准噶尔无叶豆片断化居群的遗传变异及克隆多样性

准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)是豆科无叶豆属小半灌木, 既能开花结实进行有性繁殖, 又可以靠根茎进行无性克隆繁殖, 为国家三级保护植物, 在中国仅片断化分布于新疆古尔班通古特沙漠局部区域。本文采用ISSR分子标记对采自古尔班通古特沙漠腹地及边缘的7个准噶尔无叶豆自然居群共148个个体进行了遗传变异和克隆多样性分析。8个引物共扩增出84个位点, 其中77个为多态性位点, 物种水平上的多态位点百分比PPB为91.67％, Nei's基因多样性指数I为0.3192, Shannon信息指数H为0.3540; 居群水平上的多态位点百分比PPB为58.45％, Nei's基因多样性指数I为0.2248, Shannon信息指数H为0.3270。居群间的遗传分化系数G_ST为0.2978。AMOVA分析表明, 有31.88%的遗传变异存在于居群间, 表明居群间存在显著的遗传分化。克隆多样性分析表明, 居群水平上, 居群G的Simpson多样性指数和均匀度指数最高, 分别为0.9400和0.9885; 居群E最低, 分别为0.8457和0.9021。物种水平上, Simpson多样性指数为0.9858, 均匀度指数为0.9673。本研究结果表明, 和其他荒漠植物相比, 准噶尔无叶豆表现出较高的遗传变异水平和克隆多样性, 这主要与该物种兼性生殖的繁育方式及多克隆起源有关; 而居群间产生了显著的遗传分化则主要由于人为干扰引起的生境片断化和居群减小而导致的基因交流障碍所致。遗传变异水平和遗传结构的研究将为分析准噶尔无叶豆致濒原因及进化潜力提供重要资料, 对该物种保护具有指导意义。     

红泡刺藤居群的遗传多样性研究

利用ISSR分子标记对红泡刺藤的12个居群共242个个体进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:(1)16个ISSR引物共扩增到257个位点,其中236个是多态性位点,占91.83％.(2)红泡刺藤居群具有较高水平的遗传多样性,在物种水平上,平均每个位点的多态位点百分率为97.50％,有效等位基因数为1.267,Nei's遗传多样性为0.177,Shannon's多态信息指数为0.296;居群水平上多态位点百分率为51.43％,有效等位基因数为1.205,Nei's 遗传多样性为0.127,Shannon's多态信息指数为0.202.(3)居群间基因分化系数为0.2815,AMOVA分析居群间遗传变异占总量的34.47％,二者结果相近,说明红泡刺藤居群间存在一定程度的遗传分化.居群内的遗传变异为65.53％,基因流为1.2762.(4) Mantel检测显示居群间的遗传距离与地理距离不存在相关性.UPGMA聚类分析和二维主成分分析结果一致,红泡刺藤居群可分为2个居群组,即金沙江居群和维西居群为一个类群,其他居群为另外一大类,表明生态地理条件相似的居群优先集中.     

竹叶眼子菜居群遗传多样性和克隆结构

采用ISSR技术对长江中游南岸豹澥湖和大冶湖不同生境中的竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)居群的遗传多样性及克隆结构进行了研究.结果表明,在两居群的106株个体中,利用6条ISSR引物共得到40条符合3/N标准并无连锁不平衡的清晰位点,竹叶眼子菜具有较高的遗传多样性,其多态位点百分率为75.0％,Shannon多样性指数为0.3736, 两居群的遗传分化很小.竹叶眼子菜的克隆多样性很高(D=0.9917),两居群间的克隆分化很大,不具有共有的基因型.竹叶眼子菜的基株分布为游击型构型,位于湖心的大冶居群克隆距离(3.0～31.5 m)明显地大于湖岸豹澥居群(2.4～6.7 m).     

