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1.
八氢番茄红素脱氢酶( CrtI)催化八氢番茄红素经过4次脱氢合成番茄红素,或者经过3次脱氢合成链孢红素,在类胡萝卜素的生物合成中发挥重要的作用.以甲基营养菌Methylobacterium sp MB200为原始菌株,首先采用转座子突变技术构建部分突变体库共11552株,筛选得到33株颜色发生变化的目的突变体,随后利用分子克隆技术从目的突变体中获得crtI基因的完整ORF,长为1539 bp,编码512个氨基酸.与来自M.populi BJ001、M.chloromethanicum CM4和M.extorquens AM1的crtI一致性均为93%.将crtI与载体pCM80连接得到重组质粒pCM80-crtI,导入原始菌株中得到重组菌MB200/pCM80-crtI.测定原始菌株与重组菌株的CrtI酶活,结果发现,重组菌株CrtI的酶活与原始菌株相比约提高了40%.实验结果为完善甲基营养菌中类胡萝卜素的生物合成代谢途径提供了理论参考.  相似文献   

2.
类胡萝卜素生物合成途径及其控制与遗传操作   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
类胡萝卜素在真菌和植物细胞胞液/内质网上是由乙酰CoA经甲羟戊酸途径合成的,在细菌与植物质体中由磷酸甘油醛与丙酮酸经1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸途径合成。形成的异戊烯基焦磷酸经多次缩合生成第一个类胡萝卜素八氢番茄红素,再经脱氢、环化、羟基化、环氧化等转变为其它类胡萝卜素。类胡萝卜素生物合成中涉及的酶都是膜结合的或整合入膜中的。类胡萝卜素合成是通过底物可利用性与环化分支方式进行控制的。白色体到叶绿体的转变以及花与果实成熟时类胡萝卜素合成增加是在基因转录水平调节的。进行类胡萝卜素合成酶基因的转化,可增加转化体类胡萝卜素的积累。  相似文献   

3.
赤霉素和脱落酸在植物生理过程中具有重要的调控作用,其生物合成途径迄今已基本阐明。赤霉素与类胡萝卜素的生物合成途径具有共同前体牻牛儿基牻牛儿基二磷酸,而脱落酸则直接来自于类胡萝卜素。参与这两种植物激素和类胡萝卜素代谢过程的大多数酶基因已经从不同植物中获得克隆;各种调控方式也随着分子生物学的研究工作而得到鉴定。本文就近年来对赤霉素和脱落酸等代谢调控机制及其与植物类胡萝卜素代谢之间关系的研究工作做简要回顾。  相似文献   

4.
番茄红素是一种重要的类胡萝卜素,具有许多生物功能和生物活性,尤其在保护人类健康方面起着重要的作用。随着番茄红素生物合成途径的阐明及其相关基因的克隆,运用基因工程手段调控番茄红素的合成已经成为可能。本文首先综述了番茄红素生物合成途径及合成途径中相关基因的克隆,然后对近年来构建的番茄红素基因工程菌进行了全面的总结,包括:运用DNA重组技术使异源微生物大肠杆菌、酵母等生产番茄红素,以及通过过表达特定基因从而提高霉菌等产番茄红素的量,最后分析了改造过程中存在的主要问题,并展望了未来的研究方向。  相似文献   

5.
依据橙色大白菜的愈伤组织呈现橙色,而普通大白菜的愈伤组织呈现浅黄色这一现象,以橙色大白菜‘金冠1号’和普通大白菜‘秦白2号’培养的愈伤组织为材料,在培养基中添加0.1mmol.L-1的八氢番茄红素脱氢酶抑制剂达草灭分别处理5、10、20和40d。用HPLC法测定处理后的愈伤组织中各种类胡萝卜素含量的结果表明:‘秦白2号’愈伤组织中以β-胡萝卜紊为主,‘金冠1号’愈伤纽织中的类胡萝卜以番茄红素和β-胡萝卜素为主,且类胡萝卜素总含量比‘秦白2号’高出10.4倍;随着达草灭处理时间的延长,愈伤组织的颜色逐渐变白,其中番茄红素和β-胡萝卜素的含量逐渐下降,而八氢番茄红素的含量则逐渐升高,至处理40d时,两品种的愈伤组织中积累的八氢番茄红索差异不明显。据此,推论橙色大白菜中类胡萝卜素的积累并不是由于类胡萝卜素生物合成能力的提高引起的。  相似文献   

