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1.
长白山花属榛鸡繁殖成功率的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
朴正吉  孙悦华 《动物学报》1997,43(3):279-284
1986-1995年,对长白山花尾榛鸡的繁殖率进行了研究。无线电遥测的结果表明花尾榛鸡的卵化率为65.5%,繁殖成功率为20.9%,幼鸟成活率37.5%。花尾榛鸡家族群的幼鸟随日增加而减少,幼鸟日龄为0-25日时死亡率较高,25日龄后的死亡率显著减少。  相似文献   

2.
采用细胞外微电极技术,记录离体灌流的蟾蜍椎旁交感神经节细胞膜电位,观察川芎嗪对嘌呤受体介导反应的调制作用。三磷酸腺苷(300μmol/L)可引起神经节细胞膜去极化(n=62)、超极化反应(n=27)以及去极化之后伴随超极化过程的双相反应(n=9)。P2受体拮抗剂台盼蓝(500μmol/L)可抑制三磷酸腺苷的去极化反应(n=8);P1受体拮抗剂氨茶碱(200μmol/L)可抑制三磷酸腺苷的超极化反应(n=7)。滴加川芎嗪(1~5mmol/L),神经节细胞膜未出现明显的电位变化。外源性环-磷酸腺苷(250μmol/L)可模拟三磷酸腺苷的超极化反应(n=9)。川芎嗪(3mmol/L)可抑制三磷酸腺苷的去极化反应,使其幅值减少539±95%(n=14,P<001),并能加强三磷酸腺苷所致超极化反应,使其幅值增大1054±245%(n=12,P<001)。在同一标本上,川芎嗪使环一磷酸腺苷的超极化反应加强(n=4)。此外,川芎嗪可抑制三磷酸腺苷引起的双相反应中的去极相,而增大其后的超极相(n=3)。  相似文献   

3.
张堰铭 《兽类学报》1999,19(3):204-210
捕杀高原鼢鼠后,残鼠种群与自然种群年龄结构相比较,5月差异性显著(X2=997,P<005);7月和10月差异极显著(X2=15134,X2=15612,P<001)。5月,残鼠种群成年Ⅰ组占最大比例(5345%);自然种群成年Ⅱ组占最大比例(4844%)。7月,残鼠种群幼年组和亚成年组所占比例之和(3506%)明显高于自然种群(2200%)(P<005)。10月,残鼠种群近老年组和老年组所占比例之和(962%)明显低于自然种群(2308%)(P<005)。残鼠种群成年Ⅰ组雌鼠怀孕率(8462%)明显高于自然种群(5833%)(P<005);平均胎仔数(332)也高于自然种群(285),但差异不显著(P>005)。  相似文献   

4.
α受体激动对绵羊心肌瞬时性内向离子流的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
施渭彬  徐有秋 《生理学报》1995,47(4):387-393
用乙酰毒毛旋花子甙元(AS)0.05μmol/L诱发绵羊心浦肯野纤维产生稳定的瞬时性内向离子流(Iti),用普萘洛尔0.5μmol/L阻断β受体,观察α受体激动剂苯肾上腺素(PE)0.3,1.0μmol/L对Iti幅值与时程的影响。PE1.0μmol/L灌流20,50min时Iti幅值分别由对照值12.8±1.9nA减小至10.7±1.2nA(n=5,P<0.05)与9.6±1.9nA(n=5,P<0.01);ItiD50时程分别由对照值145±24.4ms延长至183.3±28.1ms(n=5,P<0.05)与207.5±34.2ms(n=5,P<0.01),PE对Iti的抑制作用呈剂量依赖性与时间依赖性。Iti到达峰值的时间和回复到基线的时间都延长,提示PE作用下Iti通道动力学发生了变化。如果在β受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素(ISO)1.0μmol/L增强Iti的基础上,PE1.0μmol/L灌流10min,对Iti幅值的抑制及时程的延长作用更显著,Iti幅值由对照值15.6±3.2nA减小到10.3±2.2nA;ItiD50由92.5±14.3ms延长到132.5±36.0ms(n=5,P<0.01)。  相似文献   