不同居群准噶尔无叶豆果实和种子特性及种子萌发差异

研究准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum) 6个居群间果实和种子特性及种子萌发差异, 以揭示异质生境下准噶尔无叶豆果实和种子的生态适应机制。结果显示: 居群间准噶尔无叶豆的植株距离(F = 2.34, p = 0.03)和植株冠幅(F = 8.49, p < 0.01)存在显著差异, 沙漠北缘E、F居群和沙漠腹地C居群(受人类干扰剧烈)的植株距离和植株冠幅高于沙漠腹地A、B、D居群; 居群间准噶尔无叶豆果实和种子的长度、宽度、厚度、重量存在显著差异, 居群E、F和C的大部分参数显著高于其他沙漠腹地居群; 居群间果实多子性(F = 6.96, p < 0.01)也存在显著差异, 居群C的果实多子性最高((32.50 ± 4.79)%); 萌发结果表明, 居群间新鲜的成熟种子萌发不存在显著差异, 且萌发率都低于15%; 所有居群的大部分种子都存在物理性休眠现象, 人为划破种皮能显著提高种子萌发率, 但在低温(15/5 ℃)条件下, 所有居群的种子萌发率都较低, 说明低温抑制了种子萌发; 经人为划破种皮解除物理休眠后, 种子的休眠没有完全释放, 居群C、E和F (大种子居群)的种子萌发率显著高于居群A、B和D (小种子居群) (F = 30.77, p < 0.01), 说明准噶尔无叶豆种子不仅存在物理性休眠现象, 也可能存在生理休眠现象。不同程度的种子复合休眠可能是准噶尔无叶豆不同居群适应古尔班通古特沙漠的重要生存策略。     

鄱阳湖具刚毛荸荠居群遗传多样性和克隆结构的初步研究

采用ISSR标记对鄱阳湖的2个具刚毛荸荠(Heleocharis valleculosa f.setosa)居群共120个个体的遗传多样性和克隆结构进行了研究.5条ISSR引物共检测到85个位点,其中49个为多态位点,占57.65%.具刚毛荸荠具有较高的遗传多样性(在物种水平上,Nei's基因多样性指数H=0.1545,Shannon信息指数I=0.2400),两居群间遗传分化很小.具刚毛荸荠的克隆多样性很高(D=0.9975),两居群不具有共同的基因型.空间自相关分析表明,具刚毛荸荠居群内遗传变异为随机分布格局.     

北京东灵山地区不同海拔柴胡居群的遗传多样性

利用ISSR技术对北京东灵山地区不同海拔的6个柴胡居群进行分析,观察不同海拔柴胡居群的遗传多样性。结果表明,东灵山地区不同海拔柴胡居群的遗传多样性差异较大,海拔1135m居群表现出较高的遗传变异水平,高海拔居群遗传多样性较低;遗传距离与海拔差距有一定的相关性,相邻海拔的不同柴胡居群间具有相对较低的遗传距离;柴胡具有较强的遗传分化趋势,且大部分变异存在于居群内。不同海拔导致的异质生境及基因流是影响柴胡居群遗传多样性的主要原因。     

束花石斛种质资源的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对9个居群束花石斛的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。结果显示,从60条ISSR引物中共筛选出的5条有效引物,每个引物的扩增位点为9～13个,共56个位点,多态性位点49个(87.90%)。束花石斛种内遗传多态性水平较高,遗传变异较丰富,9个居群的总扩增条带为242个,平均每个居群为26.90个,其中多态性条带占179个(72.90%)。野生束花石斛种质资源减少的主要原因在于人为过度采收和其赖以生长的环境被破坏,聚类分析结果表明,云南思茅和文山居群的遗传距离最近,而云南景洪居群与其它居群之间的遗传距离相对较大,说明束花石斛种内亲缘关系的远近可能与其地理分布也有一定的联系。     

濒危物种——巴东木莲等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析

采用空间自相关分析方法对巴东木莲目前残留的两个最大居群,小溪居群的40个个体和桑植居群的28个个体等位酶遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究,以揭示两居群遗传变异的空间模式,并探讨其形成机制及与巴东木莲致濒原因、过程之间的关系。根据检测出来的8个酶系统的19个酶位点,选择基因频率大于01小于09的等位基因,运用等样本频率和等地理距离间隔两种方法分别计算两居群不同距离等级下的Moran''s I空间自相关系数。结果表明：小尺度的小溪居群等位基因的遗传变异缺乏空间结构,为随机分布模式。巴东木莲生境片断化的桑植居群则是相反的结果,遗传变异存在明显的空间结构,遗传变异空间分布为斑块状。造成这种差别的原因可能是桑植居群片断化和地理隔离造成的基因流的限制。上述结果为进一步制定有效的巴东木莲的保育措施提供科学的理论依据。     

濒危物种--巴东木莲等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析

采用空间自相关分析方法对巴东木莲目前残留的两个最大居群, 小溪居群的40个个体和桑植居群的28个个体等位酶遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究, 以揭示两居群遗传变异的空间模式, 并探讨其形成机制及与巴东木莲致濒原因、过程之间的关系。根据检测出来的8个酶系统的19个酶位点, 选择基因频率大于0 1小于0 9的等位基因, 运用等样本频率和等地理距离间隔两种方法分别计算两居群不同距离等级下的Moran’sI空间自相关系数。结果表明: 小尺度的小溪居群等位基因的遗传变异缺乏空间结构, 为随机分布模式。巴东木莲生境片断化的桑植居群则是相反的结果, 遗传变异存在明显的空间结构, 遗传变异空间分布为斑块状。造成这种差别的原因可能是桑植居群片断化和地理隔离造成的基因流的限制。上述结果为进一步制定有效的巴东木莲的保育措施提供科学的理论依据。     

