两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析

应用生命表技术分析了拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani(T.c)和卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogramm-atoidea bactrae Nagaraja(T.b)在两种繁蜂条件组配下（分别用米蛾Corcyra cephalomica(Stainton)(RM)卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)(DBM)卵繁育）对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析,结果表明：（1）在相同寄主繁蜂条件下,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂在小菜蛾卵上显示出较强的寄生潜能,米蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-DBM)的内禀增长率为0.3509和0.3450,而米蛾卵上所繁的澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的拟澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-DBM)的仅为0.2391和0.1902,T.b-RM和T.b-DBM的每雌平均寄生卵数为70.75和46.13粒,而T.c-RM和T.c-DBM的仅为64.90和31.73粒,但拟澳洲赤眼蜂的雌蜂寿命较卷蛾分索赤眼蜂更长。（2）在不同寄主繁蜂条件下,同种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能以米蛾卵所繁的仔蜂的各项寄生特性参数（内禀增长率,每雌寄生卵量,净生殖力,平均世代历期和雌蜂寿命）均优于用小菜蛾卵所繁之蜂,米蛾卵是其适宜的中间寄主。（3）长期用中间寄主繁蜂,赤眼蜂对目标寄主表现出一定的不适应性,中间寄主的驯化对赤眼蜂的寄生潜能有不容忽视的削弱作用。     

湖南湘潭地区空心莲子草叶甲自然种群的越冬虫态与越冬生境

卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani是小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)的优势寄生蜂。本研究利用“Y”型管测定了2种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾P. xylostella利他素-卵表和腹部鳞片13种饱和烷烃的嗅觉反应。结果显示: 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂交配雌蜂进入2, 6, 10, 14-四甲基十五烷、正十五烷、正十七烷处理区的百分数分别为80.65%, 68.75%和66.67%, 表明这3种烷烃对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂交配雌蜂有显著的吸引作用, 其他10种饱和烷烃对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂无明显作用。拟澳洲赤眼蜂进入2, 6, 10, 14-四甲基十五烷、正三十五烷和正十五烷处理区的数目分别占84.38%, 70%和62.16%, 表明其对拟澳洲赤眼蜂交配雌蜂起着显著的吸引作用, 而另外10种烷烃对拟澳洲赤眼蜂雌蜂无作用。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂未交配雄蜂进入13种烷烃处理区和对照区的时间均无显著差异, 表明利他素各组分对2种赤眼蜂未交配雄蜂均无吸引作用。     

卷蛾分索赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂对小菜蛾利他素各成分的嗅觉反应

卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani是小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)的优势寄生蜂。本研究利用“Y”型管测定了2种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾P. xylostella利他素-卵表和腹部鳞片13种饱和烷烃的嗅觉反应。结果显示: 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂交配雌蜂进入2, 6, 10, 14-四甲基十五烷、正十五烷、正十七烷处理区的百分数分别为80.65%, 68.75%和66.67%, 表明这3种烷烃对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂交配雌蜂有显著的吸引作用, 其他10种饱和烷烃对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂无明显作用。拟澳洲赤眼蜂进入2, 6, 10, 14-四甲基十五烷、正三十五烷和正十五烷处理区的数目分别占84.38%, 70%和62.16%, 表明其对拟澳洲赤眼蜂交配雌蜂起着显著的吸引作用, 而另外10种烷烃对拟澳洲赤眼蜂雌蜂无作用。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂未交配雄蜂进入13种烷烃处理区和对照区的时间均无显著差异, 表明利他素各组分对2种赤眼蜂未交配雄蜂均无吸引作用。     

