马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗株与亲本强毒株的体内病毒载量与诱导保护性免疫关系的研究

慢病毒免疫应答的载量阈值学说认为病毒载量决定了机体对病毒反应的类型。为了探讨马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)血浆病毒载量与马体免疫保护的相关性,本研究利用Real-time RT-PCR方法对EIAV弱毒疫苗株(EIA-VDLV125)免疫马和EIAV强毒株(EIAVLN40)非致死剂量接种马血浆中病毒载量进行了动态比较。结果显示两组马在监测过程中皆可检测到相似水平的病毒载量(103～105copies/mL),且两者之间差异不显著(P0.05)。以上毒株接种23周后,对马匹进行了强毒株(EIAVLN40)的致死剂量攻毒,根据攻毒后典型马传贫急性发病与否确定接种保护率。结果显示,疫苗组的保护率为67%而非致死剂量强毒组的保护率为0。以上结果提示,病毒血浆载量不是决定EIAV弱毒疫苗诱导免疫保护能力的主要或单一因素。     

HIV-1病毒样颗粒疫苗的构建及免疫原性研究

人免疫缺陷病毒HIV在全球的迅猛传播使得有效疫苗的研制工作变成重中之重.出于安全考虑,减毒或灭活的HIV病毒不能作为疫苗应用,VLPs则因为不具有病毒基因组而带来的安全性成为一个极具吸引力的选择.本研究通过共转染筛选得到了一个有效而持久表达HIV-1结构蛋白gag和env的真核细胞系,证实了细胞培养上清中的gag和env能够自组装成为病毒颗粒.这些VLPs能够在不经佐剂加强的条件下诱导产生具有特异性的体液和细胞免疫应答.     

马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗致弱及免疫保护机制研究进展

马传染性贫血病毒(equine infectious anemia virus, EIAV)弱毒疫苗是中国科学家在20世纪70年代研制成功的世界上首例慢病毒疫苗,是迄今为止唯一在临床大规模应用的慢病毒弱毒疫苗。EIAV弱毒疫苗的成功应用不仅消除了该疫病对马业的威胁,而且在学术上突破了慢病毒不能免疫的理论。该疫苗克服了灭活疫苗免疫原性差的难点,能有效地提供对同源和异源毒株的免疫保护。因此,在分子水平上阐明EIAV弱毒疫苗的减毒机理和免疫保护机制对于研究慢病毒免疫保护具有极其重要的科学意义。作者所在的研究团队多年来一直从事EIAV弱毒疫苗的致弱机理及其诱导免疫保护机制的研究,解析了EIAV弱毒疫苗及其强毒株的基因组进化特征、揭示了疫苗致弱规律和疫苗有效组成、提出了"EIAV弱毒疫苗可能起源于EIAV准种的一个小分支"的假说;发现EIAV弱毒疫苗可有效激活天然免疫和特异性免疫,早期诱导的高水平细胞免疫与免疫保护呈正相关;证明了疫苗株的抗原多样性组成是其诱导保护性免疫应答的关键因素。相关研究成果拓展了慢病毒疫苗研究理论和实践认知,可为其他慢病毒尤其是HIV-1免疫原的设计以及免疫保护理论提供有价值的参考。     

动物反转录病毒的进展——第二十一次国际生物标准会议记要

<正>由于马感染性贫血病毒(EIAV)关系到世界范围内兽医学的研究,所以它的研究正反转录病毒的各方面均处于领先地位。这些成就包括首先了解一种动物疾病的病毒性病因,发展了反转录病毒的商品诊断试剂,揭示了反转录病毒传染的昆虫媒介。描述了慢性反转录病毒感染中的抗原变异,以及预防反转录病毒感染的最早的疫苗的现场试验。随着发现了人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和它被定为一种慢性感染特征。EIAV系统作为一种唯一的动力     

马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗株跨膜蛋白截短突变对其体外复制特性影响

马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)减毒疫苗是世界首例慢病毒疫苗,但其作用机理尚不明了.研究发现,EIAV疫苗株EIAVFDDV12的跨膜蛋白gp45在马体内发生高频率261W位点翻译终止突变,使该蛋白质C端出现154个氨基酸的截短.为了探讨该截短对EIAV疫苗株生物学特性的作用,以EIAV弱毒疫苗株感染性克隆为骨干,构建了gp45截短型感染性病毒株,检测该截短突变对EIAV疫苗株在体外培养的马外周血单核细胞由来的巨噬细胞(MDM)、驴MDM和驴胎皮细胞(FDD)中的复制.实验结果表明,gp45截短型毒株在马和驴MDM中复制能力比未截短型毒株显著降低(P<0.01),特别是在马MDM中此差异更明显.相反,截短型毒株在FDD中的复制能力则显著高于未截短型毒株(P<0.01).此外,结果显示gp45截短型毒株在马MDM中的低水平复制降低了EIAV对其靶细胞诱导的凋亡.以上结果提示,EIAV疫苗的gp45截短型毒株是适应在体外FDD细胞中传代致弱的变异,该变异导致疫苗株在EIAV体内主要靶细胞巨噬细胞中复制能力的降低,导致毒力进一步减弱.     