中国杯萼海桑遗传多样性的ISSR研究

杯萼海桑(SonneratiaalbaJ.Smith.)是海桑科红树植物,在我国分布于海南岛的东海岸。本文采用简单序列重复区间扩增(ISSR)分子标记技术对分布于海南岛的杯萼海桑的4个天然居群和东寨港红树林自然保护区引种的一人工居群共100个个体进行了遗传变异分析。11个引物共扩增出133条带,其中103条具多态性,多态位点百分率为77.44%。在居群水平上相对较低,多态位点百分率为51.88%~65.41%,平均为57.74%。期望杂合度、香农信息指数在物种水平上分别为0.2271和0.3489;在居群水平上分别为0.1837和0.2275。依据Gst值,杯萼海桑绝大多数遗传变异发生在居群内的个体间(81.02%),18.98%的遗传变异发生在居群间。AMOVA分析也表明了类似的遗传结构。居群间平均遗传一致度为0.9342。依据Nei(1972)的遗传距离对不同居群进行UPGMA聚类,将居群分为两组,来自三亚(SY)和陵水(LS)的居群聚为一类;东寨港引种栽培的人工居群(DZ)和琼海(QH)、文昌(WC)的居群聚为另一类。Mantel检验表明,遗传距离与地理距离呈极显著相关。     

不同水分下准噶尔无叶豆分株种群特征和生物量分配差异

准噶尔无叶豆是豆科无叶豆属小半灌木,在中国仅片断化分布于新疆古尔班通古特沙漠局部区域.该种自然种群种子萌发率极低(<3%),主要靠克隆繁殖维持种群.为研究克隆生长在异质性生境中的可塑性特征及其生态适应意义,对生境土壤含水量存在差异的两个准噶尔无叶豆自然种群(河边种群,沙漠种群)的分株种群特征、生物量及其分配比重进行了比较,研究发现:①在分株种群特征上,河边种群的分株显著高于沙漠种群,分株间距也显著大于沙漠种群.沙漠种群分株密度和根的密度显著大于河边种群,但每一分株拥有根的概率显著小于河边种群;②在生物量分配方面,河边种群具有比沙漠种群大的根生物量,但根茎生物量则要显著的小于沙漠种群;③在植株各部分生物量比重随植株大小的变化趋势上,河边种群各部分的比重随植株大小变化的趋势平缓,而沙漠种群各部分的比重变化趋势则较为急剧,表明河边准噶尔无叶豆分株种群随着植株的大小变化,资源分配比例并没有发生很明显的变化,而沙漠种群变化较大.结果表明,准噶尔无叶豆种群对所处生境水分条件存在可塑性响应,并通过分株种群特征变化和生物量分配差异应对水分条件的变化,形成自身的适应对策.     

根茎型木本克隆植物准噶尔无叶豆的种群数量动态

 根据根茎型木本克隆植物的特征, 不以种群的分株数量代表种群大小, 而尝试以不同茎级的根茎长度代表种群大小, 运用种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型, 研究了准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)的两个种群——A种群(46°31.09′ N, 88°33.06′ E, 紧邻乌伦古湖)和B种群(46°28.07′ N, 88°33.07′ E, 位于沙漠腹地)的种群数量动态。结果表明: 种群存活表现为Deevey-I型。A种群在中龄阶段受到的人为干扰较大, 死亡率出现高峰, 种群的净增长率(R₀)、内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)较低, 表现为衰退型种群, Leslie矩阵模型的模拟结果表明, 15 a内种群呈现下降趋势; B种群所受到的压力主要是干旱贫瘠的荒漠环境所导致的系统压力, 种群的R₀、r_m和λ值适中, 表现为缓慢增长型种群, Leslie矩阵模型的模拟结果表明, 15 a内种群呈现先下降、再上升的趋势。此外, 研究结果验证了Leslie矩阵模型可以扩展应用到根茎型木本克隆植物这类特殊生活型植物的种群数量动态研究上。     