几种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾寄生能力的影响

通过室内功能反应试验,测定松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimiMatsumura、短管赤眼蜂T.pretiosumRiley、暗黑赤眼蜂T.pintoiVoegele、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniaePangetChen、卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactraeNagaraja、拟澳洲赤眼蜂T.confusumViggiani、舟蛾赤眼蜂T.closteraePangetChen、广赤眼蜂T.evanescensWestwood对广州地区重要园林害虫灰白蚕蛾的寄生能力。结果表明,除卷蛾分索赤眼蜂外,其它7种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的寄生作用均能用HollingⅡ型功能反应模型拟合。松毛虫赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的寄生能力为最强,短管赤眼蜂和暗黑赤眼蜂次之,最大寄生卵量分别为25.8粒/雌、19.0粒/雌和18.6粒/雌,且在灰白蚕蛾卵内都能发育成功和正常羽化,可进一步进行筛选。虽然玉米螟赤眼蜂和舟蛾赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾有较强的寄生能力,但其后代雌蜂率都较低,且玉米螟赤眼蜂不能正常羽化,因此不适宜用来防治灰白蚕蛾。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂的最大寄生量都较低,均不超过15.0粒,对灰白蚕蛾卵的寄生潜能不大。     

冷藏米蛾卵对稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂子代质量的影响

【目的】以稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead和玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniae为试验对象,研究低温冷藏米蛾卵对赤眼蜂子代质量的影响,为米蛾卵的合理利用,赤眼蜂的工厂化生产和应用提供理论依据。【方法】将米蛾卵在不同温度(1、4、7、10℃)下冷藏不同时间(3、5、7、10、15、20、25、30、40d),研究米蛾卵冷藏后作为寄主卵对两种赤眼蜂子代寄生卵量、F_2代羽化出蜂率和雌蜂率的影响,利用赤眼蜂子代寄生卵量、F_2代羽化出蜂率和雌蜂率三者乘积表示赤眼蜂子代质量(Q),根据赤眼蜂子代质量判断冷藏米蛾卵对子代质量的影响。【结果】米蛾卵冷藏温度和时间对赤眼蜂子代寄生卵量影响显著,但不同赤眼蜂种类和不同冷藏温度间表现不同。繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂时,米蛾卵在4℃下冷藏赤眼蜂寄生卵量下降最缓,米蛾卵冷藏20d内赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间差异不显著,在其他温度下米蛾卵冷藏3 d稻螟赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间差异达到显著水平;繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂时,米蛾卵在4℃下冷藏赤眼蜂寄生卵量下降最缓,米蛾卵冷藏20d赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间差异达到显著水平,1℃下冷藏赤眼蜂寄生卵量下降最快,米蛾卵冷藏5 d赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间达到显著水平。米蛾卵冷藏对稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂F_2代的羽化率和雌蜂率产生的不利影响相对较小,米蛾卵冷藏30 d赤眼蜂F_2代的羽化率仍在70%以上,雌蜂率仍在75%以上。【结论】米蛾卵冷藏超过一定的时间以后会对稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂子代的寄生卵量,F_2代的羽化出蜂率和雌蜂率产生不利影响,从而降低子代稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的质量,但在适宜的温度下冷藏一定时间内对其子代质量影响不显著,其中4℃下冷藏米蛾卵繁殖的赤眼蜂子代质量最佳,冷藏30 d赤眼蜂子代质量降低不到50%。     

常用杀虫剂对小菜蛾天敌卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的影响

在实验室条件下测定田间常用的11种杀虫剂对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)卵寄生性天敌卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja的影响。结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯、丁醚脲、阿维菌素、多杀霉素、溴虫腈、氟虫腈和杀螟丹对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂有极明显触杀毒性,成蜂接触药膜8h后的死亡率达到89.31%～100%,丁醚脲、阿维菌素和多杀霉素能极显著降低成蜂的寄生力,溴虫腈和氟虫腈处理卵和幼虫期均显著降低卷蛾分索赤眼的成蜂羽化率,杀螟丹对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂各虫态都有极强的毒性,其处理后成蜂的羽化率几乎都为0。试验结果说明,氟啶脲、茚虫威、苏云金杆菌和虫酰肼对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂及各发育虫态均较安全,可在田间任何时候使用,而高效氯氰菊酯、丁醚脲、多杀霉素和阿维菌素的使用则应尽量避开卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂期。     

