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1.
水螅摄食中的特殊行为   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
汪安泰  余少文  胡章立 《动物学杂志》2002,37(4):44-46,F004
取经中性红活染后的杆吻虫喂水螅,仔细观察了水螅的摄食行为。结果表明,水螅垂唇端部能够相互识别出同类;水螅的垂唇与胃区能协力把杆吻虫吞入胃腔,触手经常随食物进入胃腔;吞食时经常出现头部内翻或外翻;个体间及其成体与芽体间常出现争夺食物的现象,当垂唇端部互不相触时,体型较大的个体常常把较小个体或芽体连同食物一起吞食;垂唇内胚层腺细胞对食物有消化作用,对同类无伤害;水螅的神经系统已有初步的整合功能。  相似文献   

2.
本文用8种切割方式将水螅切成不同大小的组织片,术后分别移到涂有杆吻虫汁液的载玻片上观察和摄影,部分样品进行石腊切片.结果表明:(1)无口缘组织的离体组织片无摄食反应,附有口缘组织的任何组织均有显著的摄食反应.(2)离体的垂唇和离体的远端半个垂唇能完成吞食过程.(3)口缘约有10个伪足交替地活动,内边缘细胞及其伪足具有牵引垂唇扩展、加强对食物的吸附力和吞食能力等方面的功能.(4)离体头部的口在玻片上扩展至极限时,口周长达4 000μm多.(5)纵剖的水螅组织在杆吻虫汁液诱导下,头部组织向外折叠,从折叠的内表面上,可区分鞭毛和不同发育程度的腺细胞.最后,对内胚层边缘细胞的功能和水螅的张口模式等作了初步讨论.  相似文献   

3.
水螅离体组织的摄食反应   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2  
本文用8种切割方式将水螅切成不同大小的组织片,术拍分别移到涂有杆吻虫汁液的载玻片上观察和摄摄影,部分样品进行了石蜡切片。结果表明:(1)无口缘组织的离本组织片无摄食反应,随着口缘组织的任何组织匀有显著的摄食反应。(2)离体的垂唇和离体的远端半个垂唇能完成吞食过程。(3)口级约有10个伪足交替地活动,内边缘细胞及其伪足具有牵引垂唇扩展、加强对食物的吸附力和吞食能力等方面的功能。(4)离体头部的口在玻  相似文献   

4.
淡水水螅的无性繁殖方式是出芽生殖。水螅胃区的皮肌细胞摄取的营养物质,经细胞间传递方式,转移到芽体的内、外胚层,为芽体的发育提供了能量。胃区的干细胞与增殖的细胞不断迁移到芽体,保障芽体发生时的细胞数。水螅的头部与基盘对芽体的发生,同时存在着激活与抑制2对位置信息素,共同控制并决定了芽体在体柱上的发生位置。芽体先发生垂唇与触手芽,其发生位置必需远离母体头部抑制素的作用。芽体发育后期,发生基盘时,必须远离母体基盘抑制素的作用。  相似文献   

5.
正常水螅只有一个头一个基盘。但在实验条件下,如把一个垂唇移植到已切除垂唇动物胃区的近心端而引起极性逆转时,在胃区常形成第二个头。若将两个或三个长螅的胃区按原有的远心端、近心端顺序嫁接在一起,在各嫁接片之间的连接处或附近,也常形成第二个头或第二个足。作者纵切水螅时,发现切开的两半  相似文献   

6.
水螅腔肠的活体观察   总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
利用杆吻虫的汁液,引诱水螅的口极度扩展或外翻。对水螅腔肠进行细致地观察;水螅内胚层的腺细胞与内皮肌细胞排列规则。每个内皮肌细胞上有鞭毛2根,长度约35μ,鞭毛活动时2根合在一起呈螺旋状摆动,静止时远端分开,基部靠近。这与其消化机能有密切联系。内胚层腺细胞无鞭毛。  相似文献   

7.
水蚤和卤虫幼体均是水螅培养上的常用食物,利用水蚤和卤虫幼体饲喂水螅.比较这2种食物下水螅的脱芽数和种群增长。结果表明,以卤虫幼体为食物时,水螅个体显著较大,水螅的脱芽数和种群增长明显快于以水蚤为食物时。通过卤虫卵孵化卤虫幼体喂食水螅的培养方法具有明显优势。  相似文献   

