森林脑炎病毒分子生物学研究进展

森林脑炎（ＴＢＥ）病毒是黄病毒科中的成员,象其它的黄病毒一样,基因组ＲＮＡ含有单个开放阅读框架,在基因组的５′端编码病毒的结构蛋白,在３′端编码非结构蛋白,翻译成聚蛋白后,通过细胞和病毒编码的蛋白酶裂解产生单个的病毒蛋白,成熟的病毒是由两个相关的Ｅ和Ｍ膜蛋白脂质包膜所包围的立体对称的核衣壳组成。包膜Ｅ蛋白在病毒的感染周期中对细胞的识别和穿入细胞具有极其重要的功能,同时Ｅ蛋白诱导保护性的免疫反应,Ｅ蛋白内某一位点单个氨基酸的改变可引起病毒毒力的改变。因此,对ＴＢＥ病毒分子生物学的研究有助于了解病毒与宿主细胞相互作用的机理,为病毒感染的异性诊断、疫苗的研制和抗病毒药物的设计提供理论依据。     

我国森林脑炎病毒森张株编码区序列测定

为鉴定我国森林脑炎病毒亚型,了解基因组结构与生物功能的关系,同时为森林脑炎病毒新型疫苗研制打下基础,对森林脑炎病毒森张株编码区序列进行测定。根据已发表的Sofjin-HO、Oshima5-10株序列设计9对重叠引物,通过RT—PCR扩增不同的cDNA片段,分别克隆至pGEM—T载体,转化DH5α菌,挑阳性克隆PCR、酶切鉴定后测序。结果表明森张株编码区全长10245nt,编码3414个氨基酸。我国森林脑炎病毒森张株与Oshima5—10、Sofiin—HO、Sofiin同源性最近,属于远东亚型。     

我国新分离森林脑炎病毒E基因特征分析

为了解分离自黑龙江省大兴安岭林区全沟硬蜱中的DXAL-5、12、13、16、18,21共6株森林脑炎(TBE)病毒E蛋白基因特征并确定病毒基因型,应用RT-PCR技术对6株病毒E蛋白基因进行体外扩增、克隆、测序.结果发现,6株病毒E蛋白基因的核苷酸序列长均为1 488 bp,推导的氨基酸序列长均为496 aa.与TBE参考毒株E蛋白基因进行比较,这6株病毒与远东亚型同源性最高,其次是西伯利亚亚型,与欧洲亚型同源性最差;在决定亚型特征的氨基酸位点多数属于TBE病毒远东亚型.E蛋白基因推导的氨基酸种系发生树分析表明,6株病毒均在远东亚型分枝内.因此就E蛋白基因而言,DXAL-5、12、13、16、18、21株均属于TBE病毒的远东亚型.新分离毒株与Senzhang株同源性较高,种系发生关系也比较接近,推测疫苗株对新分离毒株仍具有很好的保护作用.但是在E蛋白的A、B和C抗原决定区内,6株病毒均有不同程度的氨基酸改变,这些突变有可能影响E蛋白的功能.     

我国森林脑炎病毒森张株编码区序列测定

为鉴定我国森林脑炎病毒亚型,了解基因组结构与生物功能的关系,同时为森林脑炎病毒新型疫苗研制打下基础,对森林脑炎病毒森张株编码区序列进行测定.根据已发表的Sofjin-HO、Oshima5-10株序列设计9对重叠引物,通过RT-PCR扩增不同的cDNA片段,分别克隆至pGEM(R)-T载体,转化DH5 α菌,挑阳性克隆PCR、酶切鉴定后测序.结果表明森张株编码区全长10 245nt,编码3 414个氨基酸.我国森林脑炎病毒森张株与Oshima5.10、Sofjin-HO、Sofjin同源性最近,属于远东亚型.     