低温冷藏对米蛾卵繁育稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂质量的影响

研究了稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂对在不同温度(1℃、4℃、7℃、10℃)下冷藏不同时间(0、3、5、7、10、15、20、25、30、40 d)处理的米蛾卵的寄生适合度,进而以赤眼蜂寄生米蛾卵粒数、赤眼蜂羽化率和羽化雌蜂率三者乘积表示米蛾卵的繁蜂质量指标(Q),确定繁殖两种赤眼蜂时米蛾卵的最佳冷藏温度和冷藏时间。结果表明:繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂时,4℃下冷藏米蛾卵赤眼蜂寄生米蛾卵粒数最高,7℃次之,米蛾卵冷藏超过15 d赤眼蜂寄生米蛾卵粒数降低50%,但是赤眼蜂寄生米蛾卵粒仍高于20粒;繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂时,7℃冷藏米蛾卵赤眼蜂寄生米蛾卵粒数最高,4℃次之,米蛾卵冷藏10 d玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生米蛾卵粒数降低50%,但是冷藏20 d赤眼蜂寄生米蛾卵粒仍高于20粒,但各温度间差异不显著;冷藏15 d以内繁殖的赤眼蜂羽化出蜂率和羽化雌蜂与对照之间差异不显著。从数值上看冷藏15 d以内,4℃下冷藏米蛾卵的繁蜂质量较高,冷藏15 d以上,10℃下米蛾卵的繁蜂质量较高。综合分析在4℃～7℃下冷藏的米蛾卵繁蜂质量最好,冷藏时间最多不能超过15 d,两种赤眼蜂之间略有差异,但是差异不大。     

11种不同类型杀虫剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂繁殖的亚致死效应

在实验室条件下通过药膜法研究了11种不同类型的杀虫剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja成蜂的毒性, 并研究了杀虫剂对其繁殖的亚致死效应, 旨在评估各药剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的安全性, 为小菜蛾Plutella xylostella防治过程中杀虫剂的合理施用提供科学依据。研究结果表明, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂对阿维菌素最敏感, 致死中浓度LC₅₀和亚致死浓度LC₃₀分别为0.1984和0.1660 mg/L, 其次为氟虫腈（0.2027和0.1903 mg/L）、溴虫腈（0.3069和0.2038 mg/L）、多杀霉素（1.3630和1.0481 mg/L）、杀螟丹（8.1042 和6.7891 mg/L）、高效氯氰菊酯（10.3647和5.8035 mg/L）和丁醚脲（11.5318 和9.9212 mg/L）。经亚致死浓度LC₃₀的阿维菌素、溴虫腈、杀螟丹、丁醚脲、多杀霉素和氟虫腈处理后, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的寿命（1.00~1.67 d）显著缩短, 寄生卵量（0~21.70粒/雌）明显降低, 种群参数（净生殖力R₀、内禀增长率r_m、周限增长率λ和世代平均历期T）明显低于对照（P<0.05）。田间推荐浓度的茚虫威、氟啶脲、苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis、虫酰肼对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂寿命及产卵量均没有不利影响, 但能通过缩短其世代平均历期T, 从而使净生殖力R₀、内禀增长率r_m和周限增长率λ增加。而经亚致死浓度LC₃₀的高效氯氰菊酯处理后, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的寿命（3.77 d）显著延长, 寄生卵量（55.47粒/雌）明显提高, 种群参数明显高于对照(P<0.05)。结果说明, 氟啶脲、茚虫威、苏云金杆菌和虫酰肼对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂较安全; 丁醚脲对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的寄生能力影响极大, 在田间施用时应当尽量避开卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的盛发期。     

