多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs)为一独特性的生物活性物质,在生物系统中具有广泛的功能。过去二十年的研究已经揭示了其作用、参与类二十烷的代谢机理及在哺乳动物中的体内平衡功能。越来越多的研究认为：在类二十烷代谢系统中,采用普通的医疗条件治因多不饱和脂肪酸吸收和代谢紊乱所致的疾病效果甚微。随着PUFAs开发应用领域的扩大,纯PUFAs脂质的需求量越来越多,而来自于植物、哺乳动物和海洋鱼的PUFAs远远不能满足市场需求,微生物特别是藻类、真菌能合成几乎所有的PUFAs并能在工业规模上培育而被视为有开发价值的可替代的生物资源。     

类二十烷酸代谢组学在心血管疾病研究中的应用与进展

类二十烷酸是一类由多不饱和脂肪酸代谢而成的脂质活性分子。近年来,类二十烷酸在心血管系统疾病中的作用和调控机制受到广泛关注。在哺乳动物体内,类二十烷酸主要由花生四烯酸和其他多不饱和脂肪酸经四种途径代谢生成,包括环氧化酶途径、脂氧化酶途径、细胞色素P450氧化酶途径以及自发氧化途径。由于类二十烷酸代谢调控呈现出高度复杂的网络特性,因此,代谢组学成为系统研究类二十烷酸代谢网络调控的有效策略。本文将对类二十烷酸的生物合成及其功能、类二十烷酸代谢组学的研究策略及其在心血管疾病中的应用和研究进展进行综述,以期为心血管系统生理过程调控机制提供理论基础以及为临床精准治疗提供新的思路和策略。     

n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例对机体生理功能的调节

多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA),尤其是n-6和n-3 PUFAs,不仅是人体必需营养素,在调节和预防人类疾病方面同时发挥着重要作用。n-6和n-3 PUFAs在哺乳动物细胞内不能相互转换,且是动植物细胞膜的重要组成成分,具有不同的生理功能。细胞膜多不饱和脂肪酸组成比例很大程度上由膳食决定,因此平衡膳食中n-6/n-3 PUFAs具有重要意义。本文总结了n-6和n-3 PUFAs的代谢途径和作用机制,结合临床试验,阐述了平衡n-6/n-3 PUFA的重要性。     

利用代谢组学研究血流剪切力对内皮细胞类二十烷酸代谢产物的影响

本文旨在研究血流剪切力对内皮细胞多不饱和脂肪酸产生的类二十烷酸代谢产物的影响,以阐明不同模式的血流剪切力对内皮细胞功能的影响及机制。首先,分别给予人脐静脉内皮细胞对照静止(Static)、层流型剪切力(laminar shear stress,LSS)、振荡型剪切力(oscillatory shear stress, OSS)处理6 h后,用新鲜的M199培养液孵育内皮细胞3 h,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测孵育培养液中内皮细胞分泌的类二十烷酸代谢产物的水平。结果显示:在不同的血流剪切力作用下,类二十烷酸代谢的水平有显著改变。我们筛选出OSS组相对于LSS组显著上调的10种代谢物,包括由环氧合酶产生的代谢产物PGD2、PGE2、PGF2α以及PGJ2,由脂氧合酶或自发氧化作用产生的11-HETE、15-HETE、13-HDoHE,以及由细胞色素P450氧化酶和可溶性环氧化物水解酶产生的12,13-EpOME、9,10-EpOME、9,10-DiHOME,并从离体和在体水平验证了类二十烷酸代谢酶mRNA表达水平升高。以上结果表明OSS可能通过上调代谢酶基因的转录水平促进类二十烷酸代谢产物的升高,从而在动脉粥样硬化发生与发展中起关键作用。本研究利用代谢组学技术从整体上研究了类二十烷酸代谢产物对血流剪切力的响应,为血流动力学的系统生物学研究做出了重要的补充。     

来源于线虫Caenorhabditis briggssae 的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的合成及其功能分析

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3PUFAs)是一类被广泛研究和关注的脂肪酸,对人类及其他哺乳动物的正常发育和保持良好的健康状况极其重要,并且对于人类的多种疾病的预防和治疗亦有着明显的作用。在人和哺乳动物体内,ω-3PUFAs的含量与ω-6PUFAs(其代谢方式和功能与前者不同,通常其作用也相反)相比很低。而对于人体,无论ω-3PUFAs的过低还是ω-6PUFAs的过高都会带来极为不利的影响。所以人们一直在努力寻求提高人体中ω-3PUFAs含量的途径或者大量生产ω-3PUFAs的方法。本研究经过密码子优化后,用化学合成的方法获得了C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1,并构建了哺乳动物细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1-sFat1-EGFP,通过脂质体转染了CHO细胞系并对其进行抗性筛选获得稳定转染细胞株。对稳定转染sFat-1细胞株的RT-PCR分析及脂肪酸组成的GC-MS分析表明,sFat1基因完全能够在CHO细胞中表达和发挥其ω-3去饱和酶的作用,即促使ω-6系列不饱和脂肪酸转变为相应的ω-3系列不饱和脂肪酸(从十八碳到二十二碳)。ω-6不饱和脂肪酸总量从48.97%下降到35.29%,而ω-3不饱和脂肪酸总量则相应地从7.86%上升到24.02%。ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值从正常细胞中的6.23下降到转染细胞中的1.47。这说明C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1的合成是成功的,试验所获得的结果为今后的进一步的研究或应用其大量生产ω-3PUFAs奠定了基础。     

