干旱胁迫下尖果沙枣幼苗的根系活力和光合特性

以尖果沙枣1年生实生苗为材料,研究了自然干旱时不同土壤相对含水量对幼苗叶片细胞质膜相对透性、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、光合色素含量和光合参数等指标的影响.结果表明:土壤相对含水量从70%(CK)降到40%时,幼苗根系活力和净光合速率均逐渐上升并达到最大值,分别为1178μg.g-1.h-1和21.9μmol.m-2.s-1;光合色素含量稳步上升;蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均保持稳定;叶片细胞质膜相对透性保持较低水平.土壤相对含水量从40%降到20%时,幼苗叶片相对含水量仍在50%以上,叶片细胞质膜相对透性仍保持较低水平;根系活力和光合色素含量仍较高;但其他光合参数开始缓慢下降.土壤相对含水量从10%降到5%时,幼苗叶片细胞质膜相对透性急剧上升;叶片相对含水量、根系活力、总叶绿素含量、光合参数均极显著下降;而土壤相对含水量为10%时幼苗表现出最高的水分利用效率.尖果沙枣土壤相对含水量最好控制在40%~50%,其1年生实生苗的永久萎蔫系数为4.3%(土壤相对含水量).     

土壤水分对温室嫁接和非嫁接黄瓜生长与生理特性的影响

观测了黄瓜生长动态与生理特性对土壤水分状况的反应。结果表明,日光温室嫁接与未嫁接黄瓜分别在土壤相对含水量70％和80％时株高,叶面积和产量增长最快,土壤水分过高与过低均不利于黄瓜的生长;随土壤含水量降低;叶片光合速率,气孔导度,水势与根系活力的下降。     

不同水分处理对日光温室黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响

研究了不同土壤含水量对不同栽培茬口 (冬春茬、秋冬茬 )的日光温室黄瓜叶片的光合速率、气孔阻力、气孔结构特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明 :随着土壤含水量的降低 ,单位黄瓜叶片面积气孔密度增加 ,气孔阻力上升 ,光合速率下降 ;叶绿体超微结构观察表明 :土壤含水量的减少明显地降低叶片细胞的叶绿体数目及每个叶绿休内的淀粉粒数。不同茬口的黄瓜其上述特性变化规律相似。     

不同水分处理对日光温室黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响

研究了不同土壤含水量对不同栽培茬口（冬春茬、秋冬茬）的日光温室黄瓜叶片的光合速率、气孔阻力、气孔结构特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明：随着土壤含水量的降低,单位黄瓜叶片面积气孔密度增加,气孔阻力上升,光合速率下降;叶绿体超微结构观察表明：土壤含水量的减少明显地降低叶片细胞的叶绿体数目及每个叶绿休内的淀粉粒数。不同茬口的黄瓜其上述特性变化规律相似。     

不同水分梯度下楸树苗期生长及光合特征比较

以1a生楸树根插苗为试验材料, 设置95%—100%FC、85%—90%FC、70%—75%FC、50%—55%FC等不同梯度的土壤含水量, 对生长旺季的光合特征及生长量进行测量, 研究苗期楸树对不同土壤水分含量的生长及光合特征响应。结果显示: 高土壤含水量(≧85%FC)和低土壤含水量(≦75%)地径和苗高生长量差异显著(P<0.05), 随着土壤含水量逐渐下降, 地径和苗高生长量、根重、茎重及根干比均呈下降趋势。光合特征比较发现, 上午净光合速率显著高于下午, 净光合速率的日变化主要直接受制于气孔因素; 85%—90%FC处理叶片的净光合日总量最大, 50%—55%FC处理叶片的净光合日总量最小。在所有光强梯度下, 高土壤水分含量处理(≧85%FC)的叶片净光合速率均明显较高, 尤其是85%—90%FC处理, 光利用能力和光合潜力都具有较大优势。从生长和光合特征综合分析结果可以看出, 四种处理中85%—90%FC处理最有优势和潜力, 是楸树苗期生长最为适宜的土壤含水量。     