5.
益生素对祖代伊沙蛋鸡性能的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2569羽祖代伊沙蛋鸡(ISABrowm),随机分成2组。试验组1153羽,在基础日粮中添加015%的益生素,对照组1415羽饲喂基础日粮,不添加益生素,试验期30天。试验结果表明,试验组和对照组的平均产蛋率分别为7232±414%和6673%±661%,试验组较对照组高838%,差异极显著(P<001);试验组和对照组的种蛋合格率分别为6291%±590%和5452%±778%,试验组比对照组高1539%,差异极显著(P<001);试验组的种鸡成活率较对照组高039%,差异不显著;试验组和对照组的鸡舍温度分别为3587℃±167℃和3497℃±170℃,试验组较对照组高09℃,差异显著(P<005)。该试验结果提示,在高温季节使用益生素,具有延缓蛋鸡产蛋率及种蛋合格率下降作用;通过分析产蛋率及种蛋合格率相关性和回归模型表明,益生素能显著地影响产蛋率和种蛋合格率的相关性,提高种蛋合格率。  相似文献   

6.
广西龙虎山猕猴种群生态特征   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
王骏  冯敏 《兽类学报》1996,16(4):264-271
1988~1995年,采用定点观察法和绝对计数与相对计数结合法对龙虎山猕猴种群生态作了调查研究。1990年核心区有猕猴14群,500只左右,猴群密度1.6群/km2,种群密度55.6只/km2.猴群大小平均33.8±23.1(n=6)只。一般每隔4~5年分群一次,猴群群体年均增长率14.8%,种群年均增长率为9.7%。猴群中成年猴性比为7.6±6.5(n=12),1~3岁组的性比为0.74±0.61(n=4),群内未成年猴比例为67.7±3.1%(n=12)。发情交配期最早11月12日,最晚次年1月20日,高峰期12月上旬,持续3个月.产仔期最早4月1日,最晚8月14日,高峰期5月上旬,持续时间4个半月.繁殖率45.5%~100%,平均75.4±13.2%(n=21)。新生猴死亡率较低,新生猴性比(雌:雄)平均0.74±0.34(n=5)。  相似文献   

7.
应用全细胞膜片钳制技术观察了低温保存的大鼠肝细胞外向钾电流(Ik)的变化。结果表明,低温保存大鼠肝细胞的外向钾电流为5.04±0.82nA(n=18),大于对照组肝细胞膜电流2.85±1.21nA(n=32)(P<0.01)。表明低温保存的大鼠肝细胞外向钾电流显著增大  相似文献   

8.
哈尔滨郊区人为鼠疫疫源地鼠类种群动态分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据黑龙江省哈尔滨市郊区人为鼠疫疫源地1952~1996年达乌尔黄鼠密度监测资料,建立了黄鼠密度的自回归模型Dt=01374+11302Dt-1-04754Dt-2+08033Dt-3-04680Dt-4,对1997~2000年的密度进行了预测。1952~1980年,人工捕黄鼠率极为显著地影响黄鼠密度(P<0001)。在该地区,1982~1996年共捕啮齿动物6种,其中黄鼠和大仓鼠为野外优势种,褐家鼠为室内优势种,其余为常见种。大仓鼠、黑线仓鼠、黑线姬鼠均与夜行鼠总捕获率正相关(P<001),逐步回归模型为总捕获率=05219+11733大仓鼠+10312黑线仓鼠+11273小家鼠+09242褐家鼠(P<00001)。黄鼠密度与捕获率不相关(P>010)。  相似文献   

9.
Tian L  Wen YQ  Li HZ  Xiong HB  Wang JJ 《生理学报》1999,(2):219-223
在离体大鼠小脑脑片上观察了组胺对小脑皮层第Ⅹ小叶浦肯野细胞的作用。组胺(3~100μmol/L)主要引起浦肯野细胞的兴奋反应(944%,51/54),在少数细胞上也观察到组胺所引起的放电抑制现象(56%,3/54)。用低Ca2+/高Mg2+人工脑脊液灌流脑片,不能取消浦肯野细胞对组胺的兴奋反应(n=4)。H2受体对抗剂ranitidine(01~5μmol/L)能够阻断浦肯野细胞对组胺的兴奋反应(n=20),而H1受体对抗剂triprolidine(05~5μmol/L)不能够(n=9)或仅轻微地(n=4)阻断浦肯野细胞对组胺的兴奋反应。这些结果提示,组胺可能主要通过H2受体的介导对浦肯野细胞起兴奋性调节作用,下丘脑小脑组胺能神经通路可能参与了小脑的某些躯体的和非躯体的功能调节。  相似文献   

