岳麓山周边地区实蝇发生动态监测

采用诱捕法于2010年7月至2011年12月对岳麓山周边地区实蝇的发生情况进行了监测,共获得实蝇类昆虫5种,包括离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera 4种[具条实蝇B.scutellata (Hendel)、南瓜实蝇B.tau (Walker)、瓜实蝇B.cucturbitae (Coquillett)、桔小实蝇B.dorsalis(Hendel)]和合腹寡毛实蝇属Dacus 1种(棍腹实蝇Dacus sp.).其中,具条实蝇发生数量最大,占诱捕总数的76％,从5月到12月有2次数量高峰;其次为瓜实蝇占18％,南瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇数量最少,约各占3％;分析了不同诱剂对各种实蝇的诱捕效果,其中,Me性诱剂仅对桔小实蝇雄虫有引诱效果;Cue性诱剂可引诱具条实蝇、瓜实蝇和南瓜实蝇3种实蝇的雄虫;蛋白诱饵对具条实蝇、瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇的雌、雄虫均有引诱效果.本研究结果可为长沙地区实蝇类害虫的监测和防控提供依据.     

福建地区橘小实蝇田间种群动态监测研究

利用Steiner诱捕器内置诱捕剂Me或Cue与0.2%马拉硫磷混合物制成棉球诱芯,在福建省各个地区共设置50个监测点,诱捕监测橘小实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel）种群动态。从2002～2005年,连续4年的诱捕结果表明,橘小实蝇在福建省的发生呈单峰特点,7～9月为发生盛期,高峰出现在8月份。瓜菜园生境、石榴芒果园生境和龙眼香蕉园生境中,石榴芒果园生境橘小实蝇种群密度最高。运用地理信息系统（MapInfo）对该虫监测数据进行地图分析表明,橘小实蝇种群密度的地域特征明显,橘小实蝇有不断向外扩散的趋势。     

粘胶性诱剂诱捕器

<正> 性诱剂诱捕器已被广泛地用于监测和诱杀害虫,由于使用逐渐普遍,再加上昆虫种类繁多、习性各异,所以相继地设计出了适用于不同昆虫种类、形状和结构各不相同的诱捕器。其中,有些专用的,如倒置的双锥体诱捕器特别     

两种性诱剂混用试验

<正> 桃小食心虫Corposina niponensis Walsingham和枣粘虫Ancylis(Anchylopera)sativa Liu均是枣树主要害虫,而且两者的发生期又有相当长时间是一致的,如能使用一组性诱剂诱捕器同时进行两种害虫的发生期预测,在生产上则很有实用价值。但是,桃小食心虫性诱剂和枣粘虫性诱剂能否混用,国内、外尚未见报道,是一个需要解决的新问题。 一、试验方法 试验于84年6月中下旬在河北省唐县军城枣产区进行,正是枣粘虫当年一代成虫高峰期和桃小食心虫越冬代成虫始现期。试验设置三组处理,10个枣粘虫性诱剂水盆诱捕器;10个桃小食心虫性诱剂水盆诱捕器;10个以上含有两种性诱剂的水盆诱捕器,     

中国实蝇检疫研究概况

实蝇（fruit fly）是为害水果和蔬菜的有害生物，这类害虫尤其是在果蔬的国际贸易中受到关注，多将其列为检疫性有害生物而置于有关的法规中。本文从应用于植物检疫的角度，着重就实蝇的监测和有关生物学的研究、实蝇鉴定技术研究、实蝇除害处理研究、建立实蝇非疫区、果园实蝇防治研究以及我国在水果国际双边贸易中的实蝇问题等多个方面的内容收集和介绍有关研究概况，对我国就以实蝇为内容的研究提供相关信息。     