水淹和恢复对凤丹光合特性和根系活力的影响

选用3年生油用牡丹凤丹(Paeonia ostii)实生苗为试验材料,以常规供水管理的凤丹苗为对照,测定凤丹光合特性以及根系活力和形态随着水淹和水淹恢复处理时间的变化,探究牡丹的耐湿机制。结果表明:(1)水淹后,凤丹叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及根系活力均较对照组显著下降,且下降幅度随着水淹时间的延长而增大;在持续水淹过程中,叶片胞间CO_2浓度则呈先下降后上升的变化趋势;水淹168h时,根系活力在所测定指标中下降幅度最大,仅为对照组的2.34%,此时根系变黑且腐烂,大部分根系脱落。(2)凤丹叶片净光合效率的下降在水淹120h过程中与气孔限制性调节密切相关,而到水淹168h时非气孔限制性成为光合作用的限制因子。(3)水淹72h后进行恢复处理120h后,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度和根系活力均显著上升;恢复处理168h后,净光合速率和胞间CO_2浓度恢复到正常的生长水平,同时绝大部分根尖呈现白色且发育良好,根系生长向正常的生命状态恢复。研究表明,油用牡丹凤丹对水淹胁迫的应答迅速且灵敏,虽不耐水淹,但恢复能力强,这为其栽培管理以及在相对湿润地区推广种植提供了理论依据。     

干旱胁迫对鸭茅幼苗根系生长及光合特性的影响

以不同耐旱型鸭茅品种(系)“01998”(敏感型)和“宝兴”(耐旱型)为试材,采用盆栽控水试验方法,研究土壤干旱胁迫对鸭茅幼苗根系生长、生理特性及叶片光合作用的影响,探讨不同品种耐旱机制的差异.结果表明：干旱胁迫下,不同耐旱型鸭茅幼苗的根系活力和根系数量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,当土壤相对含水量降到30%时,根系活力和根数显著增加并达到最大值;干旱胁迫降低了两个品种鸭茅叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度,提高了电导率和胞间CO₂浓度.干旱胁迫降低了两个品种鸭茅的单株叶面积,品种“01998”的地下及地上生物量下降,而“宝兴”无显著变化.     

不同作物秸秆还田对设施黄瓜生长及光合特性的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津优4号’和经过1年腐熟的花生秸秆、玉米秸秆和稻壳为试验材料,研究不同作物秸秆还田对黄瓜生长、营养吸收及光合特性的影响。结果显示:（1）与对照相比,不同作物秸秆还田不仅显著增加了黄瓜植株的根系活力和叶片硝酸还原酶活性,而且提高了黄瓜叶片的叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F^v/F^m）和实际光化学效率（Ф^PSⅡ）及光合速率,使得黄瓜叶片对光能的利用效率增加,净光合速率显著增强。（2）不同秸秆还田还促进了黄瓜的株高、茎粗、地上部和根系的干鲜重增加,显著提高了黄瓜产量。（3）玉米秸秆还田效果最好,其黄瓜产量（5 765.74 g·m^-2）较对照显著提高了43.8%,其次为花生秸秆还田,稻壳还田效果稍差。研究表明,秸秆还田促进了黄瓜植株根系吸收能力,显著增强了叶片的氮代谢、光能利用效率、净光合速率,从而促进了黄瓜植株的生长发育,提高了产量,并以玉米秸秆还田效果最佳。     