6.
八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(phytoene desaturase,PDS)是类胡萝卜素生物合成过程中催化无色的八氢番茄红素形成有色的一类胡萝卜素的关键酶。本文选取公开发表的PDS72.通过在NCBI数据库中搜索得到的43条来自于不同物种的PDS的氨基酸序列进行分析。通过CDD在线软件预测每条氨基酸序列保守结构域,结果表明,所选取序列均包含一个NAD(P)-bindingdomain4守结构域,其长度为51个氨基酸,不同物种保守结构域中氨基酸的突变集中在8个不同的位置上;利用MEGA等软件进行多序列比对后构建系统进化树,可以看到不同物种的PDS蛋白清晰地分类到各自的类群内,和传统的分类学结果一致,表明所有不同分支的PDS蛋白都是单系同源,并不存在物种间的水平基因转移。  相似文献   

7.
辣椒是全世界广泛栽培的蔬菜作物之一,成熟的辣椒果实中含有α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄质、叶黄素、隐黄质、辣椒红素及辣椒玉红素等多种不同的类胡萝卜素;由于类胡萝卜素生物合成途径存在差异调控方式,最终在辣椒果实中积累不同成分和含量的类胡萝卜素,从而导致不同辣椒果实颜色的形成。同时,辣椒果实含有的各种类胡萝卜素因具有重要保健及经济价值,也越来越受到育种家重视。本文系统概述了辣椒果实颜色与类胡萝卜素组分、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径、关键酶基因的功能及相关转录调控机制等方面的研究进展,总结了当前研究中存在的问题,并提出相应的研究展望,对今后高类胡萝卜素辣椒新品种选育、人为调控类胡萝卜素生物合成、改善辣椒果实品质具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

8.
[目的]栀子果实中富含类胡萝卜素衍生物—西红花总苷。拟从果实中克隆西红花总苷生物合成途径中的八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶基因。[方法]利用RACE的方法克隆Gj PDS基因,绝对定量PCR法检测在不同组织中的表达。[结果]从果实中克隆了一个长1 746 bp的Gj PDS基因,编码由581个氨基酸组成的八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶序列。与水稻(Oryza sativa)PDS蛋白A链的氨基酸序列有83%的一致性,与菠萝泛菌(Pantoea ananatis)PDS蛋白A链的氨基酸序列一致性低。Gj PDS基因为组成性表达基因,它在栀子果肉中的表达量最高,是叶片中表达量的1.6倍,茎中表达量的3.5倍,种子中表达量的13.1倍。[结论]从栀子果实中克隆了一个1 746 bp的Gj PDS基因,它主要在栀子果肉中表达,可能与西红花总苷的生物合成有关。该基因今后可以用作西红花总苷生物合成途径的调控靶点。  相似文献   

9.
β-胡萝卜素是一种橘黄色的脂溶性色素,属于类胡萝卜素家族,基于其丰富的生物学活性,在食品、医药、化妆品等领域具有广泛的应用。国内外对β-胡萝卜素市场需求量巨大,特别是天然来源的β-胡萝卜素具有广阔的市场前景,建立适合天然β-胡萝卜素生产的微生物细胞工厂显得尤为重要。本研究利用基因工程手段克隆了β-胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的三个基因,分别是来源于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶基因(ScBTS1)、红法夫酵母(Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous)的八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因(XdCrtI)以及同时具有八氢番茄红素合成酶和番茄红素环化酶的双功能酶基因(XdCrtYB),构建组成型表达载体pYES2-Kan-CrtI-CrtYB-BTS1,并转化至酿酒酵母MKP-o中,最终筛选获得能够生产β-胡萝卜素的酿酒酵母基因工程菌株。结果显示,此工程菌摇瓶产量达到14.53 mg/g细胞干重(DCW)且发酵周期短,不仅可以稳定高效地积累β-胡萝卜素,同时发酵过程中无需添加诱导剂,有利于节约生产成本。因此,可以将其作为一株具有较高β...  相似文献   

10.
由于类胡萝卜素含量和组成的改变,能够导致植物生理和生化方面的变化。因此,植物类胡萝卜素代谢的调控机制是多元化、多层次的。天津大学农业与生物工程学院季静等研究人员对植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径进行了综述,对近几年通过基因工程方法提高植物类胡萝卜素积累研究进行了概括。"植物类胡萝卜素生物合成及功能的研究进展"是较为综合系  相似文献   

