嘉陵江浮游生物群落结构研究

为揭示嘉陵江梯级水库浮游生物群落结构特征,按枯水期和丰水期对嘉陵江12个梯级水库24个样点进行浮游生物的野外采集,分析其群落结构的物种组成,并采用Shannon-wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行分析.结果表明:嘉陵江四川段浮游植物共8门42科95属171种,浮游动物的组成共有4纲9目21科30属62种;浮游动物优势种类有21种.浮游生物评价结果表明梯级库区水质处于中度污染状态.     

飞来峡水库蓄水初期营养状态及浮游生物分布特征

于2000年丰水期和枯水期调查分析了新建河流型水库-飞来峡水库在蓄水初期的营养状态及浮游生物特征。结果表明:水库处于营养累积高峰期,已开始回落,但流域上游大量含磷废水使水库中磷含量继续上升,目前属于中营养型。共记录到浮游植物29种(属),以蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门种类较多,其中丰水期以蓝藻和绿藻为主,枯水期是硅藻占优势,除大坝附近外,浮游植物两个季节密度变化不大,为0.39×10⁶cells·L^-1.浮游动物53种(属),其中包括僧帽溞和透明薄皮溞两种嗜寒性种类,丰度为52ind.·L^-1,枯水期高于丰水期,数量以轮虫和无节幼体为多。     

鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对池塘浮游生物的影响

本文根据１９９０年－９月对９个鱼池的研究,报道鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对浮游生物的影响,结果表明：鲤鱼种使浮游植物和浮游动物生物量增加,浮游植物大型化,浮游动物小型化,并使浮游植物多样性增加,浮游动物多样性下降;鲢鳙密度增加,浮生物小型明显,微型藻类和超微在在浮植物中所占比重显著增加,小型浮游动物（原生动物和轮虫）在浮游动物中比重也明显增;鲢鳙密度对浮游生物多样性和浮游生物量的影响具有阶段性,当鲢鳙密度低时,     

鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区浮游生物群落结构及空间分布

为评价春季大旱后鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区浮游生物现状,对保护区所辖 8 个子湖及赣江和修河部分河段的浮游生物进行调查和分析。调查共发现浮游植物 53 属 97 种、浮游动物 23 属 42 种（包括原生动物 13 种、轮虫 23 种、枝角类 3 种和桡足类 3 种）,其中大湖池和朱市湖是浮游生物种类数最多的 2 个子湖。各子湖及赣江和修河间浮游生物现存量差异较大,其变化范围分别为260（8.18106）cells/L（浮游植物）、363073173 ind./L（浮游动物）,赣江以西区域的子湖和修河的浮游生物现存量显著高于赣江及其以东区域的子湖。调查水域优势度值（Y）大于 0.02 的浮游生物包括蓝藻 1 种、绿藻 2 种、硅藻 5 种、原生动物 4 种及轮虫 5 种。浮游生物 Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数（H'）和均匀度指数（J）的最大值均分别为 2.41 和 0.96,而其丰富度指数（Dm）值均小于 3。3 种多样性指数综合评价表明,保护区各子湖与修河和赣江水体受污染程度较轻,除蚌湖和梅西湖外,均处于中污状态。       

三门湾健跳港网箱养殖区浮游生物多样性的夏季调查

调查了三门湾健跳港海水养殖区夏季浮游生物的种类组成、密度和多样性指数,并将浮游生物群落指标与水质理化因子进行相关分析。共发现浮游生物29种,其中浮游植物14种,第一优势种为中勒骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum);浮游动物15种,第一优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)。表层浮游植物的平均密度为43 328ind·L^-1,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为0.826;浮游动物平均密度为389ind.m^-3,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为2.964。相关分析结果表明:无机氮、无机磷促使了浮游植物大量繁殖,并使浮游动物多样性指数提高。网箱养鱼区水体富营养化指数与浮游植物多样性指数之间有一定的正相关关系,与浮游动物多样性指数之间呈显著的正相关关系。     

浮游动物

不论海水或淡水中,都漂浮着许多微小的生物,叫做浮游生物.这类生物没有运动的能力,或游泳能力很弱,只能随波逐流,因而得名.浮游生物包括浮游植物和浮游动物两大类.浮游植物的种类组成较单纯,常见的如各种硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻,一般能通过光合作用制造有机质,是水中的物质生产者.浮游动物的种类组成较复杂,通常以浮游植物为食,是初级消费者或其他级消费者,因而是水域食物链中重要的一环.     