不同诱捕器对油松毛虫性引诱剂诱虫量的影响

油松毛虫是我国辽宁省油松林中的主要害虫,每年都有大面积的发生,给松林生存和生态建设安全造成了严重威胁。为了更好地使用性引诱剂防治,本文在辽宁省建平县通过林间诱捕试验,以油松毛虫性引诱剂为诱芯,比较了不同形状、不同颜色、不同悬挂高度的诱捕器对油松毛虫雄成虫的诱虫量。结果表明,4种形状诱捕器的诱虫量由高到低依次为:大船型诱捕器、三角型诱捕器、小船型诱捕器和桶型诱捕器;大船型与小船型和桶型的差异显著,与三角型的差异不显著。小船型与桶型的差异显著,与三角形的差异不显著。3种颜色诱捕器对油松毛虫雄成虫的诱虫量由高到低依次为:黑色诱捕器、绿色诱捕器、白色诱捕器;黑色诱捕器和白色诱捕器的诱虫量存在显著性差异;而绿色诱捕器与黑色诱捕器和白色诱捕器之间差异性不显著性。3种悬挂高度诱捕器的诱虫量由高到低依次为:悬挂高度为1.7 m的诱捕器,悬挂高度为3.1 m的诱捕器,悬挂高度为2.4 m的诱捕器;悬挂高度为1.7 m的诱捕器诱虫量与其余2种悬挂高度的诱捕器诱虫量差异性显著;悬挂高度为2.4 m的诱捕器诱虫量与悬挂高度3.1 m的诱捕器诱虫量差异性不显著。本文主要对不同诱捕器形状、颜色、悬挂高度3个因素利用正交试验方法进行了组合试验,并比较了组合诱捕器的诱虫量,得出诱虫量最大的是悬挂高度为1.7 m的绿色大船型诱捕器,建议在生产实践中推广该组合。     

简述引诱剂在实蝇防治中的作用

引诱剂是实蝇类害虫监测、调查和防治中最重要的手段之一,被广泛采用.本文对实蝇引诱剂的种类与诱捕范围进行了总结,并简述了引诱剂在实蝇防治中的监测与防治作用.     

性信息素不同配方、剂量与诱捕器类型对引诱甜菜夜蛾效果的影响

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua是浙北芦笋产区的主要灾害性害虫,对常规药剂产生了抗性,化学防治效果不理想。为提高现有性诱剂诱捕效率,本研究对甜菜夜蛾的诱捕系统进行优化,开发适合浙江种群甜菜夜蛾性诱剂的最佳诱捕系统。在浙江省嘉兴平湖芦笋基地针对性信息素不同配方、剂量的诱芯和诱捕器类型3种因素对甜菜夜蛾的影响进行田间试验。试验结果表明,当甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分顺-9,反-12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯∶顺-9-十四碳烯醇∶顺-11-十六碳烯醇醋酸酯为7∶3∶1,剂量为1. 0 mg时,诱蛾活性最高,显著高于其他处理;在0. 1-1. 0 mg范围内,性信息素的剂量越高,活性越强;船形诱捕器诱蛾效果最高,其它3种诱捕器的诱捕效率差异显著。性信息素不同配方、剂量与诱捕器类型均能不同程度影响甜菜夜蛾诱捕效果,本研究为应用性信息素进行甜菜夜蛾监测与防治提供技术支撑。     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器田间诱捕效应影响因子

苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的果树害虫和检疫对象.本文比较研究了性信息素诱捕器颜色、类型、放置位置、诱芯颜色及诱芯数量等对苹果蠹蛾雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响.结果表明：白色和绿色诱捕器的诱捕量是蓝色的2倍以上,诱捕效果显著优于后者;三角形诱捕器与水瓶式诱捕器的诱捕效果间不存在显著差异;放置在树冠中部的诱捕器诱蛾量是树冠上部的2倍左右,诱捕效果显著优于后者;诱芯颜色及诱芯数量对诱蛾量无显著影响.本研究结果可为苹果蠹蛾的性信息素监测技术提供指导.     

4种引进的引诱剂制剂对桔小实蝇引诱效果评价

在果园试验评价了从美国引进的4种引诱剂与1种国产引诱剂对桔小实蝇的诱集效果,结果表明国产甲基丁香酚液体制剂(CME)诱捕实蝇成虫数量最大,为493.2头/诱捕器,雌虫率为9.0%,且持效期长达60 d;美国甲基丁香酚固体制剂(MEU)的诱捕实蝇成虫数量次之,为250.2头/诱捕器,雌虫率为0.4%,持效期39 d;醋酸铵+腐胺复合固体制剂(2C)、蛋白颗粒剂(PB)和醋酸铵+腐胺+三甲胺复合固体制剂(3C)3种美国产食物引诱剂中以2C诱捕实蝇成虫效果最好,诱虫数为152.8头/诱捕器,雌虫率为96.6%,持效期36 d;PB的诱虫数为49.0头/诱捕器,雌虫率为56.3%,持效期39 d;3C诱虫数为8.4头/诱捕器,雌虫率为92.8%,持效期18 d。     