11.
The synthesis of carotenoids begins with the formation of a phytoene from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, a well conserved step in all carotenogenic organisms and catalyzed by a phytoene synthase, an enzyme encoded by the crtB (spy) genes. The next step is the dehydrogenation of the phytoene, which is carried out by phytoene dehydrogenase. In organisms with oxygenic photosynthesis, this enzyme, which accomplishes two dehydrogenations, is encoded by the crtP genes. In organisms that lack oxygenic photosynthesis, dehydrogenation is carried out by an enzyme completely unrelated to the former one, which carries out four dehydrogenations and is encoded by the crtI genes. In organisms with oxygenic photosynthesis, dehydrogenation of the phytoene is accomplished by a ζ-carotene dehydrogenase encoded by the crtQ (zds) genes. In many carotenogenic organisms, the process is completed with the cyclization of lycopene. In organisms exhibiting oxygenic photosynthesis, this step is performed by a lycopene cyclase encoded by the crtL genes. In contrast, anoxygenic photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms use a different lycopene cyclase, encoded by the crtY (lyc) genes. A third and unrelated type of lycopene β-cyclase has been described in certain bacteria and archaea. Fungi differ from the rest of non-photosynthetic organisms in that they have a bifunctional enzyme that displays both phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase activity. Carotenoids can be modified by oxygen-containing functional groups, thus originating xanthophylls. Only two enzymes are necessary for the conversion of β-carotene into astaxanthin, using several ketocarotenoids as intermediates, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These enzymes are a β-carotene hydroxylase (crtZ genes) and a β-carotene ketolase, encoded by the crtW (bacteria) or bkt (algae) genes. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

12.
Photosynthetic organisms synthesize a diverse range of carotenoids. These pigments are important for the assembly, function and stability of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes, and they are used to quench harmful radicals. The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides was used as a model system to explore the origin of carotenoid diversity. Replacing the native 3-step phytoene desaturase (CrtI) with the 4-step enzyme from Erwinia herbicola results in significant flux down the spirilloxanthin pathway for the first time in Rb. sphaeroides. In Rb. sphaeroides, the completion of four desaturations to lycopene by the Erwinia CrtI appears to require the absence of CrtC and, in a crtC background, even the native 3-step enzyme can synthesize a significant amount (13%) of lycopene, in addition to the expected neurosporene. We suggest that the CrtC hydroxylase can intervene in the sequence of reactions catalyzed by phytoene desaturase. We investigated the properties of the lycopene-synthesizing strain of Rb. sphaeroides. In the LH2 light-harvesting complex, lycopene transfers absorbed light energy to the bacteriochlorophylls with an efficiency of 54%, which compares favourably with other LH2 complexes that contain carotenoids with 11 conjugated double bonds. Thus, lycopene can join the assembly pathway for photosynthetic complexes in Rb. sphaeroides, and can perform its role as an energy donor to bacteriochlorophylls.  相似文献   

13.
In bacteria and fungi, the degree of carotenoid desaturation is determined by a single enzyme, the CrtI-type phytoene desaturase. In different organisms, this enzyme can carry out either three, four or even five desaturation steps. The purple bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus is the only known species in which reaction products of a 3-step and a 4-step desaturation (i.e. neurosporene and lycopene derivatives) accumulate simultaneously. The properties of this phytoene desaturation to catalyze neurosporene or lycopene were analyzed by heterologous complementations in Escherichia coli and by in vitro studies. They demonstrated that high enzyme concentrations or low phytoene supply favor the formation of lycopene. Under these conditions, CrtI from Rhodobacter spheroides can be forced in vitro to lycopene formation although this carotene is not synthesized in this species. All results can be explained by a model based on the competition between phytoene and neurosporene for the substrate binding site of phytoene desaturase. Mutations in CrtI from Rvi. gelatinosus have been generated resulting in increased lycopene formation in Escherichia coli. This modification in catalysis is due to increased amounts of CrtI protein.  相似文献   

14.
Corynebacterium glutamicum accumulates the C50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin. Rescued DNA from transposon color mutants of this Gram-positive bacterium was used to clone the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster. By sequence comparison and functional complementation, the genes involved in the synthesis of carotenoids with 50 carbon atoms were identified. The genes crtE, encoding a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, crtB, encoding a phytoene synthase, and crtI, encoding a phytoene desaturase, are responsible for the formation of lycopene. The products of three novel genes, crtYe and crtYf, with sequence similarities to heterodimeric lycopene cyclase crtYc and crtYd, together with crtEb which exhibits a prenyl transferase motif, were involved in the conversion of C40 acyclic lycopene to cyclic C50 carotenoids. Using functional complementation in Escherichia coli, it could be shown that the elongation of lycopene to the acyclic C50 carotenoid flavuxanthin by the addition of C5 isoprenoid units at positions C-2 and C-2' is catalyzed by the crtEb gene product. Subsequently, the gene products of crtYe and crtYf in a concerted action convert the acyclic flavuxanthin into the cyclic C50 carotene, decaprenoxanthin, forming two epsilon-ionone groups. The mechanisms, involving two individual steps for the formation of cyclic C50 carotenoids from lycopene, are proposed on the basis of these results.  相似文献   