鲢、鳙的食性及其对藻类的消化利用

通过对青菱湖34尾刚起水的鲢、鳙食物团的检查,得鲢、鳙食物中浮游植物和浮游动物的数量比例分别为48.78:1和7.95:1;将其折算为生物量,则浮游植物与浮游动物之比,鲢为1:47.6,鳙为1:292.15,显示出两种鱼食物中的浮游动物生物量都大于浮游植物生物量。鉴于鳙所食的浮游动物的生物量大于鲢所食的6倍多,因此,仍可相对地认为鳙以食浮游动物为主,鲢以食浮游植物为主。滤食时,除了小于鲢、鳙鳃耙间隙的浮游生物被随水滤去外,从鲢、鳙所生活的水体中的浮游生物组成和它们肠管中的食物组成的一致性来看,它们对食物并无选择能力。此外,对鲢、鳙是否能够消化某些藻类,根据观察而获得了结果。     

基于ESHIPPO模型的澜沧江中游大坝水生生物生态风险评价

通过小湾大坝蓄水前后8个采样断面的浮游植物、浮游动物和鱼类的对比调查,筛选出适于ESHIPPO模型生态风险评价的广域属种、特有属种（稀有种、特有种、资源种和土著鱼）,并对其进行生态风险分析.结果表明： 大坝建设对水生物种产生一定程度的生态风险,尤其是对于澜沧江土著鱼类,水文形势改变增加了其生态风险;特有属种如浮游植物红毛藻、中华鱼子菜、溪菜,浮游动物云南棘猛水溞和西南荡镖水蚤等处于高风险状态,必须对其加强监测并采取相应的保护措施;浮游植物和浮游动物的广域属种均处于中度风险状态,对其除监测外应做好保护准备;小湾大坝蓄水后,12种土著鱼（光唇裂腹鱼、澜沧裂腹鱼、云南平鳅、黑线沙鳅、横斑原缨口鳅、拟鳗副鳅、云南四须鲃、宽头华鲮、长臀刀鲇、扎那纹胸鮡、无斑褶鮡、宽纹南鳅）处于高度风险状态,应立即对其采取必要的保护措施,防止其消失或灭绝.     