Clonal and fine-scale genetic structure in populations of a restricted Korean endemic, Hosta jonesii (Liliaceae) and the implications for conservation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In plant populations the magnitude of spatial genetic structure of apparent individuals (including clonal ramets) can be different from that of sexual individuals (genets). Thus, distinguishing the effects of clonal versus sexual individuals in population genetic analyses could provide important insights for evolutionary biology and conservation. To investigate the effects of clonal spread on the fine-scale spatial genetic structure within plant populations, Hosta jonesii (Liliaceae), an endemic species to Korea, was chosen as a study species. METHODS: Using allozymes as genetic markers, spatial autocorrelation analysis of ramets and of genets was conducted to quantify the spatial scale of clonal spread and genotype distribution in two populations of H. jonesii. KEY RESULTS: Join-count statistics revealed that most clones are significantly aggregated at < 3-m interplant distance. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of all individuals resulted in significantly higher Moran's I values at 0-3-m interplant distance than analyses of population samples in which clones were excluded. However, significant fine-scale genetic structure was still observed when clones were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that clones enhance the magnitude of spatial autocorrelation due to localized clonal spread. The significant fine-scale genetic structure detected in samples excluding clones is consistent with the biological and ecological traits exhibited by H. jonesii including bee pollination and limited seed dispersal. For conservation purposes, genetic diversity would be maximized in local populations of H. jonesii by collecting or preserving individuals that are spaced at least 5 m apart.     

Genetic relatedness does not retain spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales: dispersal and colonization in the coral,Pocillopora damicornis

Patterns of isolation by distance are uncommon in coral populations. Here, we depart from historical trends of large‐scale, geographical genetic analyses by scaling down to a single patch reef in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i, USA, and map and genotype all colonies of the coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Six polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to assess population genetic and clonal structure and to calculate individual colony pairwise relatedness values. Our results point to an inbred, highly clonal reef (between 53 and 116 clonal lineages of 2352 genotyped colonies) with a much skewed genet frequency distribution (over 70% of the reef was composed of just seven genotypes). Spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed that corals found close together on the reef were more genetically related than corals further apart. Spatial genetic structure disappears, however, as spatial scale increases and then becomes negative at the largest distances. Stratified, random sampling of three neighbouring reefs confirms that reefs are demographically open and inter‐reef genetic structuring was not detected. Attributing process to pattern in corals is complicated by their mixed reproductive strategies. Separate autocorrelation analyses, however, show that the spatial distribution of both clones and nonclones contributes to spatial genetic structure. Overall, we demonstrate genetic structure on an intrareef scale and genetic panmixia on an inter‐reef scale indicating that, for P. damicornis, the effect of small‐ and large‐scale dispersal processes on genetic diversity are not the same. By starting from an interindividual, intrareef level before scaling up to an inter‐reef level, this study demonstrates that isolation‐by‐distance patterns for the coral P. damicornis are limited to small scales and highlights the importance of investigating genetic patterns and ecological processes at multiple scales.     

Geographic patterns of clonal diversity in the earth mite species Penthaleus major with particular emphasis on species margins

Patterns of clonal diversity in parthenogenetic species can be influenced by occasional sexual reproduction, selection due to environmental heterogeneity, and genetic drift. Here we investigate geographic patterns of clonal diversity in the obligate parthenogenetic earth mite species, Penthaleus major, in southeastern Australia. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a relationship between geographic distance and clonal diversity at the sites. However, there was no evidence for an association between distance and clonal composition or the frequency of the two most common clones. Regression analyses indicated that clonal diversity and the frequency of one of the common clonal groups were associated with latitude and/or climatic variables, whereas the other common group was not associated with any of those variables. In four transects (each 250-400 km in length) extending from the center of the distribution of P. major to its margins, there was a consistent and continuous decline in clonal diversity as the margin was approached but no evidence that one clonal group predominated at the margin. This argues against the importance of a general-purpose genotype being favored at margins and suggests that either selection acts to decrease local diversity at sites near the margin or that diversity declines due to drift at these sites.     

Effect of disturbances on the genetic diversity of an old-forest associated lichen

Lichens associated with old forest are commonly assumed to be negatively affected by tree logging or natural disturbances. However, in this study performed in a spruce-dominated sylvopastoral landscape in the Swiss Jura Mountains, we found that genetic diversity of the epiphytic old-forest lichen Lobaria pulmonaria depends on the type of disturbance. We collected 923 thalli from 41 sampling plots of 1 ha corresponding to the categories stand-replacing disturbance (burnt), intensive logging (logged) and uneven-aged forestry (uneven-aged), and analysed the thalli at six mycobiont-specific microsatellite loci. We found evidence for multiple independent immigrations into demes located in burnt and logged areas. Using spatial autocorrelation methods, the spatial scale of the genetic structure caused by the clonal and recombinant component of genetic variation was determined. Spatial autocorrelation of genotype diversity was strong at short distances up to 50 m in logged demes, up to 100 m in uneven-aged demes, with the strongest autocorrelation up to 150 m for burnt demes. The spatial autocorrelation was predominantly attributed to clonal dispersal of vegetative propagules. After accounting for the clonal component, we did not find significant spatial autocorrelation in gene diversity. This pattern may indicate low dispersal ranges of clonal propagules, but random dispersal of sexual ascospores. Genetic diversity was highest in logged demes, and lowest in burnt demes. Our results suggest that genetic diversity of epiphytic lichen demes may not necessarily be impacted by stand-level disturbances for extended time periods.     