10.
Liu DC  Yuan YJ 《生理学报》1999,51(1):111-114
睾丸切除后,家猫前列腺背叶、腹叶及尿道球腺内的金属硫蛋白(metalothionein,MT)分别下降至正常家猫的212%(P<001)、884%(P>005)和185%(P<001),而在腹叶影响较小。睾丸切除后注射芝麻油,前列腺背叶及尿道球腺MT均未得到恢复。但若在睾丸切除后连续3d注射10μg/kgbw睾酮,两者依次恢复至693%和594%。随睾酮注射剂量增加(5、10、15、20、25μg/kgbw),血浆睾酮的浓度、前列腺背叶及尿道球腺MT含量增高。血浆睾酮与前列腺背叶及尿道球腺MT呈正相关(P<001)。这些结果表明,睾酮诱导前列腺背叶及尿道球腺MT,其最适剂量为20μg/kgbw。  相似文献   

11.
PIRKKO SIIKAMÄKI 《Ibis》1996,138(3):471-478
The growth pattern and mortality of young Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca were studied to focus on the mechanisms and constraints behind the widely studied optimization of clutch size. The clutch sizes were modified, and the growth and survival of chicks from different clutch sizes were monitored along with the prevailing weather during the nestling period to detect the effect of weather on reproductive success. The weather conditions during the feeding period of the nestlings varied within a season as well as between breeding seasons. The prevailing weather markedly affected both the growth rate and the survival of chicks, yet, the effects of weather on growth were not greater in enlarged clutches. The impact of adverse weather was more pronounced in the later phases of nesting, when the food demand of a brood was highest. Brood reduction and total nest losses were more likely during extensive rainfall during the nestling phase and also in the enlarged clutches. Thus, weather is a very important determinant of reproductive success in this species. Weather conditions during the breeding season are unpredictable, however, and therefore brood reduction through sibling competition is a mechanism whereby brood size can be adjusted to the level the parents can rear under the prevailing conditions.  相似文献   

12.
Preserving peripheral populations is a key conservation issue because of the adaptive potential to environmental change they provide for the species as a whole. Yet, peripheral populations are often small and isolated, i.e. more vulnerable to stochastic events and prone to extinction. We studied a peripheral population of Hoopoe (Upupa epops), a rare insectivorous farmland bird, in the Swiss Alps. We first investigated the effect of weather variation on food provisioning to chicks by Hoopoe parents. Second, while accounting for density-dependence, we tested the extent to which breeding success is governed by weather circumstances and assessed the possible consequences of climate variation on population growth. Provisioning rate and provisioned prey biomass were negatively affected by adverse weather (cool, rainy days), were higher in males and also increased with brood size. Much smaller proportions of molecrickets (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa; the most profitable prey locally, constituting 93% of chicks’ food biomass) were provisioned on days with adverse weather, irrespective of brood size. Rainfall prior to hatching and during the first days of chick life had a negative impact on their survival, and there was a positive effect of temperature on chick survival just before fledging. Reproductive output was negatively affected by precipitation during the hatching period, but was enhanced by warm temperature just before hatching and in the last days before fledging. Our model showed that the variable reproductive output has a strong impact on the population growth: a succession of adverse, rainy springs would cause a rapid decline of the population. This case study confirms that conservation efforts may be obliterated if risks linked to increasing climate variability are not properly accounted for in the management of small peripheral populations.  相似文献   

13.
Growth and survival of altricial young are influenced by their parents’ abilities to invest in a breeding attempt. As a result, chick growth and survival in one breeding season may be indicative of their parents’ long-term reproductive potential. To determine whether variation in long-term reproductive success is driven by differential breeding investment, parental care and chick growth in wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) were correlated with parental historical reproductive success. Effects of age and breeding experience (determined from past breeding attempts) and pre-laying body condition (mass–size indices) on chick growth and survival also were tested. Longer brooding of chicks increased their survival, but length of chick brooding did not differ between historically unproductive and successful breeders. Past reproductive success also was not correlated with chick growth rates or fledging mass or size. Chick brooding period, chick growth rates, final mass and size were independent of parental body condition. Older and more experienced parents brooded chicks for longer and their chicks grew faster, supporting previous findings that breeding competence is a learnt skill. Chick care and growth characteristics differed more between than within pairs, suggesting that differences in these characteristics are driven by variation among pairs.  相似文献   