流溪河水库的盔形滔和舌状叶镖水蚤对浮游植物的牧食影响研究

盔形涵Daphnia galeata和舌状叶镖Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus是流溪河水库的两种大型的滤食物性的浮游动物,Ptunguidus也是中国特有种,他们的牧食直接影响浮游植物种类组成和群落结构。为了解这两种浮游动物在自然水体中对浮游植物牧食的作用及营养盐水平对牧食作用的影响,将D．galeata和Ptunguidus以4．4ind．L^-1的密度,分别在两个营养水平（不添加与添加营养盐）中用4．5L的透明塑料瓶培养10天（2008年3月28-4月8日）。在不添加营养盐的实验中,水样为用64um孔径的筛绢过滤后的水库水,在添加营养盐的实验中,为过滤后的水样再加入KH2P04和NaNO3,使TN：TP=16：1（TN=34．86μmol·L^-1,TP=2．18μmol·L^-1）。10天后,计数和分析浮游植物四个粒径级别（〈20μm,20—30μm,30．50μm,〉50μm）和各门类及优势种类的生物量组成,比较两组动物在两种营养状态中对浮游植物生物量的影响。在不添加营养盐的实验中,两种浮游动物对浮游植物总生物量的抑制均不明显,但〈30μm的浮游植物生物量均下降,且D．galeata处理组中,小于20μm的浮游植物生物量低于Ptunguidus处理组,Ptunguidus处理组中20-30μm的浮游植物生物量低于D．galeata组,说明两种浮游动物对〈30Ixm的浮游植物均有抑制作用,但D．galeata对〈20μm的浮游植物抑制强于Ptunguidus而Ptunguidus对20．30μm的浮游植物抑制强于D．galeata。在添加营养盐的实验中,营养盐对浮游植物生物量,尤其对〈20μm的浮游植物生物量的促进作用明显。但两种浮游动物对浮游植物的抑制作用在不同种类之间产生差异。Dgaleataa处理组的浮游植物总生物量明显高于Ptunguidus组,表明Ptunguidus对浮游植物的抑制作用强于Dgaleata。Dgaleata处理组中,蓝藻生物量比例（15％）远低于绿藻（41％）和硅藻（37％）,但在Ptunguidus组蓝藻生物量比例（36％）远高于绿藻（18％）和硅藻（32％）,与不添加营养盐实验的t检验表明Dgaleata对绿藻和蓝藻抑制明显,而Ptunguidus对绿藻和硅藻的抑制明显（t-test,p〉0．05）。Dgaleata对衣藻chlamydomonassp．,绿球藻chlorococcumsp．,单细胞蓝藻抑制作用明显,而Ptunguidus对小球藻chlorellasp．,衣藻chlamydomonassp．,绿球藻chlorococcumsp．,小环藻cyclotellasp．,曲壳藻achnanthessp．,针杆藻Synedrasp．的抑制明显。实验结果表明两种浮游动物影响不同的浮游植物种类,对浮游植物的群落结构的影响具有差异。     

鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征和影响因素及水质评价

为阐明鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因素, 研究于2017年8月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)在鄱阳湖湖区典型水域设置5个采样点进行浮游生物采样调查。研究期间共鉴定浮游植物8门75属186种, 丰水期与枯水期均以硅藻门和绿藻门为主。共鉴定浮游动物4类76种, 丰水期与枯水期均以原生动物和轮虫为主。方差分析显示: 浮游植物密度与生物量在不同水文期之间的差异均为极显著(P<0.01), 浮游动物丰水期密度高于枯水期, 但无显著差异(P>0.05), 浮游动物生物量(P<0.05)在不同水文期差异显著。冗余分析(RDA)显示: 丰水期透明度和浮游生物呈显著负相关关系, 电导率和浮游生物呈显著正相关。透明度、电导率与营养盐是影响丰水期浮游生物群落结构的主要环境因素, 枯水期水温和溶解氧是驱动鄱阳湖浮游生物群落生态分布的主要环境因素。基于Shannon-Wiener(H′)、Margalef(d)和Pielou(J)等生物多样性指数的水质评价结果表明: 鄱阳湖研究区域水质状态处于寡污-中污之间。研究揭示了2个水文期对通江湖泊浮游生物的影响: 季节变化不改变湖泊浮游生物的物种组成及优势种, 但显著影响浮游生物的丰度及多样性。     

Exploring spatio-temporal patterns of plankton diversity and community structure as correlates of water quality in a tropical stream

Ecology of plankton in the downstream reaches of Kaduna River, Zungeru, Niger state, Nigeria was investigated between April and August 2015. Plankton and surface water samples were collected monthly from three stations for analysis of plankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters respectively. Station 1 is relatively unperturbed station located at the outskirts of Zungeru town, station 2 with moderate human activity located in Zungeru town while station 3 with minimal level of anthropogenic activities was located in Wushishi town about 7 km from station 2. The result revealed that the minimum and maximum values for pH water temperature, air temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate, Nitrate, and secchi disc transparency were 5.38–6.79, 25–31 °C, 26–31 °C, 32–72 μs/cm, 3.50–8.20 mg/l, 1.00–5.00 mg/l, 0.06–1.13 mg/l 0.44–1.31 mg/l, 39.140 cm respectively. A total of 26 species of zooplankton and 24 species of phytoplankton were encountered in the study. The highest number of plankton (20 taxa) was recorded at station 2 while station 1 with 18 taxa and station 3 with 13 representative taxa. For zooplankton, the highest number of taxa was recorded at station 1 (20 taxa), followed by station 3 (14 taxa) and 10 taxa in station 2 were identified. Copepoda of the order cyclopidae dominated all the three stations while Bacillariophyta dominated the three stations for phytoplankton diversity. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination was used to determine phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance in relation to the physico-chemical parameters. Nitrate, phosphate and dissolved oxygen had over riding influence on the distribution of the plankton in the water body which indicate that the river is still very productive in terms of providing starter food organisms for higher aquatic life. However, care should be taken to protect the river from further deterioration due to various degrees of human activities.     

