基于景观格局和生态敏感性的海南西部地区生态脆弱性分析

以海南岛西部地区为研究对象,选取分离度、分形维数、破碎度3个景观格局指标和土地沙化、土壤侵蚀2个敏感性指数,构建景观类型脆弱度和区域生态脆弱度模型,从景观格局与生态系统敏感性相结合角度探讨了区域生态环境脆弱性问题。结果表明：（1）研究区耕地的景观类型脆弱度最大,林地次之,水域最小;（2）相关分析显示,景观类型脆弱度与沙化敏感性、景观类型脆弱度与破碎度、破碎度与土地沙化敏感性、破碎度与区域生态环境脆弱性之间存在着显著和极显著的正相关关系;（3）区域生态环境脆弱性分区的空间分布与客观实际吻合良好,表现为：水平方向上,生态脆弱度大体平行于海岸线,呈条带状分布,离海岸线的距离越近脆弱度值越高;垂直方向上,生态脆弱度具有随海拔增高坡度变大而出现增大的趋势;（4）格局指数与区域生态环境脆弱性驱动力间的关联分析,表明琼西区域景观特征和区域生态环境脆弱性的变化主要受人类活动所调控,同时,还受控于海洋和地貌两大自然因素。区域生态脆弱性格局指标与脆弱性驱动力之间有着良好的信息反馈联系;（5）从景观视角出发,建立起景观信息与区域生态环境响应之间的联系,可以从更广、更高层面上来分析与评价区域环境问题,并为区域生态环境的建设提供新的研究方法和思路及有益的实践指导。     

基于模糊层次分析法的黄河三角洲生态脆弱性评价

黄河三角洲位于黄河入海口,生态系统类型丰富,具有重要的生物多样性保护和生态屏障作用;但频繁的人为活动和自然灾害已对该地区生态环境造成严重破坏,生态脆弱性增强,故及时掌握黄河三角洲的生态环境现状,为区域生态环境保护和资源开发管理提供可靠的科学依据和重要的数据支撑是相当必要的。基于多元数据,尝试利用模糊层次分析法对黄河三角洲进行生态脆弱性评价,获取黄河三角洲的生态脆弱性空间分布状况并进行原因分析,并利用模糊逻辑理论模型对指标和评价结果进行定量化分级,提高了评价过程的可靠性。结果显示,黄河三角洲生态脆弱性等级空间分布具有一定的规律性,从沿海到内陆生态脆弱性逐渐减弱,有堤坝防护的沿海地区相对其他沿海区域生态脆弱性低,土壤质量和地下水位对生态脆弱性的影响较重,空间相关性分别达到-0.55和-0.74,人为开发活动对生态环境也产生较大压力。     

宁东能源化工基地生态环境脆弱性评价研究

以宁东能源化工基地为研究对象, 生态环境脆弱性评价为研究目标。依据主客观因素, 利用主成分分析法选取 11 个符合宁东基地实情的评价指标, 构建生态环境脆弱性评价的 SVM 模型。将 GA 嵌入 SVM 中以优化其结构及参数, 利用 SVM 良好的泛化能力和高精度的分类性能进行评价。再利用已有的 BP-ANN 模型进行评价并加以比较分析。结果表明 : 宁东基地的生态环境脆弱性为Ⅱ级 , 属于中度脆弱 ; SVM 模型简单、通用、精度高, 可在生态环境脆弱性评价中推广应用。最后对脆弱性形成的原因进行了分析。     

基于3S 技术的文昌市铺前镇生态环境敏感性分析与评价

以海南文昌市铺前镇为小尺度研究对象, 在生态环境问题实地调查基础上, 运用3S 技术与敏感性指数模型,从单一类型和多类型综合两方面进行了区域生态环境敏感性研究。结果表明: (1) 研究区当前存在土壤侵蚀、土地沙化、土地盐渍化、气象灾害、特殊生境5 大生态环境敏感性类型; (2) 在单一类型生态环境敏感性中, 土壤侵蚀敏感性较突出, 其极度、高度和中度敏感区分别占研究区总面积的2.21%、56.54%和41.25%, 其中, 极度敏感区主要分布于研究区东南部; 土地沙化敏感性共分不敏感、轻度和中度敏感3 个级别, 其中, 中度敏感区占研究区总面积的25.68%,集中分布于镇域东部滨海地带; 土地盐渍化敏感性共有4 个敏感级, 其中, 中度和高度敏感区主要分布于镇域西部与北部滨海地带; 气象灾害敏感性共分5 个敏感级, 其中, 中度以上敏感区均分布于镇域西南部珠溪河入海口北岸; 生境敏感性仅有不敏感和中度敏感2 个级别, 其中, 中度敏感区主要分布于镇域西部红树林区; (3) 多类型生态环境综合敏感性指数共分不敏感、轻度敏感与中度敏感3 个级别, 其中, 中度敏感区主要分布于西部沿海地带; (4) 中度及以上敏感性分布区意味着其生态环境存在较大的脆弱性和不稳定性, 在区域经济建设和生态环境保护中应受到必要关注和重视。文章为铺前镇合理布局城镇、防治生态环境指供了有益指导。     

城市土地生态水平物元分析评价——以山东省滨州市为例

针对我国多数综合评价研究中存在信息屏蔽和主观性的问题,尝试采用物元分析法对我国城市土地生态水平进行评价,构建了评价指标体系,建立了城市土地生态水平评价的物元模型,并以滨州市为例进行了实证研究.研究结果显示:2002年和2005年,滨州城市土地生态水平都未达到第Ⅳ级(即"较差"水平),但是都具备向第Ⅳ级(即"较差"水平)转化的条件.2005年滨州城市土地生态水平比2002年部分有好转,向第Ⅱ级(即"良好"水平)转化的趋势更加强烈;城市废气和废水过度排放是滨州市城市土地生态水平提升的关键制约因素.研究结论表明:物元模型能够揭示单个评价指标的分异信息和综合评价结果的中间信息,适用于城市土地生态水平的评价.     