不同赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的偏好性比较

在实验室条件下,利用不同种类和品系的赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.对灰白蚕蛾Ocinnara varians选择性和灰白蚕蛾对其适合性的差异,筛选防治灰白蚕蛾的有效蜂种和品系,结果表明,在供试的8种赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、舟蛾赤眼蜂Trichogramma closterae、暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma euproctidis和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum 5种赤眼蜂较其它3种赤眼蜂更偏好寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵,每雌蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的接触次数、寄生卵数都相对较多,且羽化率也都较高.广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数最多,为6.60次/雌,但寄生卵数却很少,为4.55粒/雌,羽化率也很低,为27.86%.玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵比较多,为14.35粒/雌,但对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数很少,仅1.20次/雌,羽化率也很低,为24.17%.卷蛾分索赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数和寄生卵数最少的,分别为0.60次/雌和2.20粒/雌,且被寄生卵全部不能发育成功.综合分析结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂是最适合寄生灰白蚕蛾卵的赤眼蜂种,可作为其生物防治的潜在寄生蜂.     

赤眼蜂田间混合种群的分离、鉴定及其性比的确定

介绍了一种适用于赤眼蜂Trichogramma田间混合种群分离、鉴定及性比确定的简单而有效的方法,并据此方法成功地鉴定出4种自然寄生于小菜蛾卵的寄生蜂种类,拟澳洲赤眼蜂TrichogrammaconfusumViggiani、玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma.ostriniaePangetChen、微突赤眼蜂TrichogrammaraioNagaraja及卷蛾分索赤眼蜂TrichogrammatoideabactraeNagaraja。     

Response of Trichogramma egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps

The response of Trichogramma spp. egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps was evaluated in the field during two seasons (1995/1996, 1996/1997). Traps consisted of a glass tube coated with Bird-Tanglefoot® into which colored paper was inserted or clear traps without paper. Colors tested were white, green, blue, yellow and red in the first season and white, green, yellow and black in the second season. The proportion of both female and male parasitoids caught on the sticky traps was significantly different among colors, indicating that the parasitoids actively move between plants and are not solely carried along passively by wind. White was the color most preferred by female parasitoids, followed by clear and green traps. Yellow was preferred over black but was less attractive than green. Visual cues may be used by Trichogramma spp. during the habitat location process. The color preference of male Trichogramma spp. differed significantly from females with yellow and green being more attractive than white. For all colors, more female Trichogramma spp. were caught on the sticky traps (>85% of all wasps caught), indicating a lower activity level and/or shorter lifespan for males. The use of white cylindrical sticky traps for monitoring Trichogramma spp. populations in the field is recommended.     

瓢虫的趋光性反应研究

以六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius和狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius为例,研究了瓢虫对不同光质(波长)的趋光性反应。在室内分别测定了六斑月瓢虫和狭臀瓢虫对5种发光二极管(LED)光波的趋性,以及在田间挂板(佳多)测定了瓢虫对色板的选择趋性。室内测定结果表明,瓢虫对黄色和白色LED光波的选择趋性显著高于与其它颜色;田间挂板试验表明,黄色对瓢虫的诱杀作用最强。综合分析,黄色对瓢虫有强烈的吸引作用,建议在使用黄板进行田间监测和防治时应考虑对天敌瓢虫的诱杀作用。     

Landing Surface Color Preferences of Spathius agrili (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

The color preferences for landing surfaces were examined for Spathius agrili (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitic wasp introduced for biocontrol of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Lures with the 3-component pheromone blend of male S. agrili were used to activate upwind flight by virgin female S. agrili in a laminar flow wind tunnel. Paper discs with halves of two different colors (combination pairs of black, white, red, yellow, green, or purple), with the pheromone lure in the center, were tested to quantify preferences for landing on one color over another. Females landed preferentially on green, yellow, and white surfaces, and landed the least frequently on red, black, and purple surfaces. Changes in color preferences due to adjacent colors were observed and discussed.     