Response of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in six reservoirs of the middle Missouri River (USA) to drought conditions and a major flood event

We assessed if the qualitative and quantitative aspects of plankton composition in reservoirs of the middle Missouri River were influenced by hydrologic variability. Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in six reservoirs of this highly regulated system were sampled between 2004 and 2011 during historic drought, subsequent recovery, and a 100-year flood event. The reservoir system encompasses a broad latitudinal gradient of decreasing depth, decreasing water residence time and increasing trophic state. Phytoplankton communities of the upper three reservoirs were co-dominated by planktonic and meroplanktonic diatoms during the drought, recovery, and flood periods, but the proportion of more silicified meroplanktonic diatoms increased in the lower three reservoirs as water residence time decreased. Peak phytoplankton biovolume usually occurred during spring/early summer and was associated with increased hydrologic inflows and outflows. Zooplankton biomass of the reservoir system was dominated by Daphnia spp., but all zooplankton groups decreased as inflows and outflows accelerated during the recovery and flood periods. Rotifer abundances were higher under turbulent conditions associated with dam operations. Canonical correlation analyses suggested that temperature, water residence time, station depth, and water clarity explained more variance in the structures of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities than bioavailable nutrient parameters.     

An annotated check-list of microalgae from Øvre Heimdalsvatn and its tributaries

About one hundred genera with more than 300 species have been identified in water samples, net haul material, periphyton samples from artificial substrate, and benthos and sediment samples collected during 1969–1972. More than 40 taxa of lower rank (subspecies, varieties, forms) were recorded. The most prominent algal groups were diatoms with 138 taxa, and green algae with 122 taxa of which the majority was desmids. The material from the epipelic and epilithic communities in the lake is very scarce, while the list of plankton species is relatively complete, with the exception that a large number of small flagellates could not be identified to species level. The taxa which were identified, are presented in a list with additional notes on occurrence.     

New Mesozoic and early Cenozoic spicular Nassellaria and Nassellaria-like Radiolaria

This paper continues a former study (Rev. Española Micropaleontol. 14 (1982b) 401), where the author described spicular nassellarian and entactinarian Radiolaria found in the Middle Triassic samples available at that time. Based on the study of new samples bearing well preserved radiolarians collected during the 20 years that followed the former publication, samples coming from Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene deposits, the author found that spicular Nassellaria are extremely rare in the post-Fassanian radiolarian faunas. Their fossil record is punctuated, their occurrences being separated by very long gaps. And even so, when they occur their number is usually reduced to one, two, or several specimens of a single species. Spicular Nassellaria are rare or very rare in the upper Spathian and Anisian, frequent in the upper Anisian-lower Ladinian, practically absent in the upper Ladinian and the whole upper Triassic and pre-Toarcian Lower Jurassic, rare in lower Toarcian, very rare in the Bajocian, rare in the lower Tithonian. No specimens were recorded in the other stages of the middle and upper Jurassic and in the whole Cretaceous, except for one in the Coniacian. In the Paleogene only five species belonging to four genera have been recorded in the upper Paleocene-middle Eocene. In the Neogene the only genus known so far is Neosemantis that occurs sporadically since the lower Miocene. A wider diversity is recorded in the living plankton or Recent sediments that comprise all genera and species described in the literature before 1970. It is suggested that this scarcity reflects their real scarcity in the tropical or subtropical seas of the past, but this scarcity was probably magnified by selective preservation. The idea of origination of spicular Nassellaria once or several times from shell-bearing Nassellaria by the reduction of shell during some environmental crises of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic or by hybridization is rejected because the group is rather unitary in its spicular structure and it shows a certain evolution from taxa with massive spines to taxa with three-bladed spines. Nassellarian-like spicular Radiolaria range within the boundaries of the Triassic; they seem to have disappeared by the end on the Norian.In order to give a complete inventory of these radiolarians all taxa known in the Mesozoic and lower Cenozoic are described, discussed, or just mentioned. They comprise 44 species of which 20 are new, 14 genera of which six are new (Palaeosemantis, Molzaxis, Daniplagia, Verticiplagia, Jeanpierria and Nandartia), three subfamilies of which one (Zaldacriinae) is new, and two families (Plagiacanthidae and Archaeosemantidae).     