Interference between male‐targeted and female‐targeted lures of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Dipt., Tephritidae) in Italy

The efficacy of male‐targeted and female‐targeted baits was compared when lures were presented together or singly in traps for capturing the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). For male‐targeted baits, either trimedlure or ceralure presented singly attracted large numbers of flies, supporting data from many previous reports. The present results are the first published data on the attractiveness of ceralure to a European population of C. capitata. The quaternary female bait consisting of ammonium carbonate, putrescine, trimethylamine and acetic acid was a potent attractant for female flies (and also showed some activity for males). Replacing acetic acid with ammonium acetate in the quaternary female bait did not influence activity. Traps with female‐targeted and male‐targeted baits together always showed a tendency of catching fewer flies than traps with only one type of bait. The decrease was significant in females, regardless of whether ceralure or trimedlure was the male‐targeted bait. In males, the tendency was the same for traps with trimedlure or ceralure alone, catching higher numbers than those with both male and female baits. Our present results suggest that both types of baits mutually decrease the numbers of the non‐target sex in the trap. In conclusion, it is advisable to use both male‐ and female‐targeted baits in separate and distant traps and not jointly in the same trap, lest the efficacy of detection or monitoring trials be compromised.     

Evaluation of synthetic food-based attractants for female Mediterranean fruit flies (Dipt., Tephritidae) in McPhail type traps

During summer 1997 field experiments were conducted on the island of Chios, Greece, to compare captures of female Mediterranean fruit flies (medflies), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in traps baited with either synthetic female-targeted lures or a standard protein bait (NuLure and borax). The synthetic lures contained ammonium acetate,1,4 diaminobutane (putrescine), and trimethylamine. Two trap types (International Pheromone's McPhail Trap (IPMT) and the Tephri trap) were tested as either wet or dry. Wet IPMT traps baited with the synthetic attractants were the most attractive of all trap combinations tested and captured 2.1 times more female medflies and 1.8 times more total medflies than traps baited with NuLure and borax. Traps containing the synthetic attractant captured approximately 4.6 times fewer nontarget insects than NuLure baited traps. Vapona used in IPMT traps was repellent to medflies and dry traps with lower concentrations of Vapona were approximately 1.5 times less attractive to female medflies than traps containing water. Even with a decrease in attractiveness, the dry traps were significantly more effective for females and more practical for mass trapping and monitoring than the currently used traps baited with protein solutions.     

The fruit fly PUB: a phagostimulation unit bioassay system to quantitatively measure ingestion of baits by individual flies

Abstract:  A bioassay to investigate quantitative phagostimulation and ingestion physiology of baits on individual fruit flies is presented. The study was undertaken using two fruit fly species: the Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ), a cosmopolitan insect pest, and the Ethiopian fruit fly ( Dacus ciliatus ), a quarantine insect in Israel. Our model bait suspension included spinosad as the toxic agent, and 1% yeast hydrolysate with 10% sucrose as phagostimulant. A preliminary toxicology study showed that the two fruit flies are highly sensitive to low concentrations of spinosad baited with this phagostimulant. The maximum concentration needed to kill 90% of the female flies was 4.2 and 8.5 p.p.m. for C. capitata and D. ciliatus , respectively. The bioassay was able to detect the ingestion of low volumes (e.g. 1  μ l) of tested solutions. The bioassay was also able to detect differences in intake of different concentrations of spinosad solutions and relate ingestion to fruit fly mortality. Additionally, the bioassay was sensitive enough to highlight differences in intake related to the physiological status of the fruit fly and fly species. The bioassay can also be used to follow ingestion kinetics of baits. We expect that this bioassay will contribute in the exploration of more efficient bait systems for fruit flies.     