8.
以卤虫幼体和水蚤为食物对水螅的培养比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
水蚤和卤虫幼体均是水螅培养上的常用食物,利用水蚤和卤虫幼体饲喂水螅,比较这2种食物下水螅的脱芽数和种群增长。结果表明,以卤虫幼体为食物时,水螅个体显著较大,水螅的脱芽数和种群增长明显快于以水蚤为食物时。通过卤虫卵孵化卤虫幼体喂食水螅的培养方法具有明显优势。  相似文献   

9.
目的观察具有单个芽体的大乳头水螅(Hydra magnipapillata)头部再生进程,探讨水螅头部结构的再生进程与芽体发育过程之间可能存在的相互作用。方法选取具有单个年幼芽体的水螅体,在水螅母体上紧贴芽体着生部位的上方进行切除手术,观察母体头部再生进程。通过ABTS细胞化学染色法检测水螅基盘分子标志物过氧化物酶的表达,观察水螅芽体基盘与母体间的结构联系。结果水螅母体伤口在手术后2h内愈合。随着再生时间的延长,出现两种不同命运的芽体发育方式。一种情况是水螅芽体基盘紧贴母体手术切口,芽体发育成熟后可正常脱离母体;在芽体脱离母体前母体头部再生进程被抑制,在芽体脱落后母体头部再生进程重新启动、且在其后48h内母体头部再生完成。另一种情况是水螅芽体基盘组织与母体手术切口不产生结构联系而向外突出生长,母体头部再生进程完全停止,芽体胃区与母体相连且芽体发育成熟后不脱离母体。结论靠近水螅母体手术伤口的年幼芽体能延迟或阻断母体头部的再生进程,而手术切口也可能干扰了发育成熟的芽体与母体脱离的正常机制。  相似文献   

10.
在水螅的培养中,常出现食物缺乏。为了获得替代食物,比较水螅对一些常见肉类的捕食行为。结果表明,水螅对蚯蚓肉、虾肉、鱼肉、鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉均能捕捉,对各食物的捕捉比例无显著差异;但水螅对食物的摄食比例在食物类型间存在显著差异,对虾肉较为偏好。可选择虾肉作为培养时的替代食物。  相似文献   

11.
Kaliszewicz, A. and Lipińska, A. 2011. Environmental condition related reproductive strategies and sex ratio in hydras. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00 :1–7. Temperature and food supply appeared to affect sex ratio, sex composition and percentage of sexual individuals in three Hydra species: Hydra vulgaris, Hydra circumcincta and Hydra viridissima. We found three sexes present: females, males and hermaphrodites depending on environmental conditions. Hydra vulgaris appeared to be a species with a temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). The males and hermaphrodites were present only under rising temperatures, whereas females were observed exclusively at lowering temperatures. Hydras reproduced asexually at constant room temperature. Unlimited food affected sex ratios and induced the presence of males in H. circumcincta at lowering temperatures. Thus, H. circumcincta may be recognised as another Hydra species in which sex is determined by environmental factors (ESD). Under rising temperatures, the number of hermaphroditic individuals was higher when food supply was unlimited in all three species, indicating that hermaphrodites may need more energy to produce both male and female gonads. Both temperature changes and food supply positively affected asexual reproductive strategies in hydras, especially budding rates. Hydra circumcincta appeared to be less agile than other hydras and able to self‐fertilise. It is likely that self‐fertilisation is an adaptation to the low probability of meeting a mate belonging to the other clone.  相似文献   

12.
Hydra lirosoma sp. nov. is a small, hermaphroditic species possessing broad holotrichous isorhiza nematocysts. The spherical embryo and cobbled embryotheca set it apart from similar species. Hydras with broad holotrichous isorhizas form a distinct cluster of species, but one which was not explicitly represented in the three genera ( Pelmatohydra, Hydra and Chlorohydra ) recognized by Schulze (1917, Archiv für Biontologie, 4(2 ): 29). Schulze failed to recognize this group because of the small number of species known at that time. The hydras that are known now fit naturally into four clusters of species termed, in this paper, the oligactis, vulgaris, viridissima, and braueri groups.  相似文献   