Effect of main-stem dams on zooplankton communities of the Missouri River (USA)

The persistence of plankton in flowing water presents an enigma, i.e., how can populations be sustained while constantly losing individuals downriver? We examined the distribution and abundance of zooplankton from 146 sites on the Missouri River (USA) and found large shifts in the dominance of major taxa between management zones of this regulated river. Crustacean zooplankton were dominant in the inter-reservoir zone of the river, and their taxonomic composition was similar to regional lakes and reservoirs. The exponential decline of cladocerans and copepods with distance from main-stem dams suggests that conditions within the river are adverse to population growth and that reservoirs are the main source of these crustaceans in the river. Rotifers dominated in the channelized zone of the river. High algal biomass and rapid population growth rates likely allow persistence of rotifers in segments of the river that do not receive direct reservoir inputs. Rotifers were less abundant in the inter-reservoir zone, suggesting that their numbers are limited by internal processes, such as food or predators. Since zooplankton are known to be an important food for larval fishes in rivers, this shift of major taxa in regulated rivers has implications for river food webs.     

广东沿海与粤北山区中小型水库浮游生物群落比较分析

于丰水期和枯水期对广东山区水库(赤石迳水库)、沿海水库(大水桥、赤沙水库)三个水库的湖泊区和河流区进行研究,分析水质和浮游生物群落结构。三个水库之间的浮游生物群落均有所区别,地理位置和地形不同而引起的温度差异以及外源性营养盐输入是造成浮游生物种类和数量差异的主要原因。沿海水库不分层,而山区水库丰水期温跃层明显。各水库的氮磷比均较高,chl.a水平主要受磷限制,沿海水库则多喜暖性的种类,如裸藻、隐藻、沙居剑水蚤等,山区水库发现较多喜冷性浮游生物,如金藻、透明溞等,丰水期的甲藻丰度也相对高于枯水期。     

Mesh size and collection characteristics of 50-cm diameter conical plankton nets

This paper compares collection characteristics of #2-(363 µm), #10-(156 µm), and #20-(76 µm) mesh conical plankton nets: dimensions were 50-cm diameter by 1.6-m long. The #2-mesh net severely underestimated the abundances of Lake Michigan copepods and cladocerans with the exception of the largest species (Limnocalanus macrurus). Zooplankton abundance estimates were more similar for the #10- and #20-mesh nets collections. Nauplii, however, were severely undersampled by the #10-mesh net with abundance estimates approximately 8 to 12 times lower than for the #20-mesh net collections. Most other larger zooplankton were 50% more abundant in the 20-mesh net collections than in the #10-mesh net collections: such consistent differences occurred despite large variations in taxa size. This indicates that a sampling bias occurred other than the loss of zooplankton through the meshes of the #10 net. We hypothesize that, by incorrectly locating the flowmeter in the mouth of the plankton net, we underestimated the volume of water filtered by the easily-clogged #20-mesh net and therefore overestimated taxa abundances. We conclude that the #10-mesh net provided accurate estimates of microcrustacean zooplankton abundances except for nauplii. The #10-mesh net used in our study had a filtration area ratio of 3.06 and operated at a calculated average filtration efficiency of 98%. The #20-mesh net had a filtration area ratio of 1.86 and operated at calculated average filtration efficiencies ranging from 64.7% (41.7 m station) to 79.6% (6.3 m station). Calculations are presented which show how the filtration efficiencies of the nets used in our study could be improved by net redesign.     