Appropriateness of probit-9 in the development of quarantine treatments for timber and timber commodities

Following the increasing international phasing out of methyl bromide for quarantine purposes, the development of alternative treatments for timber pests becomes imperative. The international accreditation of new quarantine treatments requires verification standards that give confidence in the effectiveness of a treatment. Probit-9 mortality is a standard for treatment effectiveness that has its origin in fruit fly research, and has been adopted by the United States Department of Agriculture for fruit flies and several other pests. Following this, the probit-9 standard has been adopted as a benchmark for many quarantine treatments worldwide. This article discusses aspects of the application of this concept for a range of timber pests. Problematic issues include the often small pest populations available for testing, the limits of modeling pest responses to a treatment in the absence of sufficient numbers for treatment verification, the species diversity of pests and host materials and the physical and chemical conditions of host material or treatment conditions. Where treatment verification by killing large numbers of individuals is impossible, data collected from small populations or under specific conditions must be interpreted with caution. We discuss possible alternative approaches to probit-9 as a treatment efficacy standard.     

云南元江芒果园桔小实蝇成虫日活动规律及空间分布格局

利用甲基丁香酚引诱剂和黄板对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis成虫日活动规律及飞行高度进行了研究,同时根据多种聚集度指标对桔小实蝇成虫的空间分布格局进行了分析。结果表明:元江县挂果期芒果园内桔小实蝇日活动量高峰出现在10:00、16:00左右,活动量低谷出现在8:00、14:00和19:00左右,日间温湿度与其日活动量之间无线性相关关系;成虫飞行高度随时间变化,受降雨影响,雌雄成虫飞行高度存在差异。上午、中午成虫多近地飞行,午后多在1.5 m以上高度飞行,降雨导致成虫飞行活动量大幅减退,多分布于1.5 m以上枝叶附近。株高8 m的3a芒果树4 m高度处黄板捕获虫量最大,其次是2 m高处,6m以上虫量较少。雄性成虫在芒果园中呈聚集分布,原因之一是其自身的聚集行为;雌虫空间分布不均,主要呈聚集分布,少数部分为均匀分布,其聚集由环境因素造成。     

Evaluation of monitoring traps for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in North America

Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a recent invasive pest of small and stone fruits, has been detected in more than half of the U.S. states, and in Canada, Mexico, and Europe. Upon discovery, several different trap designs were recommended for monitoring. This study compared the trap designs across seven states/provinces in North America and nine crop types. Between May and November 2011, we compared a clear cup with 10 side holes (clear); a commercial trap with two side holes (commercial); a Rubbermaid container with mesh lid and rain tent (Haviland), and with 10 side holes and no tent (modified Haviland); a red cup with 10 side holes (red); and a white container with mesh lid and rain tent (Van Steenwyk). Although fly catches among traps varied per site, overall, the Haviland trap caught the most D. suzukii, followed by the red, Van Steenwyk, and clear trap. The modified Haviland and commercial trap had low captures. Among five crop types in Oregon, a clear cup with mesh sides (Dreves) also was tested and caught the most flies. Traps with greater entry areas, found in mesh traps, caught more flies than traps with smaller entry areas. In terms of sensitivity and selectivity, traps that caught more flies likewise caught flies earlier, and all traps caught 26-31% D. suzukii out of the total Drosophila captured. Future trap improvements should incorporate more entry points and focus on selective baits to improve efficiency and selectivity with regard to the seasonal behavior of D. suzukii.     

Capture of Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in dry traps baited with a food-based attractant and Jackson traps baited with trimedlure during sterile male release in Guatemala

Captures of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in Jackson traps baited with trimedlure were compared with captures in cylindrical open-bottom dry traps baited with a food-based synthetic attractant (ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine). Tests were conducted in Guatemala during a sterile male release program in an area where wild flies were present in low numbers. More wild and sterile females were captured in food-based traps, and more wild and sterile males were captured in trimedlure traps. The food-based traps captured almost twice as many total (male plus female) wild flies as the trimedlure traps, but the difference was not significant. Females made up approximately 60% of the wild flies caught in the food-based attractant traps; the trimedlure traps caught no females. The ratio of capture of males in trimedlure traps to food-based traps was 6.5:1 for sterile and 1.7:1 for wild flies. Because fewer sterile males are captured in the food-based traps, there is a reduction in the labor-intensive process of examining flies for sterility. The results indicate that traps baited with food-based attractants could be used in place of the Jackson/trimedlure traps for C. capitata sterile release programs because they can monitor distributions of sterile releases and detect wild fly populations effectively; both critical components of fruit fly eradication programs by using the sterile insect technique.     