EIAV弱毒疫苗免疫马外周血单核细胞IL-2表达水平的研究

目的:通过定量监测马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)弱毒疫苗免疫马外周血单核细胞(PBMC)IL-2表达水平的变化特征,探讨EIAV弱毒疫苗的免疫保护机制。方法:用实时定量RT-PCR技术建立了马外周血PBMCIL-2表达水平的定量检测方法。在不同的时间点定期对4组(疫苗免疫组、健康对照组、强毒攻毒组和EIAV自然感染组)12匹马的外周血PBMCIL-2表达水平进行了检测,同时观察了临床症状及体温变化等指标。疫苗株免疫动物8个月后用强毒攻毒,观察了攻毒前后IL-2表达水平的变化。结果:(1)疫苗免疫马外周血PBMCIL-2的表达量显著高于健康对照组及自然感染组(P<0.01),且免疫后攻毒IL2继续升高,4匹疫苗免疫马均获得完全保护;(2)强毒攻毒对照组IL2表达量随疾病进展波动,发热期明显下降。结论:首次证明EIAV弱毒疫苗可诱导马外周血PBMC表达高水平的IL-2,提示IL-2在疫苗的免疫保护应答中发挥了重要作用;IL-2表达水平还与EIAV感染后的疾病进展密切相关。     

AIDS猕猴模型在HIV疫苗研究中的应用

对HIV疫苗的研究一直是国际上艾滋病方面研究的热点和难点。动物模型则为疫苗研究必不可缺少的重要工具,缺乏合适的动物模型很大程度上制约了AIDS疫苗的研究。目前在国际上SIV或SHIV感染的猕猴模型为最常用的AIDS研究模型,受猕猴背景及病毒特性等多种因素的影响,使得以上两种模型在HIV疫苗研究中仍存在一定的局限性。为了更好地发挥猕猴模型在HIV疫苗研究中的巨大潜力,开发理想的AIDS猕猴模型已成为目前HIV疫苗研究的首要任务。本文简要介绍了AIDS疫苗的研发策略、研发概况以及SIV/SHIV猕猴模型在HIV疫苗中的应用,并对其中存在的问题及其应用前景进行了探讨。     

T细胞IFN-g表达水平检测方法的建立及其在马传染性 贫血疫苗免疫机理研究中的应用

[目的]马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)弱毒疫苗致弱机制和免疫保护机理的研究可以为慢病毒疫苗的研究提供重要的模型.为探讨IFN-γ表达水平与疫苗保护性免疫的关系,本研究旨在建立一种准确、有效地检测EIAV感染马不同T细胞亚型表达IFN-γ水平的方法.[方法]我们将分离的马传贫弱毒疫苗免疫马(FDDV)、强毒感染马(LV)和健康马的外周血单核细胞(PBMC),体外分别经病毒(FDDV)和PMA/Inomycin激活、 BFA 阻断蛋白分泌、荧光标记马的特异性表面抗体和IFN-γ抗体等过程后,进行流式检测.[结果]疫苗免疫马产生的特异性IFN-γ水平为CD4 1.7(0.9%/CD8 6.1(1.2%,而强毒组则为CD4 0.6(0.1%/CD8 2.4(0.9%.[结论]本研究建立的多荧光参数流式细胞术同时检测细胞内IFN-γ染色和淋巴细胞亚型的方法,具有良好的特异性,稳定性和重复性.为研究EIAV弱毒疫苗免疫保护机制奠定了基础.     