13.
Hydras belong to one of the earliest eumetazoan animal groups, but to date very little is known about their genome sizes, gene numbers, and chromosomes. Here we provide genome size estimates and corresponding karyotypes for five Hydra species. Nuclear DNA contents were assessed by slide-based Feulgen microphotometry. Hydra oligactis possesses the largest genome of 1450 Mbp, followed by similar 1 C capacities in H. carnea (1350 Mbp), H. vulgaris (1250 Mpb) and H. circumcincta (1150 Mbp). The smallest genome of 380 Mbp was determined in H. viridissima. While the number of chromosomes is identical in all five Hydra species (2n = 30), the size of the chromosomes is strictly correlated to the size of the genome, with H. viridissima having conspicuously small chromosomes. The taxonomic and evolutionary significance of the C-value and chromosomal size variation in this ancient group of metazoans as well as its impact on genomic organization and forthcoming genome projects are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
Migration of interstitial cells and nerve cell precursors was analyzed in Hydra magnipapillata and Hydra vulgaris (formerly Hydra attenuata). Axial grafts were made between [3H]thymidine-labeled donor and unlabeled host tissue. Migration of labeled cells into the unlabeled half was followed for 4 days. The results indicate that the rate of migration was initially high and then slowed on Days 2-4. Regrafting fresh donor tissue on Days 2-4 maintained high levels of migration. Thus, migration appears to be stimulated by the grafting procedure itself.  相似文献   

15.
The role of cell sorting in the reorganization of Hydra cell reaggregates was studied. We quantitatively labeled ectodermal and endodermal cells by incubating whole animals in fluorescent beads or by injecting the beads into the gastric cavity. Beads were stably incorporated into the cells by phagocytosis. Our data show that dramatic cell sorting processes drive the formation of ectoderm and endoderm within the first 12 hr of reaggregation. After the ectoderm is established, no further rearrangement could be observed. We also tested the ability of cells to sort out with respect to their original position in Hydra by dissociating labeled apical and basal pieces of Hydra and measuring the clumping of labeled cells during reorganization. There was no increase in the clumping of cells during reorganization indicating that cell sorting is not involved in the formation of early activation centers. There was also no preferential incorporation of apically derived (presumptive head) tissue into tentacles that subsequently formed, indicating that after dissociation into single cells there is no predisposition of erstwhile presumptive head tissue to form heads.  相似文献   

16.
华南地区典型生境中红火蚁觅食行为及工蚁召集规律   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
观察研究了华南地区几种典型生境中红火蚁对不同类型食物的觅食行为和工蚁召集动态规律。研究结果表明红火蚁觅食行为存在搜寻、召集及搬运等主要过程。不同生境中红火蚁对食物的搜寻时间存在一定差异,荔枝园中搜寻时间明显长于其它生境;荔枝园、荒地、路边生境中红火蚁对蜂蜜的搜寻时间明显长于其它几种食物;同一生境中红火蚁对不同重量的同种食物搜寻时间无明显变化。发现食物后召集的工蚁数量随着时间延长呈现不断增加的趋势,对于较大的食物一般30min左右召集的工蚁数量达到最大,之后趋于稳定并逐渐减少,而对于可以直接搬动的食物发现后15min左右群体召集数量达到最大并很快将其搬走。召集工蚁数量与发现后时间的关系符合二次非线性方程,建立了火腿肠、花生油和蜂蜜等食物上红火蚁工蚁召集数量与发现时间的关系模型,分别为Na=4183.91e^-0.0327T-4231.48e^-0.0346T,Na=3253.78e^-0.0233T-3314.59e^-0.0271T,Na=117.97e^-0.0131T-163.93e^-0.0808T。对于不同食物红火蚁发现后召集的最大工蚁数量间有明显差异,其中花生油上最大,平均为176.3头,火腿肠上次之,为90.4头,蜂蜜上最少,为68.0头。对于不同重量的同种食物,工蚁的召集动态规律较为一致,发现食物后25-30min左右工蚁的召集数量均达到最大值,之后缓慢减少,发现食物后时间长度和食物上工蚁数量也符合房室模型函数Na=c1×exp(-c2T)-c3×exp(-c4T)。同种食物不同重量之间同一时间召集的工蚁数量存在较大差异,呈随食物重量增大而增大趋势。不同生境中对相同质量同种食物工蚁召集数量动态总体变化规律相近,但在发现食物后工蚁数量增长的速度和最大召集工蚁的数量存在明显差异,以路边工蚁数量增长最快、工蚁总数最多,苗圃次之,荔枝园、荒地中工蚁增长速度均较低。红火蚁对不同食物种类切割、搬运耗时存在很大差异,搬运完0.5g的火腿肠需要26.23h,而黄粉虫幼虫(重量约为0.1g)仅为15.6min。不同生境中红火蚁对相同重量同一种食物的搬运耗时也不同,荔枝园要长于其它生境。  相似文献   