Limnology of tropical impoundments: a comparative study of the major reservoirs in Madras State (India)

Summary A limnological study of seventeen man-made lakes has been made. Thermal features showed absence of stable thermal stratification. Cognisable thermocline did not exist. The South-Western reservoirs with low nutrient and salt content were very poor in productivity, but the high alkaline reservoirs were also not very productive. Some reservoirs with lower alkalinity, hardness and total solids developed algal blooms and were highly productive. Bhavanisagar and Stanley reservoirs with optimal levels of dissolved salts and alkalinity-hardness were fairly productive. Reservoirs with organic soils were better in productivity than those with higher silica content (Hope Lake, Poondi Reservoir, Vaigai etc.) Dissolved oxygen depletion in the bottom was characteristic of productive waters. Total oxygen depletion occurred in some of them but in a few depletion was rare and not of great severity. Klinograde curves were characteristic of productive reservoirs. Even when the bottom waters were low in or were devoid of dissolved oxygen the outflow from this level picked up oxygen within a short distance of 100 m. Effect of water replacement on plankton production is discussed. Primary production in the reservoirs has been compared and discussed. It is the silt-laden turbid waters that are poor in production. Water releases could be manipulated to assist spawning of fishes and for amelioration of pollution downstream.     

Assessing water quality of five typical reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River,China: Using a water quality index method

To assess water quality of reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River using the water quality index (WQI) method and try to compare water quality and main contaminations of mountain and Yellow River reservoirs, water samples were carried out over 6 years. Nine water variables were selected to participate WQI calculation by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). WQI values ranged from 17.8 to 77.8 in five reservoirs, which indicated “good” to “very poor” water quality of reservoirs. No significant differences in WQIs were found between mountain and Yellow River reservoirs. A major finding from our study is that mercury was the main contamination in 5 reservoirs, while TP (total phosphorus) and SO₄ were another main contaminations in mountain and Yellow River reservoirs, respectively. Application of the WQI is suggested to be a helpful tool that enables the public and decision makers to evaluate water quality of drinking reservoirs in lower reaches of Yellow River.     

Phytoplankton nyctemeral variation at a tropical river estuary (Itamaracá-Pernambuco-Brazil).

The Botafogo estuary is of socio-economical importance for Pernambuco State. It is located at the north of Santa Cruz Channel, Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil (07 degrees 42' 50 "S and 34 degrees 52' 10" W). There is a critical need to understand its functioning because of the rate at which this area is being converted to land uses. The phytoplankton dynamics was studied to enhance the knowledge of and verify the possible changes which have occurred in this ecosystem. Sampling was carried out with a plankton net 65 micrometers mesh size for qualitative data, and a Van Dorn bottle for quantitative data. Concurrent hydrological and chlorophyll-a data were collected. Samplings were made in one fixed station in July 1996 (rainy season) and December 1996 (dry season), at 3-hour intervals during 24 hours. Eighty-seven specific and infra-specific taxa were identified from net plankton samples. Diatoms were most frequent, mainly Coscinodiscus centralis and Odontella regia in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Phytoplankton density varied from 205,000 to 1,210,000 cell.L-1 in the dry season, and from 230,000 to 2,510,000 cell.L-1 in the rainy season, indicating eutrophic conditions. Most numerically abundant were the diatoms Cyclotella meneghiniana and Cylindrotheca closterium and the phytoflagellates. The ecosystem is polluted, and deleterious effects are minimized by the marine influence which allows periodic water renewal.