森林脑炎病毒疫苗株的全基因组序列分析

实验设计针对森林脑炎病毒的特异性引物,以被森林脑炎疫苗株病毒感染的鼠脑组织中提取的总RNA为模板,用PCR方法分段逆转录合成、扩增序列并测序,应用DNASTAR软件比较分析。结果表明,该病毒疫苗株的全基因组由10782个核苷酸组成,编码3414个氨基酸。森林脑炎疫苗株病毒全基因序列的测定,为研究该病毒疫苗株的生物学特性提供了分子基础。     

森林脑炎研究进展

森林脑炎又名蜱传脑炎(TBE),是由森林脑炎病毒(tick-borne encephalitis virus,TBEV)引起,经蜱传播,以中枢神经病变为特征的急性传染病.1910年,在前苏联亚洲部分发现以中枢神经病变为主要特征的急性传染病.1936年,Tkachev氏首次用小白鼠从患者分离到病毒.1937年从当地主要蜱种全沟硬蜱体内分离到同一种病毒,提出并证实蜱为本病传播媒介.1938年证实了森林中的啮齿类动物为本病贮存宿主.第二次世界大战后,欧洲有关本病的报告越来越多,几乎大部分国家均有报告.1990年由Pletnev AG等人首次完成森林脑炎病毒全基因组序列测定.我国于1942年发现该病,1952年从患者及蜱中分离到森林脑炎病毒,近几年流行又有增强趋势[1].     

乙型脑炎病毒的分子生物学研究进展

日本脑炎病毒(Japanese Encephalitis Virus,JEV)也称乙型脑炎病毒或简称乙脑病毒,主要引起中枢神经系统损害,属人畜共患的自然疫源性传染病,传播地域广,病死率高,常留有后遗症。目前尚无特效治疗药物,虽有疫苗,但不够理想。     

猪瘟病毒的分子生物学研究进展

猪瘟病毒（Oassicalswinefevervirus,CSFV;或称Hogcholeravirus,HCV）,属黄病毒科（Flaviviridae）瘟病毒属（Peshvirus）［’1。CSFV与同属的牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovineviraldiavims,BVDV）及羊边界病病毒（Botherdiseasevirus,BDV）在结构上有很高的相似性,在血清学上有交叉反应l‘］。感染猪可引起高热、皮肤变色、大量内出血等及神经系统症状［’］,死亡率很高。猪瘟病毒是世界上损害养猪业的重要病原之一l‘］。猪瘟病毒是有囊膜,直径40～60urn的正链RNA病毒［‘·’］．在蔗糖中浮力密度为l．12g／ml,沉降系数S…     

森林脑炎病毒森张株5′端非编码区序列测定

为了解森林脑炎病毒森张株5′端非编码区序列与生物特性的关系,从而为疫苗研制打下基础,对其核苷酸序列进行测定。采用RACE法进行RT-PCR扩增,克隆法测序。结果表明：森张株5′-UTR长129nt,与Sofjin-HO、Oshima5-10、Vasilchenko、Neudoerfl、263、Hypr的同源性分别为92％、91％、89％、87％、87％、87％。森张株存在三处特异性变异C18→T、T30→C及49、50连续两个核苷酸缺失。本实验建立了一套相似5′端非编码区序列测定方法;三处特异性变异可能影响到森林脑炎病毒森张株的转录、翻译及核衣壳的形成。     

云南森林脑炎病毒的动物敏感性研究

本文对分离自云南的森林脑炎病毒进行了动物敏感性研究,实验证明云南森林脑炎病毒对小白鼠有较强的致病性,三日龄乳鼠无论经脑内、腹腔、皮下接种均能致病、死亡,但毒力较国内森林脑炎病毒标准株低;三周龄小白鼠经鼻腔接种亦能发病致死。对乳大白鼠、幼年豚鼠和金黄色地鼠能引起发病或死亡,病毒抗原定位主要在脑组织。病理检查表明感染的各种动物脑组织均有明显病变。此外,对鸡胚敏感,能引起BHK_(21)、Vero、Vero-E_6等传代细胞及人胚肾、乳猪肾原代细胞的CPE_0结果表明了云南森林脑炎病毒对细胞、动物的致病性与国内森林脑炎病毒标准株相似,仅毒力稍低。     

