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1.
该研究运用紫外灭活的翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)精子刺激团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)卵子进行雌核发育,并于0~4℃冷水刺激条件下获得雌核发育团头鲂群体。在此基础上,于细胞遗传学(DNA含量测定、染色体数目检测及性腺发育观察)及分子遗传学水平(微卫星分析)研究了雌核发育团头鲂的细胞生物学以及遗传学性状。结果表明,雌核发育团头鲂DNA含量与普通团头鲂一致(2n=48),其外形特征与对照组极为相似,且均为雌性,为团头鲂性别决定方式(XY型)提供了细胞遗传学依据。同时,微卫星结果表明,在普通团头鲂、雌核发育团头鲂及翘嘴红鲌3个群体中共扩增出63个等位基因,雌核发育团头鲂群体平均观测杂合度和平均期望杂合度均显著低于亲本,即经过一代雌核发育,雌核发育团头鲂基因纯合度显著高于普通团头鲂和翘嘴红鲌,已达到快速建立纯系的目的,且雌核发育团头鲂群体与普通团头鲂群体遗传距离接近,即雌核发育为母系遗传。该研究为团头鲂遗传选育及品系改良提供了遗传材料。  相似文献   

2.
二倍体雌核发育鱼产生二倍体卵子的证据   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13  
张纯  孙远东  刘少军  刘筠 《遗传学报》2005,32(2):136-144
二倍体雌核发育第 1代 (G1)产生的二倍体卵子经紫外线灭活的散鳞镜鲤精子诱导 ,无需染色体加倍处理 ,发育成二倍体雌核发育第 2代 (G2 ) ;G1 产生的二倍体卵子与雄性异源四倍体鲫鲤 (AT)产生的二倍体精子结合 ,形成新型两性可育的异源四倍体鲫鲤 (G1 ×AT)。对G2 和新四倍体 (G1 ×AT)的体细胞染色体数目、生殖细胞染色体行为及性腺结构、外形、生长速度等生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明 :G2 体细胞染色体数目为 2n =1 0 0。在 6~ 1 2月龄G2 中 ,没有发现性成熟的个体 ,组织学切片结果表明 ,G2 性腺处于卵原细胞增殖阶段 ,与 1龄G1 的性腺发育相似 ,性腺发育迟缓。对 6~ 8个月龄G2 性腺染色体制片进行观察 ,结果表明 ,G2 生殖细胞的染色体没有二价体的形成 ,只有有丝分裂的迹象 ,其有丝分裂中期不但有 2n =1 0 0的染色体分裂相 ,还有 4n =2 0 0的染色体分裂相 ,甚至有接近 8n(380 )的分裂相 ,说明 1龄G2 的性腺中存在 2n、4n等多种类型的生殖细胞 ,其中 4n的生殖细胞经正常的减数分裂后可产生二倍体卵子。核内复制 (pre meioticendoreduplication)学说可以较好地解释这种不减半配子产生的现象。新四倍体 (G1 ×AT)体细胞染色体数目为 4n =2 0 0 ,雌雄新四倍体 (G1 ×AT)具有正常的性腺发育 ,在繁殖季  相似文献   