闽三角城市群生态环境脆弱性及其驱动力

生态安全是地区社会经济可持续发展的基本前提之一,而生态环境脆弱性会威胁地区的生态安全,进行生态环境脆弱性评价具有重要意义。以闽三角城市群为例,分别选取2000年和2015年的高程、坡度、岩性、土壤类型、NDVI、年均降水量、年均温、人口密度、人均GDP、路网密度、景观多样性、土地利用程度和工业固体废弃物排放量等13个指标,基于空间主成分分析法,并结合全局Moran'I和LISA聚类图,从整体特征、空间差异、空间集聚、地类脆弱性分异以及驱动力5个方面,探讨闽三角城市群的生态环境脆弱性及其驱动力。结果表明:2000—2015年间,闽三角城市群的生态环境脆弱性整体处于中度脆弱,但呈现出由中度脆弱向重度脆弱过渡的趋势;2000—2015年间,生态环境脆弱性呈现出由东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐增强的整体趋势,并存在明显的地带性特征,东南沿海增长不明显,部分地区有所下降,而西北内陆增长明显;生态环境脆弱性存在显著的空间自相关性,且为显著正相关,在西北部山区地带为显著的高高聚集,在东南沿海平原地带为显著的低低聚集,16年间集聚性特征在空间上有所迁移和扩张;2000—2015年间,生态环境脆弱性在各地类存在着一定的异质性,其生态环境脆弱性指数大小顺序始终为:林地未利用地草地耕地水域建设用地,整体由中度脆弱向重度脆弱过渡;2000—2015年间,生态环境脆弱性的驱动力有所变化,但人口密度、景观多样性、岩性和土壤类型一直是闽三角城市群生态环境脆弱性主要的驱动力。     

天山北坡生态经济的脆弱性

根据脆弱性的理论内涵,以土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务功能变化为影响力;从资源、经济与社会发展水平三方面选取了14个指标,利用层次分析法、模糊综合评价法确定了社会经济系统的适应能力.在此基础上,应用GIS等手段评价了天山北坡15个市、县生态经济的脆弱性.按级数越大,区域越具有脆弱性的原则,将研究区的生态经济脆弱性划分为5级：一级区为乌苏市和昌吉市;二级区包括呼图壁县、米泉县、阜康市、吉木萨尔县、奇台县和木垒县;三级区为克拉玛依市和乌鲁木齐市:四级区为奎屯市和沙湾县;五级区包括精河县、石河子市和玛纳斯县.生态经济系统脆弱性是区域生态环境变化与社会经济发展的综合反映,脆弱性评估是深化可持续发展理论研究的重要途径.各区域应以降低区域脆弱性为目标,从自身脆弱性影响因素入手制定生态经济协调发展策略,以促进区域的可持续发展.     

大庆市生态环境脆弱性空间格局

以石油资源开采及加工为主要扰动,从敏感性及其应对能力两个方面建立了大庆市生态环境脆弱性评价指标体系,采用改进的熵值法确定各评价指标的权重,根据脆弱性评价模型函数分析了大庆市生态环境脆弱性空间格局.结果表明： 2009年,大庆市生态环境敏感性较强区域集中分布在石油开采加工及石化产业密集区,土地盐碱化等生态问题是导致区域敏感性较高的次要原因;应对不利扰动能力的整体水平较高,在一定程度上起到了缓解生态环境脆弱性的作用;研究区脆弱性空间差异较大,其中红岗区、萨尔图区和龙凤区的脆弱性较高,脆弱度分别为0.80、0.71和0.68,让胡路区和大同区的脆弱性较低,脆弱度分别为0.20和0.04.     

南方丘陵区生态水资源库脆弱度评价——以湖南省为例

以南方生态水资源库为研究对象,提出生态水资源库脆弱性概念,分析了其脆弱性成因和主要表现.从脆弱性成因角度构建了包含10个具体指标的南方丘陵区生态水资源库脆弱性评价指标体系.以湖南为研究案例,运用模糊物元评价模型对85个县级评价单元的生态水资源库脆弱度进行综合评判.结果表明,全省生态水资源库脆弱性等级以中等脆弱为主,其中,微脆弱等级3个,占总评价单元的3.5%,中等脆弱等级70个,占总评价单元的82.4%,强脆弱12个,占总评价单元的14.1%.脆弱度空间分布存在"西部大于东部,南部大于北部"的总体分布态势.其中,以湘西北、湘西南和湘南所构成的外部环形地带和以长沙、衡邵盆地为中心的中东部地带为全省两个比较明显的高脆弱区(带).     

吉林省大安市生态环境规划系统动力学仿真模型

生态环境是人类生存和发展的基本条件,经济、社会发展的物质基础。如何保护和建设好生态环境,合理开发利用自然资源,是当今世界所面临的共同问题。针对吉林西部研究区的特点,要使生态环境和经济协调发展,必须统筹规划,突出土地盐碱地治理的重点,实施土、林、水综合治理。根据农业生态环境系统多目标、多层次、多变量、非线性的特点,应用系统动力学的原理与方法,建立系统动力学仿真模型,模拟封闭系统的动态变化,定量预测系统行为。并以吉林省大安市为例,采用系统动力学方法,开展了该区生态环境规划仿真研究,经过模型调控对比,提出了适合经济发展的最佳方案。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.