沙丘坡面异质性小生境中准噶尔无叶豆对水分条件变化的响应

以多年生克隆植物准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum(Litv.)Vass.)为材料,选择河边(A种群)和沙漠腹地(B种群)两个沙丘,研究从沙丘底部至顶部,沿着水分条件连续变化的梯度,准噶尔无叶豆在分株种群和克隆片段水平的形态变化特征,以期能揭示其在异质性小生境内利用水分资源的对策,并为准噶尔无叶豆的资源保护、培育和利用提供有意义的参考.研究发现:①在分株种群水平,A种群分株高度及地上部生物量显著高于B种群,而B种群地下部(根)的生物量则显著高于A种群;②在克隆片段水平,随着沙丘底部至顶部,A种群与B种群克隆片段高度和地上生物量都减小,而分株密度都增加,但升高或降低的强度不同;A种群根的生物量和长度增加,主要是水平的位于地下0～10 cm层面的直径10mm以下的根长度增加,而B种群根的生物量减小,但长度却在增加,主要是水平的位于地下0～10 cm层面的直径6mm以下的细根长度增加.水平细根的长度增加,更利于无性系进行广泛觅食,同时促进无性系尽快越过不利生境斑块和提高分株在有利生境中的生长概率.结果表明,准噶尔无叶豆对沙丘坡面水分条件连续变化的异质性小生境存在分株种群及克隆片段两个等级的可塑性响应,并通过可塑性变化适应了沙丘坡面水分条件的分异.     

Population genetic structure of the medicinal plant Vitex rotundifolia in China: implications for its use and conservation

Vitexrotundifolia L.is an important plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine.For its efficient use and conservation,genetic diversity and clonal variation of V.rotundifolia populations in China were investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat markers.Fourteen natural populations were included to estimate genetic diversity,and a large population with 135 individuals was used to analyze clonal variation and fine-scale spatial genetic structure.The overall genetic diversity (GD) of V.rotundifolia populations in China was moderate (GD=0.190),with about 40% within-population variation.Across all populations surveyed,the average within-population diversity was moderate (P = 22.6%; GD = 0.086).A relatively high genetic differentiation (Gst=0.587)among populations was detected based on the analysis of molecular variance data.Such characteristics of V.rotundifolia are likely attributed to its sexual/asexual reproduction and limited gene flow.The genotypic diversity (D=0.992) was greater than the average values of a clonal plant,indicating its significant reproduction through seedlings.Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a clear within-population structure with gene clusters of approximately 20 m.Genetic diversity patterns of V.rotundifolia in China provide a useful guide for its efficient use and conservation by selecting particular populations displaying greater variation that may contain required medicinal compounds,and by sampling individuals in a population at >20 m spatial intervals to avoid collecting individuals with identical or similar genotypes.     

Clonal and spatial genetic structure within populations of a coastal plant, Carex kobomugi (Cyperaceae)

Clarification of clonal growth pattern is critical for understanding the population dynamics and reproductive system evolution of clonal plant species. The contribution of clonality to the spatial genetic structure (SGS) within populations is also an important issue. I examined the spatial distribution of genetic variability within two populations of the coastal plant Carex kobomugi using seven microsatellite loci. Genotyping of 226 and 140 ramets within 14 × 40 m and 14 × 34 m plots on two populations revealed 36 and 33 multilocus genotypes, respectively. To quantify the extent of intermingling among clones, for each genet, I calculated the dominance of ramets belonging to a particular genet within a spatial range of the genet. Furthermore, I analyzed spatial distribution of genotypes within 2 × 2 m and 1 × 2 m quadrats using second-order spatial statistics. These analyses indicated that clones are highly intermingled, suggesting a low level of spatial interaction among clones. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of kinship coefficient including all pairs of ramets showed significantly stronger SGS than analysis considering only pairs between different genets. I conclude that clonal propagation largely contributes to SGS at a fine scale.