14.
Tradeoffs among demographic traits are a central component of life history theory. We investigated tradeoffs between reproductive effort and survival in female greater sage‐grouse breeding in the American Great Basin, while also considering reproductive heterogeneity by examining covariance among current and future reproductive success. We analyzed survival and reproductive histories from 328 individual female greater sage‐grouse captured between 2003 and 2011, and examined the effect of reproductive effort on survival and future reproduction. Monthly survival of females was variable within years, and this within‐year variation was associated with distinct biological seasons. Monthly survival was greatest during the winter (November–March; ΦW= 0.99 ± 0.001 SE), and summer (June–July; ΦS= 0.98 ± 0.01 SE), and lower during nesting (April–May; ΦN= 0.93 ± 0.02 SE) and fall (August–October; ΦF= 0.92 ± 0.02 SE). Successful reproduction was associated with reduced monthly survival during summer and fall, and this effect was greatest during fall. Females that successfully fledged chicks had lower annual survival (0.47 ± 0.05 SE) than females who were not successful (0.64 ± 0.04 SE). Annual survival did not vary across years, consistent with a slow‐paced life history strategy in greater sage‐grouse. In contrast, reproductive success varied widely, and was positively correlated with annual rainfall. We found evidence for heterogeneity among females with respect to reproductive success; compared with unsuccessful females, females that raised a brood successfully in year t were more than twice as likely to be successful in year t+ 1. Female greater sage‐grouse incur costs to survival associated with reproduction, however, variation in quality among females may override costs to subsequent reproductive output.  相似文献   

15.
We used data from the Finnish wildlife triangle censuses (1989-92) to test the prediction that the reproductive success of ground-nesting bird species is lowered in forest landscapes fragmented by the occurrence of agricultural land, presumably as a consequence of increased densities of generalist predators Our study was based on 201 wildlife triangles located in central Finland (total length 2412 km) As expected, the proportion of black grouse hens with a brood in August decreased relative to the increasing proportion of agricultural land in a landscape (100 km2) However, on a smaller spatial scale (10 8 km2), the probability of an observed hen being with a brood was higher in the vicinity of fields This finding may be explained by differences in habitat selection between hens with a brood and those without a brood We did not find any negative effect of landscape composition on brood size We conclude that increased predation pressure in forest landscapes fragmented by agriculture affects nesting success, but not the survival of black grouse chicks after hatching Our results also emphasize the importance of spatial scale in studies of landscape ecology  相似文献   

16.
Abstract Although several studies have indicated the importance of forbs in brood habitats, no studies have quantified direct effects of the amount of forb cover on sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) chicks. In 2002 and 2003, we conducted field experiments in Middle Park and Moffat County, Colorado, USA, respectively. Our objective was to quantify effects of 3 levels of forb cover in brood habitat on mass gain and feather growth of human-imprinted sage-grouse chicks. The results indicate that increasing forb cover in brood areas with <20% forb cover may lead to increased chick survival and grouse productivity.  相似文献   

17.
The process of reproduction is a sensitive period for bird offspring, since they are exposed to environmental conditions for several weeks. Within the long reproductive period, adult birds do not only have to maintain their own body condition, they also have to ensure nutritional needs of their nestlings. In the worst case, if weather conditions are very harsh, breeding is not successful and fails. This suggests that weather conditions might be an important driver of breeding success. Here, we studied the effect of weather conditions (temperature and precipitation) on the survival of 350 nests of great tits Parus major during nestling period in six years (2010–2015). We used traditional generalized linear mixed model (binomial response variable) and a dedicated survival-analysis program (MARK) to analyze the data. The two approaches allowed us to highlight and compare the effect of weather conditions on a fine (nestling survival) and coarse (nest fate) scale. Both methods showed that precipitation explained most of the variation in individual nestling and overall nest survival during the 15-day nestling period. Heavy and persistent rainfall did not only lead to brood reduction, it ultimately also led to losses of the entire brood. Likely causes were the negative effects of precipitation on thermoregulation, food availability and predation risk. However, while reduced food availability most likely might have led to brood reduction through selective individual nestling death, predation might have resulted in total nest failures.  相似文献   