Field evaluation of three-component solid food-based dispenser versus torula yeast for capturing Mediterranean and oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Certain species of true fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are worldwide pests of fruits and vegetables, and many countries operate trapping programs to detect and monitor invasions. Torula yeast-borax (TYB) solution is a widely used food bait, although its effective field longevity is relatively short (1–2 weeks). This led to the development of a synthetic cone-shaped food dispenser that contains ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine. The food cone has received limited testing, and the objective of this study was to compare captures of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)) and the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)) in traps baited with the fresh TYB solution versus traps baited with fresh or weathered food cones. Captures showed a female bias for both baits and both species. For C. capitata, fresh food cones generally attracted more individuals than fresh TYB. Weathered food cones attracted similar or greater numbers of medflies than TYB for the initial two weeks, but food cones weathered for 4 or 6 weeks attracted fewer flies than TYB. For B. dorsalis, TYB-baited traps captured more females than fresh or weathered food cone-baited traps in each of six weekly sampling periods, and the differences were statistically significant in weeks 1–4. In a release-recapture experiment, both C. capitata and B. dorsalis were captured in higher numbers in traps baited with fresh TYB than those baited with food cones weathered for 0 (fresh) to 6 weeks. The implications of these results for fruit fly surveillance are discussed.     

Mortality of Rhagoletis indifferens exposed to hydrolyzed protein baits and spinosad in the absence and presence of yeast extract

Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the major quarantine pest of sweet cherry, Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae), in the Pacific northwest of the USA and in British Columbia in Canada. Although spinosad bait (GF‐120 NF Naturalyte® Fruit Fly Bait) is used for the control of R. indifferens in this region, the effects of alternate food sources on fly responses to this bait have not been studied. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine mortalities of flies exposed to hydrolyzed protein baits in the presence of sugar only and sugar + yeast extract food. All baits contained Entrust® (termed ‘spinosad alone’). When flies were exposed to GF‐120 with or without added ammonia compounds (uric acid, ammonium acetate, and ammonium carbonate) for 48 h, mortalities were higher in the presence of sugar only than in the presence of sugar + yeast extract, but when flies were exposed to spinosad alone, mortalities were similar in presence of either of the two foods. In another experiment comparing GF‐120, Nu‐Lure, Mazoferm, Baker's yeast extract, and spinosad alone, mortalities in the GF‐120, Mazoferm, and Baker's yeast extract treatments were higher in the presence of sugar only than in the presence of sugar + yeast extract, but in the Nu‐Lure and spinosad alone treatments, mortalities were similar in the presence of either of the two foods. Overall results suggest that the indirect effects of yeast extract food on mortality are dependent on bait type and that mortalities caused by spinosad alone and baits are similar. Nu‐Lure and spinosad alone may have an advantage over other treatments for fly control, because their effects do not appear to be affected by the presence of nitrogenous food.     

Attraction of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and nontarget insects to methyl eugenol bucket traps with different preservative fluids on Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands

Attraction of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and nontarget insects to preservative fluids ethylene glycol antifreeze, propylene glycol antifreeze, or mineral oil in bucket traps that contained captured decaying male oriental fruit flies, a male lure (methyl eugenol), and a toxicant (DDVP vapor insecticidal strip) were compared with dry control traps. Significantly (P < 0.05) greater numbers of B. dorsalis were captured in propylene glycol antifreeze traps than in other attractant trap types. Among attractant trap types with lowest negative impacts on nontarget insects, control traps captured significantly lower numbers of three species and one morphospecies of scavenger flies, one species of plant-feeding fly, and one species each of sweet-and lipid-feeding ants. Mineral oil traps captured significantly lower numbers of two species of scavengers flies and one morphospecies of plant-feeding fly, and one species of sweet-feeding ant. Because of the fragile nature of endemic Hawaiian insect fauna, the propylene glycol antifreeze bucket trap is best suited for use in environments (e.g., non-native habitats) where endemic species are known to be absent and mineral oil traps are more suited for minimizing insect captures in environmentally sensitive habitats.