马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞弱毒疫苗株及其亲本驴强毒株长末端重复序列(LTR)的启动子活性比较

将马传染性贫血病毒驴强毒(donkey-adapted equine infectious anemia virus,D-A EIAV)、马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞弱毒(donkey leukocyte attenuated EIAV,DLA EIAV)及EIAV Wyoming株的全长长末端重复序列(LTR)分别克隆到报告基因载体pCAT-Basic vector中,获得重组质粒p-D-A-LTR-CAT、p-DLA-LTR-CAT及p-Wyo-LTR-CAT.将这3个重组质粒分别体外转染EIAV阴性健康驴的白细胞,比较这三者LTR启动报告基因CAT表达的基础活性和在tat-pcDNA3共转染条件下激活活性的差异.结果表明:在驴白细胞中,DLA EIAV LTR启动CAT表达的活性略高于D-A EIAV LTR;而与EIAV Wyoming株LTR比较,DLA EIAV与D-A EIAV二者LTR启动CAT表达的活性都较低.在有共转染重组表达质粒tat-pcDNA3条件下,D-A EIAV、DLA EIAV及EIAV Wyoming株LTR起始CAT表达的活性都得到提高,分别提高了4.8倍、6.0倍和3.2倍.上述结果提示,LTR可能是体现DLA EIAV驴白细胞适应性的因素,不一定是影响其毒力减弱的根本原因.     

特异性标记EIAV感染性克隆的构建及鉴定

用FLAG^TM或6His对EIAV疫苗株全基因感染性克隆pFD3的S2分子进行分子标记,以建立EIAV疫苗株与野毒株感染鉴别诊断的方法。标记产物pFD3-FLAG和pFD3-HISADD转染驴胎皮细胞(FDD)后收获衍生病毒并用逆转录酶活性检测和PCR方法确定其感染性。在FDD细胞上盲传至第五代后收获细胞培养上清再感染驴单核巨噬细胞(DL),盲传三代后pFD3-FLAGRT酶活性显示弱阳性,未见明显的细胞病变;pFD3-HISADD为强阳性,且细胞病变效应明显,在电镜下可见明显的病毒颗粒。与父本克隆pFD3相比,在细胞水平上二者复制特性有明显的不同。证明在DL细胞上S2基因的完整性是病毒复制很重要的因素。     

马传染性贫血病毒囊膜基因的研究进展

马传染性贫血病毒是反转录病毒科慢病毒属的成员之一 ,不仅与人免疫缺陷病毒具有序列同源性 ,而且与其血清具有交叉反应。马传染性贫血驴白细胞弱毒疫苗是迄今为止唯一研究成功的慢病毒疫苗。在马传贫病毒囊膜基因的研究中有助于弄清其抗原变异、持续感染和疫苗免疫机理 ,为艾滋病疫苗的研究提供借鉴。对囊膜基因的结构、变异及其在机体免疫应答中的作用进行了讨论。     

Regulation of equine infectious anemia virus expression

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is an ungulate lentivirus that is related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Much of the understanding of lentiviral gene regulation comes from studies using HIV. HIV studies have provided insights into molecular regulation of EIAV expression; however, much of the regulation of EIAV expression stands in stark contrast to that of HIV. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of EIAV regulation by comparing and contrasting EIAV gene regulation to HIV. The role of EIAV gene regulation is discussed in relation to EIAV pathogenesis.     

The comparison of genetic variation in the envelope protein between various immunodeficiency viruses and equine infectious anemia virus

The envelope protein (Env) of lentiviruses such as HIV, SIV, FIV and EIAV is larger than that of other retroviruses. The Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine is based on Env and has helped to successfully control this virus, demonstrating that envelope is crucial for vaccine. We compared Env variation of the four kinds of lentiviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary relationship of Env between HIV and SIV was the closest and they appeared to descend from a common ancestor, and the relationship of HIV and EIAV was the furthest. EIAV had the shortest Env length and the least number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) as well as glycosylation density compared to various immunodeficiency viruses. However, HIV had the longest Env length and the most PNGS. Moreover, the alignment of HIV and SIV showed that PNGS were primarily distributed within extracellular membrane protein gp120 rather than transmembrane gp41. It implies that the size difference among these viruses is associated with a lentivirus specific function and also the diversity of env. There are low levels of modification of glycosylation sites of Env and selection of optimal protective epitopes might be useful for development of an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS.     

A live attenuated equine infectious anemia virus proviral vaccine with a modified S2 gene provides protection from detectable infection by intravenous virulent virus challenge of experimentally inoculated horses