Neutralizing single-chain antibodies against the tick-borne encephalitis virus

A recombinant pSC13D6 plasmid DNA was constructed based on cDNA fragments of genes encoding variable domains of heavy and light chains of the MKA13D6 monoclonal antibody against glycoprotein of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. This plasmid provided expression in Escherichia coli cells of the scl3D6 single-chain antibody against the TBE virus. The produced antibodies could bind to the TBE virus, strain 205, and the TBE virus recombinant E protein. The affinity constant of purified scl3D6 was (3.0 ± 0.2) × 10⁷ M^?1 for the equilibrium state and (2.8 ± 0.3) × 10⁷ M^?1 in the case of antigen-antibody formation on the surface. The obtained single-chain antibody could inhibit the infection potency of the TBE virus on a monolayer of eukaryotic cells. The calculated IC₅₀ value for scl3D6 was 16.7 μg/ml.     

东部马脑脊髓炎病毒的分子生物学进展

东部马脑脊髓炎病毒属虫媒病毒,能引起人和马发生急性脑炎。东马病毒为单股正链RNA病毒,可分为南美型和北美型,包括两个开放读码框架,分别编码结构蛋白（E1,E2,E2,C,6K）和非结构蛋白（nsp1,nsp2,nsp3,nsp4)。其中E1/E2包膜糖蛋白以异二聚体的形式病毒颗粒外刺突。非结构蛋白主要能与负链RNA的合成,近来,随着研究深入,病毒受体越来越受到广泛关注。本介绍东部马脑脊髓炎病毒结构、进化、复制、组装等方面的分子生物学进展。     

Synthetic fragments of the NS1 protein of the tick-borne encephalitis virus exhibiting a protective effect

Potentially immunoactive regions of the NS1 nonstructural protein of the tick-borne encephalitis virus that can stimulate the antibody formation in vivo and protect animals from this disease were chosen on the basis of theoretical calculations. Eleven 16-to 27-aa peptides containing the chosen regions were synthesized. The ability of the free peptides (without any high-molecular-mass carrier) to stimulate the production of antipeptide antibodies in mice of three lines and ensure the formation of protective immunity was studied. Most of these peptides were shown to exhibit the immunogenic activity in a free state. Five fragments that can protect mice from the infection by a lethal dose of tick-borne encephalitis virus were found.     

Amplification of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection during co-feeding of ticks

Abstract. Following engorgement of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus larvae on guinea-pigs infected with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, none of the engorged larvae or emergent nymphs contained detectable infectious virus. However, one of twelve pools, each containing three of the unfed nymphs, was positive when screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indicating a low prevalence of TBE virus infection in the unfed nymphs. After engorgement of the nymphs on four uninfected guinea-pigs, 19/24 (79%) fed nymphs from one guinea-pig and 4/25 (16%) fed nymphs from a second guinea-pig were infected; all the ticks examined from the other two guinea-pigs were uninfected. The results suggest that TBE virus was transmitted from a low proportion of infected nymphs (infected as larvae) to uninfected nymphs as they fed together on an uninfected guinea-pig. Such amplification of the initial infection, at the population level, could play an important role in maintaining TBE virus infections in nature, particularly if there is a low level of vertical transmission from one tick generation to the next.     

Changes in the metabolic activity of macrophages under the influence of tick-borne encephalitis virus

The metabolic activity of macrophages infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) affecting the human nervous system has been studied for the first time. The penetration and reproduction of TBEV in the macrophages stimulated their oxygen metabolism, increasing the activity of NADPH-oxidase complex, as well as the mitochondrial enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase. A wave-like change in the activity of these enzymes in the macrophages reflected the reaction of the cells to the penetration of the virus in the first period (within 3 h) and to the synthesis of the virus particles and their exit into the extracellular space in the second period (from 5 to 48 h). In the macrophages infected with TBEV, accumulation of NO metabolites was observed. In the late period of the examination (1-4 days), the activities of superoxide dismutase and lysosomal enzymes (nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase) were detected. Thus, the early increase in the activity of the cell enzymes indicates the activation of the macrophages, and the subsequent increase in their activity corresponds to the enhanced synthetic activity of the macrophages.     