3.
人工诱导雌核发育日本白鲫   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
孙远东  张纯  刘少军  陶敏  曾琛  刘筠 《遗传学报》2006,33(5):405-412
分别用遗传失活的散鳞镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)精子诱导日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)进行雌核发育.未经冷休克处理,用UV照射过的镜鲤的精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为4 200 mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精获得(32.4±3.3)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.7±0.3)%杂交二倍体,而照射过的团头鲂精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为3 600mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精得到了(33.8±1.4)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.5-±0.3)%杂交二倍体.日本白鲫卵子分别经灭活的镜鲤、团头鲂的精子激活(精子经各自最佳UV剂量处理),施以冷休克处理(受精后2min,0-4℃,40min),其孵化率分别为(27.8±2.1)%和(29.4±3.3)%,发育到摄食期,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗分别为(15.7±3.4)%和(23.6±4.1)%,在镜鲤实验组中,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗占孵化鱼苗总数的56%,这比团头鲂实验组中正常雌核发育二倍体鱼苗的比率(达到80%)低,结果表明诱导日本白鲫雌核发育,与母本遗传关系远的团头鲂精子较镜鲤的更有效.从染色体数目、外形特征和性腺结构等方面证实雌核发育后代的生物学特性.雌核发育日本白鲫全为雌性,这表明其雌性是同配XX型.雌核发育日本白鲫在生产上将有着潜在的价值,如比普通日本白鲫长得更快,抗病能力强等.所有的雌核发育日本白鲫的染色体数目都是100,而所有的团头鲂与日本白鲫的杂交后代都是三倍体(3n=124),新三倍体鱼在鱼类养殖和理论研究中将存在潜在的价值.  相似文献   

4.
用团头鲂精子诱导金鱼雌核发育研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文用紫外灭活的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)精子激活金鱼 (Carassius auratus Goldfish)卵子,用0-4℃冷水冷休克处理卵子使其染色体加倍,得到成活的雌核发育金鱼。使用与金鱼不同亚科的团头鲂精子做为激活源能极大提高雌核发育后代的鉴定效率,只需依据外形特征、染色体数目和性腺发育程度,就能容易地将雌核发育金鱼和与团头鲂杂交后代区分开。雌核发育金鱼有两种体色不同的后代,但都为双尾,体形似金鱼,染色体数目为2n=100,全雌,性腺发育正常;而杂交后代为单尾,体形似鲫鱼,染色体数目为3n=124,性腺发育滞后。本实验为证明金鱼的性别决定方式为XX/XY型提供了细胞遗传学证据。得到两种体色皆不同于母本体色的后代,体色不同可能是基因座位纯化导致后代性状分化,也可能是异精效应导致。  相似文献   

5.
远缘杂交导致不同倍性鱼的形成   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
远缘杂交可以使基因组从一个物种转移到另一个物种中,从而导致杂交后代的表现型和基因型都发生改变.本文描述了在红鲫(♀)与鲤鱼(♂)的远缘杂交后代中,形成了F3~F18两性可育异源四倍体鲫鲤群体(4n=200,简称为4nAT).4nAT的雌、雄个体分别产生的二倍体卵子和二倍体精子,经过雌核发育和雄核发育,在没有染色体加倍处理情况下,分别发育成雌核发育二倍体后代和雄核发育二倍体后代.其中雌核发育体系衍生出具有遗传变异的改良四倍体鲫鲤和改良二倍体鱼,二倍体杂交鱼产生不减数的配子的现象与减数分裂前核内复制或者核内有丝分裂或者生殖细胞融合有关.用雄性4nAT与雌性二倍体鱼进行倍间交配大规模制备了不育三倍体鱼.在红鲫(♀)与团头鲂(♂)的远缘杂交后代中,成功地获得两性可育的天然雌核发育红鲫(2n=100),不育的三倍体鲫鲂(3n=124)以及两性可育的四倍体鲫鲂(4n=148),此外,还制备了两种五倍体鲫鲂(5n=172;5n=198).该文在细胞和分子水平上对不同倍性鱼的生物学特点和形成机制进行了比较,揭示了远缘杂交或者将远缘杂交与雌核发育和雄核发育相结合的方法在具有遗传变异的不同倍性鱼的形成中发挥着积极作用,这在生物进化和鱼类遗传育种方面都具有重要意义.  相似文献   