来源于线虫Caenorhabditis briggssae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3 PUFAs）是一类被广泛研究和关注的脂肪酸,对人类及其他哺乳动物的正常发育和保持良好的健康状况极其重要,并且对于人类的多种疾病的预防和治疗亦有着明显的作用。在人和哺乳动物体内,ω-3 PUFAs的含量与ω-6 PUFAs（其代谢方式和功能与前者不同,通常其作用也相反）相比很低。而对于人体,无论ω-3 PUFAs的过低还是ω-6 PUFAs的过高都会带来极为不利的影响。所以人们一直在努力寻求提高人体中ω-3 PUFAs含量的途径或者大量生产ω-PUFAs的方法。本研究经过密码子优化后,用化学合成的方法获得了C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1,并构建了哺乳动物细胞表达载体pcDNA31-sFat1-EGFP,通过脂质体转染了CHO细胞系并对其进行抗性筛选获得稳定转染细胞株。对稳定转染sFat-1细胞株的RT-PCR分析及脂肪酸组成的GC-MS分析表明,sFat1基因完全能够在CHO细胞中表达和发挥其ω-3去饱和酶的作用,即促使ω-6系列不饱和脂肪酸转变为相应的ω-3系列不饱和脂肪酸（从十八碳到二十二碳）。Ω-6不饱和脂肪酸总量从48.97%下降到35.29%,而ω-3不饱和脂肪酸总量则相应地从7.86%上升到24.02%。Ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值从正常细胞中的6.23下降到转染细胞中的1.47。这说明C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1的合成是成功的,试验所获得的结果为今后的进一步的研究或应用其大量生产ω-3PUFAs奠定了基础。     

微生物多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

介绍了多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)的微生物来源在微生物体内的代谢途径、分子生物学研究进展以及微生物的发酵生产状况。重点论述了微生物PUFAs的最新分子生物学研究进展。     

fat-1转基因动物研究进展

转染秀丽隐杆线虫fat-1基因后的哺乳动物具备了将n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)转化为n-3 PUFAs的能力,可降低动物机体的n-6/n-3 PUFAs比例.n-3 PUFAs有益于人类健康,可减少多种相关疾病发生的风险,但人体内不能合成n-3 PUFAs,其必须依赖于富含n-3 PUFAs的食品,fat-1转基因动物将成为人类必需的n-3 PUFAs的重要来源.对fat-1及其转基因动物的研究现状进行综述.     

水生动物脂肪酸延长酶基因研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)对人类具有重要的生理作用,但由于人类缺乏从头合成这些脂肪酸的能力,而必须从食物中获得,鱼类等水生动物中二十碳五烯酸(20:5n-3,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(22:6n-3,DHA)等多不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,从而使得鱼类等水生动物成为人们获得PUFAs的主要途径。鱼类等水生动物体内PUFAs的合成是在一系列去饱和酶和延长酶的作用下实现的,其中长链脂肪酸延长酶是合成PUFAs必不可少的一类关键酶。本研究总结了水生动物长链多不饱和脂肪酸合成的过程,综述了水生动物中脂肪酸延长酶基因的研究进展和未来的发展方向。     

过表达ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶基因fat-1保护小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞避免凋亡

由于膳食原因,人体摄入ω-6PUFAs/ω-3PUFAs比例过高,脂类代谢严重失衡.鉴于ω-3PUFAs获取困难而且人体无催化ω-6PUFAs向ω-3PUFAs转化的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶,本研究体外扩增来源于秀丽线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶基因（fat-l）cDNA,构建了真核表达载体pEGFPC1-fat-1,将该基因转染入小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞;激发荧光与RT-PCR方法检测转染pEGFPC1-fat-1细胞表达该基因,气相色谱分析显示该转染细胞中ω-6PUFAs/ω-3PUFAs的比例降低;细胞抑制率实验显示转染细胞的MTT吸光值升高（P <0.05）;双染法流式细胞仪分析转染细胞凋亡降低,结果表明fat-1基因即使在高浓度ω-6PUFAs的细胞毒作用下,依然能够发挥将ω-6PUFAs脱氢转化为与ω-3PUFAs的生理功能,抑制3T3细胞凋亡,促进细胞生长增殖,实现了较强的细胞保护功能.     