羊草(Leymus chinensis)叶片光合参数对干旱与复水的响应机理与模拟

利用典型草原优势植物羊草（Leymus chinensis）对不同水分胁迫与复水响应的植物光合生理生态模拟实验与野外观测资料,分析研究了羊草叶片光合参数Kcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率）对干旱与复水的响应机理。结果表明,无论是模拟实验还是野外观测均显示羊草叶片的光合参数随着土壤水分的增加呈抛物线曲线变化,但各光合参数最大值对土壤水分的响应不同。温室模拟下的羊草光合参数Vcmax,Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别在15．56％,15．89％和16．23％时达到最大,而野外观测羊草的光合参数Vcmax,Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别为16．89％,17％和16．79％时达到最大。复水后羊草植株叶片光合参数的变化取决于前期干旱的影响,土壤含水量18％～19％和15％～16％处理的羊草复水后光合参数能够恢复正常,前者甚至超过正常水平,说明适宜的水分胁迫在复水后能够提高羊草叶片的光合能力,促进光合作用;土壤含水量10％～12％和7％～9％处理下的羊草复水后光合参数则不能恢复到正常水平。土壤含水量15％～16％可能是羊草光合能力在水分胁迫后能否恢复的阈值。     

膜下滴灌下土壤深层水分对棉花根系生理及叶片光合特性的调节效应

在新疆气候生态条件下,以土柱栽培棉花（新陆早13号）为试材,通过人工改变播种前60 cm以下土壤含水量,设计有深层水和无深层水处理,并采用膜下滴灌控制生育期间耕层土壤含水量［分别为田间相对持水量的70%（±5%）和55%（±5%）］,探讨土壤深层水分对棉花根系生理及叶片光合特性的影响.结果表明：深层水增强了棉花根系SOD活性和根系活力,提高了植株对土壤深层水的利用率,提高了叶片水势、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和植株光合物质累积量,最终获得了较高的产量和水分利用效率.在有深层水条件下,棉花生育期间耕层水分为55%处理的中下层根系衰老慢、根系活力增强,在一定程度上弥补了生育期间水分亏缺对叶片光合功能的负面效应,但其产量仍显著低于70%处理,而水分利用效率与70%处理无明显差异.因此,在膜下滴灌棉花水分管理中,播种前应重视冬春储备灌,增加土壤深层的贮水量,并通过协调关键栽培技术、适度减少滴水量或延长滴水周期,充分挖掘膜下滴灌节水增产潜力.     

模拟土壤温度升高对湿草甸小叶章生长及生理特性的影响

采用改进的电缆加热升温方法,研究了土壤温度升高1 ℃～3 ℃对湿草甸小叶章生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明：土壤温度升高明显促进了小叶章植株的生长淹水处理条件下各指标的增长程度依次为:根系总吸收面积(60%)>叶面积(37.32%)>分蘖数(25.81%)>根系体积(24.67%)>株高(18.2%);非淹水处理条件下为:根系总吸收面积(37.47%)>根系体积(36.26%)>叶面积(32.9%)>分蘖数(32.77%)>株高(12.09%).淹水处理条件下小叶章各生理指标对温度升高的响应较为显著,升温淹水处理下小叶章的总叶绿素含量、根部可溶性蛋白含量均呈增加趋势(9.8%和23.88%),而叶片可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖及根部可溶性糖含量显著下降(24.67%、22.92%和35.23%).说明土温升高1 ℃～3 ℃能够显著促进湿草甸小叶章的生长,且其生理特性对土温升高的响应程度因水分条件而异.     

根区交替地下滴灌对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了根区交替地下滴灌（APRI）对马铃薯生理指标、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在马铃薯块茎生长期,与对照处理（CDI）相比,APRI处理的马铃薯叶片光合速率的降低不显著（4.7%）,而蒸腾速率和气孔导度则明显降低,降幅分别达15.8%和15.4%,CDI处理略高的光合速率是以消耗更多的水分为代价;与CDI处理相比,APRI处理的马铃薯产量仅降低5.4%,但灌溉水量却节省了25.8%,使灌溉水分利用效率和总水分利用效率分别提高了27.5%和15.3%.对于马铃薯来说,根区交替地下滴灌是一种切实可行的节水灌溉技术.     