红火蚁工蚁对颜色信号的选择与利用

为探明红火蚁Solenopsis invicta工蚁对颜色信号的选择与利用,本研究测定了不同颜色色卡对工蚁的趋向行为以及不同颜色饵料对工蚁觅食行为的影响,以期为红火蚁的高效监测与防控提供重要基础。结果表明颜色显著影响了红火蚁工蚁的趋向行为,黑色对工蚁的引诱率最高,可达32%;黄色对工蚁的引诱率最低,仅为7%。研究也发现不同颜色的饵料显著影响了红火蚁工蚁的觅食。在5 min时间内,工蚁在黄色、绿色以及蓝色饵料上觅食的数量最多,显著高于在紫色和黑色上饵料的觅食工蚁数;工蚁对红色、橙色、黄色、绿色、蓝色饵料的搬运量最大,显著高于紫色与黑色的饵料。综上,红火蚁工蚁可以识别与利用颜色信号,在制备红火蚁监测与防控饵剂时,可以考虑将饵剂染色红、橙、黄、绿、蓝等反射波长较长的颜色,以便工蚁能快速定位到饵剂并搬运更多的饵剂到蚁巢中。     

Color Preference and Associative Color Learning in a Parasitoid Wasp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ascogaster reticulata</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Natural enemies of agricultural pests, such as parasitoids and predators, often use chemical and visual cues in search of their hosts and prey, and they can learn the association between the cues and the host and prey presence. The braconid, egg-larval endoparasitoid wasp Ascogaster reticulata is a promising biological control agent for tortricid pests, such as Adoxophyes honmai, in tea plantations. Although previous studies revealed that A. reticulata uses contact chemicals released by tea plants in response to tortricid egg oviposition and that it can learn the associated cues, the diurnal wasp is also expected to use visual cues, especially color. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the innate color preference and associative color learning ability of A. reticulata. When a green paper and a paper of a different color (black, blue, red or yellow) was offered together to naive females of the wasp, the females spent less time on a black and blue papers. However, wasps trained to associate black or blue with the presence of a host egg-mass showed increased preference for these colors, whereas red- and yellow-trained wasps did not show changes in preference. Our findings indicate that A. reticulata uses colors, in addition to chemical cues, in host searching behavior and has the ability to learn colors associated with host presence.     

Color discrimination in wild boars

Two experiments were carried out in order to clarify the color perception of Japanese wild boarsSus scrofa leucomystax. Two females were trained using an operant conditioning technique to press a switch under a positive stimulus color card in order to receive food as a reward. In Exp. 1, they were tested for discrimination between 3 colors (red, green and blue) and gray. The luminosity of all colors was the same. The wild boars succeeded in discrimination tests between blue and gray, but failed to discriminate red from gray. They also did not discriminate green from gray so clearly as blue from gray. In Exp. 2, the same wild boars were tested to discriminate between 8 kinds of color, which were created by gradating green yellow into red purple except for the 3 colors used in Exp. 1, and gray. They could clearly discriminate blue, purple blue and a part of purple from gray. In these experiments, wild boars were capable of recognizing bluish colors. However, for colors approaching green or yellow, they failed the test by degrees.     

白蜡虫寄生蜂对颜色的选择性及活动规律

在云南省昆明市白汉场白蜡园中采用不同颜色对白蜡虫寄生蜂进行了颜色趋性实验,利用寄生蜂对颜色的趋性进行了红色、黄色、蓝色、蓝绿色、绿色、灰褐色、白色和黑色8种颜色、6:00-9:00am,9:00-12:00am,12:00am-15:00pm和15:00pm-18:00pm4个时段、寄主林树冠上部、中部、下部3个位置高度和东、南、西、北4个方位以及在阴天、雨天和晴天3种天气下的白蜡虫寄生蜂活动规律观察。结果表明,白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂(Microterys ericeri Ishii)、白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂(Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang)和中华花翅跳小蜂(Microterys sinicus Jiang)3种寄生蜂优势种对黄色有明显的趋向性,对颜色的选择性依次为黄色>蓝色>蓝绿色>绿色>白色>灰褐色>红色>黑色。在白蜡园寄主林,寄主植物中部诱集的白蜡虫寄生蜂数量最多,占52.21%;其次是下部,占39.80%;顶部最少,仅占7.99%。白蜡虫寄生蜂的活动与白蜡虫在寄主植物上的分布密切相关。白蜡虫寄生蜂在不同方向上的活动差异不显著。在一天中的不同时段里,白蜡虫寄生蜂在6:00-9:00am有一个活动高峰期,在15:00-18:00pm出现一个次高峰期。白蜡虫寄生蜂在晴天活动较活跃,在阴天和雨天活动较少。     

