%以上,是鹿科动物进化的主战场。鹿科动物除了具有反刍动物常见的独特表型特征外,更是进化出周期性再生新器官——鹿茸角。鹿科动物是研究生态学、行为学和进化生物学非常有价值的动物模型,特别是在研究哺乳动物器官再生方面具有重要科学价值。鹿基因组是系统阐述鹿的进化和演变,解析鹿科动物独特生物学性状的依据,对遗传资源保护和利用具有重要意义。目前,随着鹿科动物参考基因组的不断完善,在鹿基础科学研究上取得了诸多重要成果。本文详细综述了鹿科动物基因组学研究进展,主要包括鹿遗传变异数据、适应性进化分子基础、独特性状鹿茸角的起源进化关键基因和功能基因组学,以期为鹿科动物的深入研究奠定理论基础。     

青藏高原小型哺乳动物的生理生态学研究：从个体到生态系统

本文回顾了青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学研究取得的主要成就,包括能量代谢特征与环境适应性、适应性产热与体温调节、能量平衡与体重调节、生理极限值和种群能流估算等,总结了近年一些新兴领域的最新进展,包括双标记水方法测定能量消耗、肠道菌群的功能、地理生理学、种群生理学、植物次生代谢产物及其生理功能等。有些工作引领了中国动物生理生态学的发展,如生态能量学、适应性产热和生理适应等。本文对未来需要发展的领域和深入方面提出了建议,希望能建立青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学学科体系。     

中国哺乳动物生理生态学研究进展与展望

中国哺乳动物生理生态学研究自20世纪50年代始,经过70多年的发展,已系统研究了分布于青藏高原、内蒙古草原、横断山脉等地理分布区的代表性物种的生理适应性,研究主题包括能量代谢和体温调节、冬眠（蛰眠）、水代谢、生态免疫、肠道菌群与宿主的能量代谢和产热调节,研究物种以小型哺乳动物为主。在新时期除了进一步加强对极端环境的生理适应研究外,也需关注大型动物对环境的生理适应,发展新兴领域如保护生理学等,同时要借助多组学技术、同位素技术、遥感技术、红外技术等,加强对动物生理适应的机理性探究。本文回顾了中国哺乳动物生理生态学的发展历程,总结了主要领域取得的重要进展。     

Herpetological diversity along Andean elevational gradients: links with physiological ecology and evolutionary physiology

A well-defined macroecological pattern is the decline in biodiversity with altitude. However, this decline is taxa-specific. For example, amphibians are more diverse than squamates at extreme elevations in the tropical Andes, but this pattern is reversed at extreme elevations in the southern latitudes. Several ecophysiological and evolutionary factors may be related to this difference. At high-elevations in southern latitudes temperature differs dramatically among seasons and dry soils dominate, characteristics that appear to favor lizard physiological ecology. Tropical high altitudes, in contrast, are humid and offer abundant and diverse water resources. These characteristics allow for a richer anuran community but might complicate lizard egg development through temperature and oxygen constrains. Differences in strategies of thermal adaptation might also modulate diversity patterns. The thermal physiology of anurans is extremely labile so that behavioral and physiological performance is maintained despite an altitudinal decrease in field body temperature. Lizards, in contrast, exhibit a conservative thermal physiology and rely on behavioral thermoregulation to face cold and variable temperatures. Both, lizard behavioral strategies and anuran physiological adjustments seem equally efficient in allowing ecological success and diversification for both groups in the tropics up to approximately 3000 m. At higher elevations physiological thermal adaptation is required, and lizards are ecologically constrained, perhaps at various ontogenetic stages. Patterns of biodiversity along environmental clines can be better understood through a physiological approach, and can help to refine and propose hypotheses in evolutionary physiology.     