15.
Radish plants ( Raphanus sativus L. cv. Saxa treib) were grown in the presence of three different herbicides interfering with the biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids. The herbicides caused an accumulation of acyclic biosynthetic intermediates. Plants were then irradiated using four different light programs in order to gain more insight into the first steps of carotenoid biosynthesis and their control by light and phytochrome. Plants grown in the dark in the presence of SAN 6706 or aminotriazole accumulated the acyclic intermediate phytoene, and those treated with J 852, the intermediates phytoene, phytofluene and zeta-carotene. In herbicide-treated plants short time irradiation with red light enhanced the formation of phytoene, phytofluene, zeta-carotene or lycopene, consistent with an effect of phytochrome on the early steps of carotenoid biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids was also enhanced by red light in the untreated controls. In amitrole-treated plants formation of β-carotene, but not that of xanthophylls was stimulated by red light. In many cases neither the red light-induced biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids nor the formation of acyclic intermediates could be prevented by a subsequent irradiation with far-red light. Similar enhancement as with red light was also obtained after treatment with far-red light only. Presented data may be taken as evidence that the biosynthesis and dehydrogenation of phytoene and the cyclization of lycopene are activated by a low threshold of active phytochrome. This may be further supported by the observation that far-red light itself stimulated carotenoid biosynthesis.  相似文献   

16.
Carotenoids are membrane pigments present in all photosynthetic organisms, providing essential photoprotective functions. The first carotenoid formed in the pathway is phytoene, a colorless compound which is then converted into colored carotenoids by a series of dehydrogenation reactions. In the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata mutations that affect carotenoid biosynthesis before colored carotenoids are formed have a "blue-green" phenotype as opposed to the "red" of wild type cells. We have extracted carotenoids from several blue-green mutants and found that two strains (BPY69 and BPY102) accumulate phytoene and no colored carotenoids. These mutants failed to dehydrogenate phytoene in an in vitro assay. However, dehydrogenation of this compound can be achieved in vitro by adding a cell-free extract from another blue-green mutant blocked earlier in the pathway. Genetic complementation and deletion mapping indicate that the gene crtI is responsible for the conversion of phytoene into colored carotenoids in these mutants.  相似文献   

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19.
Upon depletion of Sll0254 in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, cyclized carotenoids were replaced by linear, relatively hydrophilic carotenoids, and the amount of the two photosystems decreased greatly. Full segregants of the sll0254 deletion in Synechocystis were not obtained, implying that this gene is essential for survival, most likely to allow normal cell division. The N-terminal half of Sll0254 has limited similarity to the family of lycopene cyclases, has an additional dehydrogenase motif near the N terminus, and is followed by a Rieske 2Fe-2S center sequence signature. To test whether Sll0254 serves as a lycopene cyclase in Synechocystis, the corresponding gene was expressed in Escherichia coli strains that can produce lycopene or neurosporene. In the presence of Sll0254 these linear carotenoids were converted into cyclized, relatively hydrophilic pigments, with masses consistent with the introduction of two hydroxyl groups and with spectra indicative of only small changes in the number of conjugated double bonds. This suggests that Sll0254 catalyzes formation of oxygenated, cyclized carotenoids. We interpret the appearance of the hydroxyl groups in the carotenoids to be due to dioxygenase activity involving the Rieske 2Fe-2S center and the additional dehydrogenase domain. This dioxygenase activity is required in the myxoxanthophyll biosynthesis pathway, after or concomitant with cyclization on the other end of the molecule. We interpret Sll0254 to be a dual-function enzyme with both lycopene cyclase and dioxygenase activity and have named it CrtL(diox).  相似文献   

20.
Depending on the cyclized hydrocarbon backbone ends, carotenoids can be acyclic, monocyclic, or bicyclic. Lycopene cyclases are the enzymes responsible for catalyzing the formation of cyclic carotenoids from acyclic lycopene. Myxococcus xanthus is a bacterium that accumulates monocyclic carotenoids such as a glycoside ester of myxobacton. We show here that this bacterium possesses a cyclase belonging to the group of the heterodimeric cyclases CrtYc and CrtYd. These two individual proteins are encoded by crtYc and crtYd, which are located in the carotenogenic carA operon of the carB-carA gene cluster, and the presence of both is essential for the cyclization of lycopene. CrtYc and CrtYd from M. xanthus form a heterodimeric cyclase with beta-monocyclic activity, which converts lycopene into monocyclic gamma-carotene, but not into bicyclic beta-carotene like most beta-cyclases. This is an unusual case where two different proteins constitute a lycopene cyclase enzyme with monocyclic activity. We were able to convert this lycopene monocyclase into a lycopene bicyclase enzyme producing beta-carotene, by fusing both proteins with an extra transmembrane domain. The chimeric protein appears to allow a proper membranal disposition of both CrtYc and CrtYd, to perform two cyclization reactions, while a hybrid without the extra transmembrane helix performs only one cyclization.  相似文献   

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