青斑蝶Tirumala limniace成虫颜色偏好性研究

【目的】明确青斑蝶Tirumala limniace雌、雄成虫对颜色的偏好性,可以为此蝴蝶人工饲养时的合理环境条件设定提供必要的理论支持。【方法】本研究通过在室内和野外对青斑蝶成虫对6种颜色(白色、红色、绿色、黄色、蓝色和紫色)光源的选择行为进行观察,明确青斑蝶成虫对不同颜色的偏好性。【结果】(1)在室内和在野外雌、雄成虫均优先选择黄色。(2)雌雄成虫在野外无其它光源干扰下对黄色的选择性强于室内。(3)单色光源照明和多种不同颜色光源同时存在下,成虫对颜色的偏好程度存在差异:当只有单色光源照明时,成虫对颜色的偏好程度为黄色>绿色=红色≥蓝色≥紫色;当不同颜色光源同时存在时,成虫对颜色的偏好程度则为黄色>蓝色≥绿色=红色≥紫色。(4)在不同颜色光源同时存在时,配对后的雌成虫表现出了比雄成虫更强的颜色选择性:雌成虫对黄色光源的选择性强于雄成虫,且其未产生颜色选择的成虫数量也少于雄成虫。【结论】青斑蝶成虫存在对黄色选择的颜色恒常性,野外成虫对颜色的选择性强于室内,雌、雄成虫对偏好颜色选择性存在性别差异。     

Learning and discrimination of colored papers in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)

Color discrimination in jumping spiders Hasarius adansoni was examined by heat-avoidance learning in association with colored papers. The arena for the experiment was divided into two halves by a pair of colored papers. The colored papers used in this study were blue, green, yellow, red, white, gray and black. In training sessions, one half of the arena was heated from the bottom by a hot plate, and freely walking spiders were individually trained to avoid the heated half. In subsequent memory tests without heat, they consistently avoided the heat-associated colored papers. We found that jumping spiders could learn blue-green, blue-yellow, blue-red, blue-gray, green-yellow, green-red, green-gray, yellow-red, yellow-gray and red-gray patterns. Moreover, spiders trained with a blue-white pattern, a green-white pattern, a yellow-white pattern or a red-white pattern could discriminate the blue, green, yellow or red from black. It seems that jumping spiders can discriminate the blue, green, yellow and red papers by their hue, although brightness may also be used together with the color cue to discriminate colored papers.     

Host color preferences and short-range searching behavior of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae

The color of lepidopteran eggs often varies by species or egg condition, and parasitoids that attack lepidopteran eggs could therefore potentially use color to obtain information about host identity or quality. The objective of our study was to determine whether females of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae Pang & Chen (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) showed differential responses to egg color when searching for hosts over short distances and when evaluating the suitability of encountered eggs. We examined the wasps’ host‐selection behavior in a Petri dish arena using white, yellow, green, and black clay beads as egg models presented against a green background (to mimic leaf color). In no‐choice tests, bead color had a significant effect on the proportion of tested wasps that accepted a bead for further examination, on the time it took wasps to find and begin examining a bead, and on the time that wasps spent examining the beads. However, bead color had only a marginally significant effect on the proportion of wasps attempting to drill into a bead with their ovipositors, and no significant effect on the amount of time they spent drilling. The wasps also showed significant color preferences when given a choice between two adjacent beads of different colors. The results of the no‐choice and choice trials taken together indicated a color preference ranking of yellow > white > green > black. The wasps’ higher preference for the yellow and white egg models generally corresponds to the white or yellowish‐white egg color of T. ostriniae's target host, the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The wasps’ strong rejection of black egg models is likely to be an adaptive response that reflects the fact that eggs that are wholly or partially black are often unsuitable for parasitization due to advanced caterpillar development, damage to the egg, or previous parasitization.