Human Biology and Ecology: Variation in Nature and the Nature of Variation

Human biology seeks to understand human variation and the biological, environmental, social, and historical influences on that variation. Views of the nature of both variation and environment have changed during the past 100 years. Typological approaches to nature and human diversity shifted to an evolutionary perspective during the first half of the 20th century. In the second half, widespread human biological variation was documented and interpreted in terms of adaptation to the environment. Environmental physiology and reproductive ecology continue to document environmental influences on human biological functioning, but with (1) an expanded concept of environment that acknowledges more fully the interactions among its physical, biotic, and social aspects and (2) an expanded theoretical basis, drawing on evolutionary ecology and life history theory, acknowledging tradeoffs and changing constraints and opportunities over the lifetime. Human biology gains from greater interaction with other fields, such as political ecology, but also contributes to them. [Keywords: biological anthropology, human ecology, adaptation, environmental physiology, reproductive ecology]     

对我国分子生态学研究近期发展战略的一些思考

分子生态学是多学科交叉的整合性研究领域, 是运用进化生物学理论解决宏观生物学问题的科学。经过半个多世纪的发展, 本学科已日趋成熟, 它不仅已经广泛渗透到宏观生物学的众多学科领域, 而且已经成为连接和融合很多不同学科的桥梁, 是目前最具活力的研究领域之一。其研究的范畴, 从最基础的理论和方法技术, 到格局和模式的发现和描述, 到对过程和机制的深入探讨, 再到付诸于实践的行动和规划指导等各个层次。分子生态学的兴起给宏观生物学带来了若干飞跃性的变化, 使宏观生物学由传统的以观察、测量和推理为主的描述性研究转变为以从生物和种群的遗传构成的变化和历史演化背景上检验、证明科学假设及揭示机制和规律为主的机制性/解释性研究, 因而使得对具有普遍意义的科学规律、生态和进化过程及机制的探索成为可能。分子生态学已经进入组学研究时代, 这使得阐明复杂生态过程、生物地理过程和适应性演化过程的机制性研究由原来难以企及的梦想变成完全可以实现的探求; 它也带来了全新的挑战, 其中最有深远影响的将是对分子生态学研究至关重要的进化生物学基础理论方面的突破, 例如遗传变异理论、种群分化理论、表观遗传因素的作用, 乃至进化生物学的基本知识构架等等。这些方面的进展必将使宏观生物学迎来一场空前的革命, 并对生态学的所有分支学科产生重大影响, 甚至催生诸如生态表观组学这样的新分支学科。对于中国科学家来说, 分子生态学组学时代的开启, 更是一个千载难逢的机遇, 为提出和建立生命科学的新方法、新假说、新思想和新理论提供了莫大的探索空间——此前我们对宏观生物学方法、理论和思想的发展贡献很小。然而, 限制组学时代重大突破的关键因素是理论、概念、理念、实验方法或分析方法方面的创新和突破, 这正是我国分子生态学研究最薄弱的环节。我国教育部门应尽快调整生命科学本科生培养的理念和方法, 以培养具备突出创新潜力的年轻一代后备人才; 同时, 科研项目资助部门和研究人员不仅应清醒地认识本学科领域的发展态势, 更要及时调整思路, 树立新的项目管理理念和治学 理念。     

The Structure of the Two Ecological Paradigms

Ecological theory is built upon assumptions about the fundamental nature of organism-environment interactions. We argue that two mutually exclusive sets of such assumptions are available and that they have given rise to alternative approaches to studying ecology. The fundamentally different premises of these approaches render them irreconcilable with one another. In this paper, we present the first logical formalisation of these two paradigms.The more widely-accepted approach - which we label the demographic paradigm - includes both population ecology and community ecology (synecology). Demographic ecology assumes that the environment is relatively stable and that biotic processes, governed predominantly by resource availability, are the most important of ecological and evolutionary influences. Moreover, ecological processes are assumed to translate into directional selection pressures that drive significant evolutionary change on a local scale through the process of optimisation.Serious deficiencies in aspects of the demographic approach have been identified over the past few decades by various ecologists, including Gleason, Andrewartha and Birch, White, Den Boer, Strong, Simberloff, and others. Short-term evolutionary optimisation has also been seriously questioned.The development of the alternative approach (autecology) has been subverted by the prominence of demographic ecology. Moreover, it has not been recognised that autecology is underpinned by robust principles and that they are independent of the underlying demographic principles. Components of the autecological approach have been developed to some extent, but they have not been integrated with ancillary fields of study. We therefore articulate the assumptions from which autecology is derived, and use this as a basis for integrating the various spheres of autecological research.We add to the ongoing development of autecology by linking autecological understanding, in so far as it is developed, with the evolutionary justification for species' characteristics being stable in an environment that is continuously dynamic in space and time. The ecology of organisms is essentially an ongoing matching of their species-specific characteristics to the prevailing environmental factors and dynamics. We thus provide a consistent logic through the following subject areas; climate and climate change, spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity and dynamic theory, physiology, behaviour, migration, and evolution. We demonstrate why adaptation cannot be an ongoing process, but takes place only when organisms are prevented, by incidental influences, from matching the overall dynamics of the environment.     