The responses of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content

The responses of leaf conductance, leaf water potential and rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis at different vapour pressure deficits ranging from 10 to 30 Pa kPa^-1 were followed in the sclerophyllous woody shrub Nerium oleander L. as the extractable soil water content decreased. When the vapour pressure deficit around a plant was kept constant at 25 Pa kPa^-1 as the soil water content decreased, the leaf conductance and transpiration rate showed a marked closing response to leaf water potential at-1.1 to-1.2 MPa, whereas when the vapour pressure deficit around the plant was kept constant at 10 Pa kPa^-1, leaf conductance decreased almost linearly from-0.4 to-1.1 MPa. Increasing the vapour pressure deficit from 10 to 30 Pa kPa^-1 in 5 Pa kPa^-1 steps, decreased leaf conductance at all exchangeable soil water contents. Changing the leaf water potential in a single leaf by exposing the remainder of the plant to a high rate of transpiration decreased the water potential of that leaf, but did not influence leaf conductance when the soil water content was high. As the soil water content was decreased, leaf conductances and photosynthetic rates were higher at equal levels of water potential when the decrease in potential was caused by short-term increases in transpiration than when the potential was decreased by soil drying.As the soil dried and the stomata closed, the rate of photosynthesis decreased with a decrease in the internal carbon dioxide partial pressure, but neither the net photosynthetic rate nor the internal CO₂ partial pressure were affected by low water potentials resulting from short-term increases in the rate of transpiration. Leaf conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate showed no unique relationship to leaf water potential, but in all experiments the leaf gas exchange decreased when about one half of the extractable soil water had been utilized. We conclude that soil water status rather than leaf water status controls leaf gas exchange in N. oleander.     

松嫩平原盐渍化区土壤的微域特征

通过野外定位观测和室内分析,探讨了松嫩平原盐渍化区土壤的微域特征.结果表明:研究区由高平地、微坡地、洼地边缘和洼地4种微地貌单元组成.洼地发育均腐土,洼地边缘、微坡地和高平地发育碱积盐成土.高平地土壤的碱土碱化层出现在15～30 cm,碱化度(ESP)60％.微坡地土壤表层的ESP最大可达75％.洼地边缘的ESP分布在10～30 cm土层,最大为30%～40%.洼地的土壤几乎没有碱化层.研究区不同微地貌部位发育的土壤水分特征曲线存在明显差异.微坡地土壤饱和含水率最大仅为25%,而洼地土壤0～10 cm饱和含水率高达45％.不同微地貌单元的冻融过程存在明显的差异.微坡地和洼地的最大冻结深度分别为157和136cm.冻结期,洼地土壤表层含水率由冻结前的20％增加到50％.微坡地土壤表层含盐量变化在4个微地貌单元中最明显;冻融前后微坡地土壤表层含盐量增幅达80%.     

环境胁迫对岷江干旱河谷豆科灌木幼苗根系生长及其结瘤的影响

通过野外调查,分析了岷江干旱河谷海拔梯度上相同年龄段的白刺花、岷谷木蓝和小雀花幼苗根系结瘤、生物量积累、生物量百分比的变化及其相互关系;人为控制土壤水分（田间持水量(WHC)的80%、60%、40%和20% 4个水平）研究了干旱对2月龄的白刺花与小雀花幼苗结瘤能力的影响.结果表明：1)干旱河谷低海拔地段(1600～1950 m)幼苗的结瘤能力都很低,白刺花、岷谷木蓝和小雀花的平均结瘤数分别为每株(0.1±0.1)、(0.9±0.5)和(5.7±1.9)个,未结瘤的个体分别占651%、123%和176%;总体上随着海拔的升高,3种幼苗的根瘤数均呈增加趋势,且与细根百分比及根长正相关.2)土壤水分低于60% WHC时,白刺花与小雀花的根瘤数及生物量均明显减小;在20% WHC条件下,白刺花根瘤数为0,小雀花根瘤数为每株(9.8±3.6)个.综合分析发现,干旱河谷地区豆科灌木的结瘤固氮能力很低,土壤水分在40% WHC以上时其生物固氮才能有效发挥,与白刺花相比,小雀花结瘤能力较高,干旱忍受性较强.     