6.
雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因的全长cDNA克隆及表达分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因,其产物是减数分裂前期Ⅰ同源染色体配对所必需的。根据据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守的氨基酸基序设计简并引物,PCR扩增克隆获得了第四代雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤(G4)Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列。在此基础上,通过RACE获得了G4Dmc1基因全长cDNA序列,长度为1369bp,其中开放阅读框为1029bp,编码含342个氨基酸的蛋白质。同时,系统进化分析表明,在进化过程中Dmc1基因在鱼类中保持着高度保守的进化特征。RT-PCR结果表明,Dmc1基因只在G4性腺中表达,在其他组织中不表达。通过实时荧光定量PCR,对Dmc1基因在G4和普通鲤鱼的早期卵巢的表达进行分析,发现G4表达比鲤鱼高。由此可见,雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异基因,而且其高表达暗示雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤具有正常的减数分裂过程并且其早期性腺存在着多倍体卵原细胞。  相似文献   

7.
三倍体和二倍体银鲫的精子发生   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用透射电子显微镜观察了行雌核发育生殖的三倍体(体细胞具有150±染色体)和二倍体 (2n=100)银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)的精子发生过程.两种倍性的雄性的精子发生过程中,染色体数和细胞核的体积均呈3∶2的关系;而精巢的结构、细胞的形态和细胞器的构成均无明显的区别.其精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞几个阶段,精子细胞再经过精子形成过程成为精子;三倍体银鲫的精子发生与二倍体一样能正常完成减数分裂,形成形态和功能正常的雄性配子.正常的精子发生过程证明,体细胞具有150±条染色体的黑龙江银鲫是已经初步完成二倍化的三倍体,雄性个体在生殖群体中起着重要的作用;推测黑龙江银鲫的二倍体实际可能是四倍体,则三倍体的黑龙江银鲫为偶倍性的六倍体,因此其减数分裂可以正常进行,同时又经历了一定程度的二倍化,所以雄性可育,且参与繁殖后代 [动物学报 54(3):467-474,2008].  相似文献   

8.
以2n团头鲂为对照,对诱导产生的同源四倍体、自繁后代(4n-F1)和倍间交配后代(正交3n和反交3n)的染色体组型及形态遗传特征进行比较分析。结果发现:(1)团头鲂四倍体(包括4n和4n-F1)和正反倍间交配三倍体的染色体众数分别为96和72,是2n团头鲂的2倍和1·5倍;在四倍体团头鲂组型排列中,sm1的四条较大的染色体明显可见,可视为标记染色体;(2)9个比例性状的测量结果显示,多倍体的体长/体高、体长/头长比例值显著小于2n团头鲂(P<0·05);而对于背棘长/体长比例值,多倍体则显著大于2n团头鲂(P<0·05);(3)29个参数的主成分分析结果表明,团头鲂同源4n、4n-F1、倍间交配3n及2n团头鲂等5个不同倍性群体的传统形态差别很大部分是由躯干部的形态差异,主要是体长/体高引起的,可作为团头鲂多倍体与二倍体群体鉴别的形态依据;(4)聚类结果显示,正交3n和反交3n相聚类,亲缘关系最近,然后,它们与4n-F1聚类后,再与4n奠基群体聚类,与二倍体群体的聚类关系较远[动物学报51(3):455-461,2005]。  相似文献   

9.
鲤鱼染色体组人工调控的核型证明   总被引:9,自引:4,他引:5  
以囊胚细胞制备鲤鱼单倍体染色体永久片并分析了单倍体染色体的核型。用囊胚细胞及白细胞培养法制取雌核二倍体及人工三倍体的永久片。以单倍体的核型为根据对人工二倍体及三倍体的染色体配对证明,人工诱发雌核二倍体的染色体是来自两个完整的染色体组,而人工三倍体的染色体则依不同个体而有差异。有部分个体的染色体来自三套完整的染色体组,但大部分个体是非整倍体,前者的雌性个体性腺发育正常,后者是不育的。  相似文献   

10.
湖南师范大学鱼类发育生物学研究室在成功研制了四倍体鲫鲤群体(F3-F18)的基础上,利用四倍体鲫鲤群体产生的二倍体卵子本身具有2套染色体组的特点,通过雌核发育技术,在没有染色体加倍处理情况下,经灭活的散鳞镜鲤精子刺激,建立了一个能大量产生二倍体卵子的雌核发育二倍体克隆体系(G1-G5)。有关该研究  相似文献   