Long-term culture at elevated atmospheric CO2 fails to evoke specific adaptation in seven freshwater phytoplankton species

The concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere is expected to double by the end of the century. Experiments have shown that this will have important effects on the physiology and ecology of photosynthetic organisms, but it is still unclear if elevated CO₂ will elicit an evolutionary response in primary producers that causes changes in physiological and ecological attributes. In this study, we cultured lines of seven species of freshwater phytoplankton from three major groups at current (approx. 380 ppm CO₂) and predicted future conditions (1000 ppm CO₂) for over 750 generations. We grew the phytoplankton under three culture regimes: nutrient-replete liquid medium, nutrient-poor liquid medium and solid agar medium. We then performed reciprocal transplant assays to test for specific adaptation to elevated CO₂ in these lines. We found no evidence for evolutionary change. We conclude that the physiology of carbon utilization may be conserved in natural freshwater phytoplankton communities experiencing rising atmospheric CO₂ levels, without substantial evolutionary change.     

植物生理生态学的学科起源与发展史

探讨了植物生理生态学的起源及其发展问题。植物生理生态学是植物生态学的一个分支,它主要是用生理的观点和方法来分析生态学现象。从现有的资料看,该门学科的创始人当为德国学者辛泊尔(A. F. W. Schimper);但近代最早建议将植物生理生态学作为独立的学科的为比林斯(W. D. Billings);拉夏埃尔(W. Larcher)为该门学科在国际上的传播起到了非常重要的作用。在中国,近代植物生理生态学的发展应归功于李继侗先生;然而,李博先生对拉夏埃尔《植物生理生态学》的翻译出版促进了该门学科在中国的传播。植物生理生态学目前在国内外发展十分迅速,由于它能够对一些生态学现象以及资源的可持续利用给以机理上的解释,因此越来越受到研究者的重视。     

Physiological ecology meets climate change

In this article, we pointed out that understanding the physiology of differential climate change effects on organisms is one of the many urgent challenges faced in ecology and evolutionary biology. We explore how physiological ecology can contribute to a holistic view of climate change impacts on organisms and ecosystems and their evolutionary responses. We suggest that theoretical and experimental efforts not only need to improve our understanding of thermal limits to organisms, but also to consider multiple stressors both on land and in the oceans. As an example, we discuss recent efforts to understand the effects of various global change drivers on aquatic ectotherms in the field that led to the development of the concept of oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) as a framework integrating various drivers and linking organisational levels from ecosystem to organism, tissue, cell, and molecules. We suggest seven core objectives of a comprehensive research program comprising the interplay among physiological, ecological, and evolutionary approaches for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. While studies of individual aspects are already underway in many laboratories worldwide, integration of these findings into conceptual frameworks is needed not only within one organism group such as animals but also across organism domains such as Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Indeed, development of unifying concepts is relevant for interpreting existing and future findings in a coherent way and for projecting the future ecological and evolutionary effects of climate change on functional biodiversity. We also suggest that OCLTT may in the end and from an evolutionary point of view, be able to explain the limited thermal tolerance of metazoans when compared to other organisms.     

Summary and perspective on evolutionary ecology of fishes

This special issue of Evolutionary Ecology provides ten papers that have been presented at a conference on Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes in 2009. In addition to briefly summarizing the main content of the papers which is related to adaptive radiations, processes of ecological divergence, and fisheries-induced evolution, we review and synthesize in short the recent advance in studies on evolutionary ecology of fishes. We conclude that fishes are excellent model systems to study evolutionary ecology of animals, and suggest three promising new research avenues; (1) the contribution of behavioural processes to evolution, in particular the consideration of animal personalities and predator–prey interactions, (2) metabolic physiology and parasite-host interactions as new niche dimensions to be considered for adaptive diversification, and (3) the opportunities for mechanistic understanding of adaptation and speciation emerging from new genetic tools.