18.
Intraclutch egg size variation may non‐adaptively result from nutritional/energetic constraints acting on laying females or may reflect adaptive differential investment in offspring in relation to laying/hatching order. This variation may contribute to size hierarchies among siblings already established due to hatching asynchrony, and resultant competitive asymmetries often lead to starvation of the weakest nestling within a brood. The costs in terms of chick mortality can be high. However, the extent to which this mortality is egg size‐mediated remains unclear, especially in relation to hatching asynchrony which may operate concomitantly. I assessed effects of egg size and hatching asynchrony on nestling development and survival of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus), where the smaller size and later hatching of c‐eggs may represent a brood‐reduction strategy. To analyze variation in egg size, I recorded the laying order and laying date of 870 eggs in 290 three‐egg clutches over a 3‐yr period (2010–2012). I measured hatchlings and monitored growth and survival of 130 chicks from enclosed nests in 2011 and 2012. The negative effect of laying date (β = ?0.18 ± SE 0.06, P = 0.002) on c‐egg size possibly reflected the fact that late breeders were either low quality or inexperienced females. The mass, size, and condition of hatchling Herring Gulls were positively related to egg size (all P < 0.0001). C‐chicks suffered from increased mortality risk during the first 12 d, identified as the brood‐reduction period in my study population. Although intraclutch variation in egg size was not directly related to patterns of chick mortality, I found that smaller relative egg size interactively increased differences in relative body condition of nestlings, primarily brought about by the degree of hatching asynchrony during this brood‐reduction period. Thus, the value of relatively small c‐eggs in Herring Gulls may lie in reinforcing brood reduction through effects on nestling body condition. A reproductive strategy Herring Gulls might have adopted to maintain a three‐egg clutch, but that also enables them to adjust the number of chicks they rear relative to the prevailing environmental conditions and to their own condition during the nestling stage.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT Reduced annual recruitment because of poor habitat quality has been implicated as one of the causative factors in the range-wide decline of sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations since the 1950s. Because chick and brood survival are directly linked to annual recruitment and may be the primary factors that limit sage-grouse population growth, we estimated 28-day survival rates of radiomarked chicks and broods from 2000 to 2003. We examined relationships between survival and several habitat variables measured at brood sites, including food availability (insects and forbs); horizontal cover of sagebrush, grasses, and forbs; and vertical cover of sagebrush and grass. We monitored 506 radiomarked chicks from 94 broods; chick survival was 0.392 (SE = 0.024). We found evidence that both food and cover variables were positively associated with chick survival, including Lepidoptera availability, slender phlox (Phlox gracilis) frequency, total forb cover, and grass cover. The effect of total grass cover on chick survival was dependent on the proportion of short grass. The hazard of an individual chick's death decreased 8.6% (95% CI = −1.0 to 18.3) for each percentage point increase in total grass cover when the proportion of short grass was >70%. Survival of 83 radiomarked broods was 0.673 (SE = 0.055). Lepidoptera availability and slender phlox frequency were the only habitat variables related to brood survival. Risk of total brood loss decreased by 11.8% (95% CI = 1.2–22.5) for each additional Lepidoptera individual and 2.7% (95% CI = −0.4 to 5.8) for each percentage point increase in the frequency of slender phlox found at brood sites. Model selection results revealed that temporal differences in brood survival were associated with variation in the availability of Lepidoptera and slender phlox. Years with high brood survival corresponded with years of high Lepidoptera availability and high slender phlox frequency. These foods likely provided high-quality nutrition for chicks during early growth and development and enhanced survival. Habitat management that promotes Lepidoptera and slender phlox abundance during May and June (i.e., early brood rearing) should have a positive effect on chick and brood survival in the short term and potentially increase annual recruitment.  相似文献   

20.
MURRAY C. GRANT 《Ibis》1991,133(2):127-133
The relationships between egg size, chick size at hatching and chick survival in Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus were studied over a three-year period in the Shetland Isles. Three measurements of chick size at hatching were all positively correlated with egg volume, though the relationship was strongest with hatchling body-weight. In two of the three years the proportion of chicks from a brood which survived to fledging increased significantly with the mean hatching weight of chicks in the brood. Within broods, a significant effect of hatching weight on survival was detectable only up to 7 days after hatching. Between years the egg volumes and hatchling weights of individual female Whimbrels showed relatively little variability, indicating that these attributes could be controlled to a large extent by inheritance.  相似文献   

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