长期施肥下灰漠土矿物颗粒结合有机碳的含量及其演变特征

采用物理分组方法分析了长期（1990-2007年）不同施肥条件下灰漠土各粒径矿物颗粒结合有机碳含量和分布差异及其随施肥时间的演变特征.结果表明：与不施肥相比,配施有机肥对增加各有机碳组分的效果最显著,并以砂粒有机碳含量的增速（0.34 g·kg^-1·a^-1）最高,对施肥最敏感;撂荒地可以显著增加不同黏粉粒结合有机碳含量;秸秆还田仅能维持各级矿物颗粒结合有机碳的含量;长期施用化肥不利于各级颗粒结合有机碳含量的增加.从分配比例来看,以粗粉粒(27.9%)和粗黏粒(27.1%)有机碳所占比例最高,是固持有机碳的重要组分;配施有机肥使砂粒有机碳比例显著提高119.4%,细粉粒和粗黏粒有机碳比例却分别降低了40.3%和37.9%,从而提高了颗粒有机碳含量（W_POC）与矿物结合有机碳含量（W_MOC）的比值,改良了土壤有机碳性质.长期配施有机肥是增加灰漠土各级矿物颗粒结合有机碳积累和提升灰漠土肥力的最佳方式.     

科尔沁沙地不同生境土壤凝结水的试验研究

2007年8月采用称量法研究了科尔沁沙地4种生境（流动沙地、固定沙地、农田和樟子松林）土壤凝结水形成的时间以及凝结水的数量.结果表明：20:00-22:00间,研究区土壤凝结水开始逐渐形成,22:00-4:00时段的土壤凝结水波动增大,4:00之后土壤凝结水开始逐渐蒸发损失;科尔沁沙地4种生境0～9 cm土层是土壤凝结水的主要形成层,其中,0～3 cm土层所占比例最大,约占总凝结水量的40%,9～30 cm土层仍有凝结水形成,但凝结水量较少;4种生境0～3 cm土层的凝结水量在时间上存在较大差异,0～3 cm土层日均凝结水量大小依次为固定沙地>流动沙地>农田>樟子松林,说明植被条件较好的生境反而不利于土壤凝结水的形成;0～30 cm土层日均凝结水量以固定沙地最多（约0.172 mm）,以农田最少（为0.110 mm）,流动沙地和樟子松林地分别为0.120和0.128 mm.     

Nonhydraulic signalling of soil drying in mycorrhizal maize

Our objectives were to (1) verify that nonhydraulic signalling of soil drying can reduce leaf growth of maize, (2) determine if a mycorrhizal influence on such signalling can occur independently of a mycorrhizal effect on leaf phosphorus concentration, plant size or soil drying rate, and (3) determine if leaf phosphorus concentration can affect response to the signalling process. Maize (Zea mays L. Pioneer 3147) seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with root systems split between two pots. The 2 x 3 x 2 experimental design included two levels of mycorrhizal colonization (presence or absence of Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith), three levels of phosphorus fertilization within each mycorrhizal treatment and two levels of water (both pots watered or one pot watered, one pot allowed to dry). Fully watered mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal control plants had similar total leaf lengths throughout the experiment, and similar final shoot dry weights, root dry weights and leaf length/root dry weight ratios. Leaf growth of mycorrhizal plants was not affected by partial soil drying, but final plant leaf length and shoot dry weight were reduced in half-dried nonmycorrhizal plants. At low P fertilization, effects of nonhydraulic signalling were not evident. At medium and high P fertilization, final total plant leaf length of nonmycorrhizal plants was reduced by 9% and 10%, respectively. These growth reductions preceded restriction of stomatal conductance by 7 d. This and the fact that leaf water potentials were unaffected by partial soil drying suggested that leaf growth reductions were nonhydraulically induced. Stomatal conductance of plants given low phosphorus was less influenced by nonhydraulic signalling of soil drying than plants given higher phosphorus. Soil drying was not affected by mycorrhizal colonization, and reductions in leaf growth were not related to soil drying rate (characterized by time required for soil matric potential to drop below control levels and by time roots were exposed to soil matric potential below typical leaf water potential). We conclude that mycorrhizal symbiosis acted independently of phosphorus nutrition, plant size or soil drying rate in eliminating leaf growth response to nonhydraulic root-to-shoot communication of soil drying.Abbreviations and Symbols ANOVA analysis of variance - Cs stomatal conductance(s) - med medium - P probability - matric potential(s) - water potential(s) This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture grant No. 91-37100-6723 and a University of Tennessee Professional Development Research Award to R.M.A. We thank Angela Berry for the graphics.     