Previous evaluations of inactivated whole-virus and envelope subunit vaccines to equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have revealed a broad spectrum of efficacy ranging from highly type-specific protection to severe enhancement of viral replication and disease in experimentally immunized equids. Among experimental animal lentivirus vaccines, immunizations with live attenuated viral strains have proven most effective, but the vaccine efficacy has been shown to be highly dependent on the nature and severity of the vaccine virus attenuation. We describe here for the first time the characterization of an experimental attenuated proviral vaccine, EIAV(UK)deltaS2, based on inactivation of the S2 accessory gene to down regulate in vivo replication without affecting in vitro growth properties. The results of these studies demonstrated that immunization with EIAV(UK)deltaS2 elicited mature virus-specific immune responses by 6 months and that this vaccine immunity provided protection from disease and detectable infection by intravenous challenge with a reference virulent biological clone, EIAV(PV). This level of protection was observed in each of the six experimental horses challenged with the reference virulent EIAV(PV) by using a low-dose multiple-exposure protocol (three administrations of 10 median horse infectious doses [HID(50)], intravenous) designed to mimic field exposures and in all three experimentally immunized ponies challenged intravenously with a single inoculation of 3,000 HID(50). In contrast, na?ve equids subjected to the low- or high-dose challenge develop a detectable infection of challenge virus and acute disease within several weeks. Thus, these data demonstrate that the EIAV S2 gene provides an optimal site for modification to achieve the necessary balance between attenuation to suppress virulence and replication potential to sufficiently drive host immune responses to produce vaccine immunity to viral exposure.     

Risk of equine infectious anemia virus disease transmission through in vitro embryo production using somatic cell nuclear transfer

Prevention and regulation of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) disease transmission solely depend on identification, isolation, and elimination of infected animals because of lack of an effective vaccine. Embryo production via the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology uses oocytes collected mainly from untested animals, which creates a potential risk of EIAV transmission through infected embryos. The current review examines the risk of EIAV disease transmission through SCNT embryo production and transfer. Equine infectious anemia virus is a lentivirus from the family Retroviridae. Because of a lack of direct reports on this subject, relevant information gathered from close relatives of EIAV, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), is summarized and used to predict the biological plausibility of EIAV disease transmission through transfers of the equine SCNT embryos. Based on published information regarding interaction of oocytes with lentiviruses and the sufficiency of oocyte and embryo washing procedures to prevent lentivirus transmission from in vitro-produced embryos of various species, we predicted the risk of EIAV transmission through SCNT embryo production and transfer to be very small or absent.     

Protective Efficacy of Centralized and Polyvalent Envelope Immunogens in an Attenuated Equine Lentivirus Vaccine

Lentiviral Envelope (Env) antigenic variation and related immune evasion present major hurdles to effective vaccine development. Centralized Env immunogens that minimize the genetic distance between vaccine proteins and circulating viral isolates are an area of increasing study in HIV vaccinology. To date, the efficacy of centralized immunogens has not been evaluated in the context of an animal model that could provide both immunogenicity and protective efficacy data. We previously reported on a live-attenuated (attenuated) equine infectious anemia (EIAV) virus vaccine, which provides 100% protection from disease after virulent, homologous, virus challenge. Further, protective efficacy demonstrated a significant, inverse, linear relationship between EIAV Env divergence and protection from disease when vaccinates were challenged with viral strains of increasing Env divergence from the vaccine strain Env. Here, we sought to comprehensively examine the protective efficacy of centralized immunogens in our attenuated vaccine platform. We developed, constructed, and extensively tested a consensus Env, which in a virulent proviral backbone generated a fully replication-competent pathogenic virus, and compared this consensus Env to an ancestral Env in our attenuated proviral backbone. A polyvalent attenuated vaccine was established for comparison to the centralized vaccines. Additionally, an engineered quasispecies challenge model was created for rigorous assessment of protective efficacy. Twenty-four EIAV-naïve animals were vaccinated and challenged along with six-control animals six months post-second inoculation. Pre-challenge data indicated the consensus Env was more broadly immunogenic than the Env of the other attenuated vaccines. However, challenge data demonstrated a significant increase in protective efficacy of the polyvalent vaccine. These findings reveal, for the first time, a consensus Env immunogen that generated a fully-functional, replication-competent lentivirus, which when experimentally evaluated, demonstrated broader immunogenicity that does not equate to higher protective efficacy.     

Discerning an effective balance between equine infectious anemia virus attenuation and vaccine efficacy