森林脑炎自然疫源地样本的监测及病毒的分离研究

为了解森林脑炎疫源地的分布变化趋势及样本分离病毒的特性,采集了森林脑炎高发区周边的森林全沟硬蜱、血蜱样本及森林脑炎患者的脑组织样本,用小白鼠脑内接种法检测、分离病毒分离的病毒经鉴别试验证明为森林脑炎病毒：蜱、脑两种标本检测的阳性率分别为50％和100％、结果表明森林脑炎的疫区有从林区向农业区扩散的趋势,且全沟硬蜱的带毒率较高;森脑患者的脑组织样本与蜱标本病毒的性状育差异     

New tools in nucleoside toolbox of tick-borne encephalitis virus reproduction inhibitors

Design and development of nucleoside analogs is an established strategy in the antiviral drug discovery field. Nevertheless, for many viruses the coverage of structure-activity relationships (SAR) in the nucleoside chemical space is not sufficient. Here we present the nucleoside SAR exploration for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of Flavivirus genus. Promising antiviral activity may be achieved by introduction of large hydrophobic substituents in the position 6 of adenosine or bulky silyl groups to the position 5′. Introduction of methyls to the ribose moiety does not lead to inhibition of TBEV reproduction. Possible mechanisms of action of these nucleosides include the inhibition of viral entry or interaction with TBEV non-structural protein 5 methyltransferase or RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains.     

Mixed infection by tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia in ticks

To investigate the relationships between tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and the bacterial spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in vectors with mixed infections, unfed adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected by flagging from vegetation in southern-taiga forests of the Pre-Urals region of Russia where both infections circulate sympatrically. Prevalences of TBE and Borrelia infections in a total of 4234 ticks were compared over 5 years. No significant differences were revealed between the prevalence of Borrelia infection in ticks with and without TBE virus (29.4+/-7.8% vs 23+/-3.6%), or between the prevalence of TBE virus infection in ticks with and without Borrelia (24.0+/-6.6% vs 18.4+/-3.4%). In ticks with mixed infection (40/689 = 5.8%), concentrations of TBE virus and Borrelia were not significantly correlated with one another. Field observations showed parallel trends in the prevalence of these pathogens in tick populations from year to year (1993-1997) indicating that, in I. persulcatus with mixed infection, Borrelia and TBE virus do not seem to interfere with each other and are apparently not involved in any antagonistic relationships.     

Enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission by tick salivary gland extracts

Abstract. To investigate the role of ticks in TBE virus transmission, salivary gland extract (SGE) was derived from partially fed female Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Guinea-pigs were infested with uninfected R.appendiculatus nymphs and inoculated with a mixture of TBE virus and SGE or with virus alone. The number of ticks which on average acquired virus from feeding on animals inoculated with TBE virus and SGE from partially fed ticks was 4-fold greater than the number that became infected by feeding on animals inoculated with virus alone or virus plus SGE from unfed I.ricinus. Viraemia was detected in 67% of guinea-pigs inoculated with virus plus SGE compared to 30% of guinea-pigs inoculated with virus alone. Virus titres in the blood were similar for both groups of animals [range 2.0-2.8 log₁₀ plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml of blood]; however, the number of ticks that became infected was significantly higher on animals inoculated with virus plus SGE from partially fed ticks. No significant difference was observed with respect to the tick species used to derive SGE. The results indicate that TBE virus transmission is enhanced by factor(s) associated with the salivary glands of feeding ticks, and that these factor(s) may facilitate efficient transmission of TBE virus between infected and uninfected ticks even when they feed on hosts that have no detectable viraemia.     

Localization and Functions of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Proteins NS3 and NS5 for Viral RNA Synthesis in the Infected Cells

Recently it has been reported that Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-specific RNAs can be synthesized in vitro in the subcellular fraction including outer-nuclear membrane (Takegami and Hotta, 1989). The results of Western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence test using two kinds of monospecific antisera against JEV nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS5 showed that NS3 and NS5 were membrane-associated proteins and formed the complex at the perinuclear site in the infected cells. Both antisera against NS3 and NS5 inhibited in vitro RNA synthesis. These results suggest that NS5 and NS3 play important role(s) in flavivirus RNA replication.