不同林龄尾细桉人工林的生物量和能量分配

对广东省遂溪县北坡林场1～4年生尾细桉人工林的生物量和能量进行研究.结果表明:林龄对林分现存生物量影响极显著(P0.01),1～4年生林分生物量在10.61～147.28t.hm-2,随林龄增加,各组分和林分的生物量均增加,叶片、枝、树皮生物量占林分总生物量的比例逐年减小,而树干则呈逐年升高趋势.4个林龄阶段各组分生物量的分布规律,1～2年生为树干枝树皮根叶片,3～4年生为树干根枝树皮叶片.不同林龄各组分的平均灰分含量在0.47%～5.91%,以树皮的灰分含量最高、树干最低.各组分的平均干质量热值和去灰分热值分别为17.33～20.60kJ.g-1和18.42～21.59kJ.g-1,均以叶片数值最高、树皮最低.林龄对枝、树干、树皮的干质量热值及对叶片、树干、树皮的去灰分热值有显著影响(P0.05),对叶片和根的干质量热值、枝和根的去灰分热值及植物体热值的影响不显著(P0.05).1～4年生尾细桉的林分能量现存量在199.98～2837.20GJ.hm-2,林龄对其的影响达极显著水平(P0.01),随林龄增长,各组分和林分能量现存量增加,且各组分能量分配比例的变化趋势与生物量相同.     

Non-hydraulic signals from maize roots in drying soil: inhibition of leaf elongation but not stomatal conductance

Conditions of soil drying and plant growth that lead to non-hydraulic inhibition of leaf elongation and stomatal conductance in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated using plants grown with their root systems divided between two containers. The soil in one container was allowed to dry while the other container was kept well-watered. Soil drying resulted in a maximum 35% inhibition of leaf elongation rate which occurred during the light hours, with no measurable decline in leaf water potential (_w). Leaf area was 15% less than in control plants after 18 d of soil drying. The inhibition of elongation was observed only when the soil _w declined to below that of the leaves and, thus, the drying soil no longer contributed to transpiration. However, midday root _w in the dry container (-0.29 MPa) remained much higher than that of the surrounding soil (-1.0 MPa) after 15 d of drying, indicating that the roots in drying soil were rehydrated in the dark.To prove that the inhibition of leaf elongation was not caused by undetectable changes in leaf water status as a result of loss of half the watergathering capacity, one-half of the root system of control plants was excised. This treatment had no effect on leaf elongation or stomatal conductance. The inhibition of leaf elongation was also not explained by reductions in nutrient supply.Soil drying had no effect on stomatal conductance despite variations in the rate or extent of soild drying, light, humidity or nutrition. The results indicate that non-hydraulic inhibition of leaf elongation may act to conserve water as the soil dries before the occurrence of shoot water deficits.Symbol _w water potential Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 10881