Among the diverse experimental vaccines evaluated in various animal lentivirus models, live attenuated vaccines have proven to be the most effective, thus providing an important model for examining critical immune correlates of protective vaccine immunity. We previously reported that an experimental live attenuated vaccine for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), based on mutation of the viral S2 accessory gene, elicited protection from detectable infection by virulent virus challenge (F. Li et al., J. Virol. 77:7244-7253, 2003). To better understand the critical components of EIAV vaccine efficacy, we examine here the relationship between the extent of virus attenuation, the maturation of host immune responses, and vaccine efficacy in a comparative study of three related attenuated EIAV proviral vaccine strains: the previously described EIAV(UK)DeltaS2 derived from a virulent proviral clone, EIAV(UK)DeltaS2/DU containing a second gene mutation in the virulent proviral clone, and EIAV(PR)DeltaS2 derived from a reference avirulent proviral clone. Inoculations of parallel groups of eight horses resulted in relatively low levels of viral replication (average of 10(2) to 10(3) RNA copies/ml) and a similar maturation of EIAV envelope-specific antibody responses as determined in quantitative and qualitative serological assays. However, experimental challenge of the experimentally immunized horses by our standard virulent EIAV(PV) strain by using a low-dose multiple exposure protocol (three inoculations with 10 median horse infective doses, administered intravenously) revealed a marked difference in the protective efficacy of the various attenuated proviral vaccine strains that was evidently associated with the extent of vaccine virus attenuation, time of viral challenge, and the apparent maturation of virus-specific immunity.     

几种药物抑制马传染性贫血病毒和人免疫缺陷病毒的实验研究

用马传染性贫血病毒—驴胚肺二倍体细胞(EIAV-DELDC)为实验体系,以细胞中病毒逆转录酶活性及病毒相关抗原的表达为观察指标,检测了叠氮胸苷(AZT)、三氮唑核苷(Ribavirin,病毒唑)、磷羧基甲酸钠(PFA)和苏拉明等4种已知抗人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)药物对马传染性贫血病毒的抑制作用。结果表明,PFA、AZTTP(三磷酸AZT)和苏拉明均能抑制病毒相关抗原的表达,AZT虽无此作用,但能抑制细胞内逆转录酶活性。用~3H-TMP掺入法比较了PFA、AZTTP、苏拉明对体外无细胞系EIAV逆转录酶粗提物和HIV-1基因工程产物逆转录酶活性的抑制作用表明,两种逆转录酶对苏拉明的敏感性相近,而HIV-1逆转录酶对PFA和AZTTP的敏感性较EIAV者高约100倍。又以无细胞系中逆转录酶活性测定法,检测了12种中药提取物的抑制作用,其中小柴胡汤对EIAV和HIV-1逆转录酶活性都有抑制作用,IC_(50)为717μg/ml和700μg/ml(生药浓度)。小柴胡汤对两种病毒感染细胞中抗原的表达和HIV引起细胞病变都有抑制作用,对HIV-1的抑制比EIAV强。这些结果表明,EIAV-DELDC体系可考虑作为抗HIV-1药物筛选模型。     

Efficacy of inactivated whole-virus and subunit vaccines in preventing infection and disease caused by equine infectious anemia virus.

We report here on a series of vaccine trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an inactivated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) whole-virus vaccine and of a subunit vaccine enriched in EIAV envelope glycoproteins. The inactivated vaccine protected 14 of 15 immunized ponies from infection after challenge with at least 10(5) 50% tissue culture-infective doses of the homologous prototype strain of EIAV. In contrast, it failed to prevent infection in any of 15 immunized ponies that were challenged with the heterologous PV strain. Levels of PV virus replication and the development of disease, however, were significantly reduced in 12 of the 15 ponies so challenged. The subunit vaccine prevented infection from homologous challenge in four of four ponies tested but failed to prevent infection in all four challenged with the PV strain. Two of the four subunit vaccinates had more severe symptoms of equine infectious anemia than nonimmunized ponies infected in parallel. Both vaccines stimulated EIAV-specific cell-mediated immunity. The in vitro lymphoproliferative response was shown to be mediated by T lymphocytes and appeared to be indistinguishable from that induced by EIAV infection. Significant differences were observed in the in vivo lymphocyte responses following challenge with the two virus strains. While peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the inactivated virus vaccinates were equally stimulated by both the prototype and PV strains, the subunit vaccinates challenged with PV exhibited lower levels of spontaneous proliferation and serine esterase activity. This diminished cellular response to PV was correlated with more severe clinical disease in the same ponies. These studies demonstrate for the first time that both an EIAV inactivated whole-virus vaccine and a viral envelope glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine can provide protection against rigorous challenge levels of homologous virus but are unable to protect against similar challenge levels of a heterologous virus. Moreover, the data demonstrate that protection can be achieved in the absence of detectable levels of virus-specific neutralizing antibody in the vaccine recipients at the time of virus challenge. While vaccine-induced virus-specific cell-mediated immune responses were detected, their role in conferring protection was not obvious. Nevertheless, protection from disease appeared to be correlated with the induction of high levels of serine esterase activity following challenge. A significant observation is that while the whole-virus vaccine was usually capable of preventing or markedly moderating disease in the PV-infected ponies, the subunit vaccine appeared to have a high potential to enhance the disease induced by PV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)