11.
12.
An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.  相似文献   

13.
14.
Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.  相似文献   

15.
16.
Mammals with more rapid and agile locomotion have larger semicircular canals relative to body mass than species that move more slowly. Measurements of semicircular canals in extant mammals with known locomotor behaviours can provide a basis for testing hypotheses about locomotion in fossil primates that is independent of postcranial remains, and a means of reconstructing locomotor behaviour in species known only from cranial material. Semicircular canal radii were measured using ultra high resolution X-ray CT data for 9 stem primates (“plesiadapiforms”; n = 11), 7 adapoids (n = 12), 4 omomyoids (n = 5), and the possible omomyoid Rooneyia viejaensis (n = 1). These were compared with a modern sample (210 species including 91 primates) with known locomotor behaviours. The predicted locomotor agilities for extinct primates generally follow expectations based on known postcrania for those taxa. “Plesiadapiforms” and adapids have relatively small semicircular canals, suggesting they practiced less agile locomotion than other fossil primates in the sample, which is consistent with reconstructions of them as less specialized for leaping. The derived notharctid adapoids (excluding Cantius) and all omomyoids sampled have relatively larger semicircular canals, suggesting that they were more agile, with Microchoerus in particular being reconstructed as having had very jerky locomotion with relatively high magnitude accelerations of the head. Rooneyia viejaensis is reconstructed as having been similarly agile to omomyids and derived notharctid adapoids, which suggests that when postcranial material is found for this species it will exhibit features for some leaping behaviour, or for a locomotor mode requiring a similar degree of agility.  相似文献   

17.
In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.  相似文献   

18.
A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.  相似文献   

19.
MicroRNAs are indispensable players in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Here, we report the first deep sequencing of the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver. We mapped 91 miRNAs in the Callorhinchus milii genome that have previously been described in the Danio rerio, Fugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis, Xenopus tropicalis, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus. In addition, 156 new putative candidate (PC) C. plagiosum miRNAs were identified. From these 247 miRNAs, 39 miRNA clusters were identified, and the expression of these clustered miRNAs was observed to vary significantly. A total of 7 candidate miRNAs were selected for expression confirmation by stem-loop RT-PCR. This study resulted in the addition of a significant number of novel miRNA sequences to GenBank and laid the foundation for further understanding of the function of miRNAs in the regulation of C. plagiosum liver development.  相似文献   

20.
In eukaryotes, mature rRNA sequences are produced from single large (45S) precursor (pre-rRNA) as the result of successive removal of spacers through a series of rapid and intricate actions of endo- and exonucleases. The excision of internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), a eukaryotic-specific insertion, remains the most elusive processing step. ITS2 is the element mandatory for all eukaryotic pre-rRNAs that contain at least three processing cleavage sites for precise 5.8S and 28S formation. Conserved core sequences (cis-elements) binding to trans-factors provide for precise rRNA processing, whereas rapidly diverging regions between the core sequences preserve internal complementarity, which guarantees the spatial integrity of ITS2. Characteristic differences in the formation of such insertions during evolution should reflect the relationships between taxa. The phylogeny of the reptiles and the relationships between taxa proposed by scientists are controversial. To delineate the structural and functional features preserved among reptilian ITS2s, we cloned and sequenced 58 ITS2s belonging to four reptile orders: Squamata, Crocodilians, Aves, and Testudines. We studied the subsequent alignment and folding of variable regions. The sizes and packing of the loop–stems between conserved consensus segments in reptiles vary considerably between taxa. Our phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of the reptile ITS2s primary structural alignments revealed a split between Iguania clade and all other taxa. True lizards (suborder Scleroglossa) and snakes (suborder Serpentes) show sister relationships, as well as the two other reptilian orders, Crocodilia + Aves and Testudines. In summary, our phylogenetic trees exhibit a mix of specific features deduced or, to the contrary, rejected earlier by other authors.  相似文献   

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