17.
Although Cnidaria have no specialised immune cells, some colonial forms possess a genetic system to discriminate between self and nonself. Allorecognition is thought to protect them from fusion with genetically different individuals and to prevent germ line parasitism. Surprisingly, when grafting tissue of two species of the solitary freshwater polyp Hydra, we found within the contact zone phagocytozing epithelial cells which selectively eliminated cells from the other species (Bosch and David, 1986). This led us to speculate that Hydra, which never undergoes "natural transplantation", can differentiate between self and nonself (Bosch and David, 1986). In a previous paper (Kuznetsov et al., 2002) we described that cells which accumulate in the contact region of these interspecies grafts are apoptotic and that apoptosis is induced by impaired cell matrix contact. Thus, observations in such interspecies grafts did not give hints concerning the presence of a discriminative allorecognition system. To clarify whether this fundamental aspect of immunity is present in these phylogenetically old animals, we examined epithelial interactions between different strains of Hydra vulgaris. Here, we show that contact to allogeneic tissue does not evoke any response in terms of phagocytosis and elimination of allogeneic cells. We, therefore, question Hydra's ability to discriminate between self and nonself and propose that, in contrast to colonial cnidarians, the solitary polyp Hydra has either lost or substantially reduced this ability.  相似文献   

18.
Hydra is a unique model for studying the mechanisms underlying stem cell biology. The activity of the three stem cell lineages structuring its body constantly replenishes mature cells lost due to normal tissue turnover. By a poorly understood mechanism, stem cells are maintained through self-renewal while concomitantly producing differentiated progeny. In vertebrates, one of many genes that participate in regulating stem cell homeostasis is the protooncogene c-myc, which has been recently identified also in Hydra, and found expressed in the interstitial stem cell lineage. In the present paper, by developing a novel strategy of RNA interference-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) based on an enhanced uptake of small interfering RNAi (siRNA), we provide molecular and biological evidence for an unexpected function of the Hydra myc gene (Hymyc1) in the homeostasis of the interstitial stem cell lineage. We found that Hymyc1 inhibition impairs the balance between stem cell self renewal/differentiation, as shown by the accumulation of stem cell intermediate and terminal differentiation products in genetically interfered animals. The identical phenotype induced by the 10058-F4 inhibitor, a disruptor of c-Myc/Max dimerization, demonstrates the specificity of the RNAi approach. We show the kinetic and the reversible feature of Hymyc1 RNAi, together with the effects displayed on regenerating animals. Our results show the involvement of Hymyc1 in the control of interstitial stem cell dynamics, provide new clues to decipher the molecular control of the cell and tissue plasticity in Hydra, and also provide further insights into the complex myc network in higher organisms. The ability of Hydra cells to uptake double stranded RNA and to trigger a RNAi response lays the foundations of a comprehensive analysis of the RNAi response in Hydra allowing us to track back in the evolution and the origin of this process.  相似文献   

19.
Xu Y J  Lu Y Y  Zeng L  Liang G W 《农业工程》2007,27(3):855-860
The foraging behavior consisted of three steps: searching, recruitment and transportation. Searching time was different for different foods; searching time for honey was longer than that for any other food tested. It was also affected by habitats with the searching time of fire ants in a litchi orchard being significantly longer than that for other habitats (p<0.01). However, the weight of the food had no obvious effect on the searching time. The recruitment of fire ant workers during foraging was regular, and there was a strong relationship between the number of recruited workers and the transportation time. When the food was too heavy to transport immediately into the nest, the number of recruited workers was maximum at 30 min after the food was initially found. For smaller sized food sources maximum recruitment of workers was possible at a shorter time and the food was more rapidly transported back to the nest. For different foods, the dynamics of recruitment were similar although the number of recruits was different. The weight of the food and the habitats also deeply affected the time spent on transportation.  相似文献   

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