Dietary unsaturated fatty acids: interactions and possible needs in relation to eicosanoid synthesis

In addition to providing energy and essential fatty acids, dietary fatty acids can affect numerous biochemical and physiologic reactions related to secretory, cardiovascular, and immune functions. The major dietary unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, affects tissue arachidonic acid and can influence eicosanoid-mediated reactions. Chronic, excess, or imbalanced eicosanoid synthesis may be conductive to excessive inflammation, thrombotic tendencies, atherosclerosis, and immune suppression. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may ameliorate eicosanoid-related phenomena by reducing tissue arachidonic acid and by inhibiting eicosanoid synthesis. This review summarizes information concerning the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids, with emphasis on tissue arachidonic acid levels and eicosanoids, and discusses the need for data concerning the appropriate intake of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFAs to modulate arachidonic acid and eicosanoid synthesis and to minimize possible adverse reactions.     

Oocyte signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids control sperm recruitment in vivo

A fundamental question in animal development is how motile cells find their correct target destinations. During mating in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, males inject sperm through the hermaphrodite vulva into the uterus. Amoeboid sperm crawl around fertilized eggs to the spermatheca--a convoluted tube where fertilization occurs. Here, we show that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the precursors of eicosanoid signalling molecules, function in oocytes to control directional sperm motility within the uterus. PUFAs are transported from the intestine, the site of fat metabolism, to the oocytes yolk, which is a lipoprotein complex. Loss of the RME-2 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, which mediates yolk endocytosis and fatty acid transport into oocytes, causes severe defects in sperm targeting. We used an RNAi screen to identify lipid regulators required for directional sperm motility. Our results support the hypothesis that PUFAs function in oocytes as precursors of signals that control sperm recruitment to the spermatheca. A common property of PUFAs in mammals and C. elegans is that these fats control local recruitment of motile cells to their target tissues.     

Review: the role of omega 3 fatty acids in intestinal inflammation

The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in inflammatory lesions of the intestines is the subject of increasing research. This review begins with a background discussion of the source, elongation, and desaturation of PUFAs, as well as the role they have played in the human diet through evolution. The available data and hypotheses as to how manipulation of PUFAs might effect the various components of the immune system are then provided. Possible mechanisms by which PUFAs result in immunomodulation include alterations in eicosanoid synthesis, membrane fluidity, signal transduction, intraluminal bacteria, and gene expression. Attention is then turned to the known effects that these polyunsaturated fatty acids have on the various individual components of the immune system including lymphocytes, neutrophils, and antigen presenting cells, as well as the immunoregulatory process of apoptosis. Finally, laboratory data on the role of PUFAs in necrotizing enterocolitis, and to a greater extent inflammatory bowel disease, first as demonstrated in animal models of the disease, and second in human studies are then summarized.     

Could n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce pathological pain by direct actions on the nervous system?

The intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in many industrialized countries is relatively low and its increased consumption has protective and modifying effects on such diverse conditions as atherosclerosis, ventricular arrhythmias, multiple sclerosis, major depression and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In addition, n-3 PUFAs have been shown to alleviate pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and in a number of other painful conditions. This has been attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory eicosanoid and cytokine production by peripheral tissues. n-3 PUFAs have also been shown to inhibit eicosanoid production in glial cells, block voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), inhibit neuronal protein kinases and modulate gene expression. They also appear to have mood-stabilizing and sympatholytic effects. The present article explores the possibility that, based on what is known about their neural and non-neural effects, n-3 PUFAs directly attenuate the neuronal and glial processes that underlie neuropathic and inflammatory pain.     

Polyunsaturated fatty acid derived signaling in reproduction and development: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a diverse range of critical functions in biological systems. PUFAs modulate the biophysical properties of membranes and, along with their derivatives, the eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, form a wide array potent lipid signaling molecules. Much of our early understanding of PUFAs and PUFA‐derived signaling stems from work in mammals; however, technological advances have made comprehensive lipid analysis possible in small genetic models such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. These models have a number of advantages, such as simple anatomy and genome‐wide genetic screening techniques, which can broaden our understanding of fatty‐acid‐derived signaling in biological systems. Here we review what is known about PUFAs, eicosanoids, and endocannabinoids in the development and reproduction of C. elegans and D. melanogaster. Fatty acid signaling appears to be fundamental for multicellular organisms, and simple invertebrates often employ functionally similar pathways. In particular, studies in C. elegans and Drosophila are providing insight into the roles of PUFAs and PUFA‐derived signaling in early developmental processes, such as meiosis, fertilization, and early embryonic cleavage. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 244–259, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their cytochrome P450-derived metabolites suppress colorectal tumor development in mice

Many studies have shown that dietary intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduces the risks of colorectal cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we used a LC–MS/MS-based lipidomics to explore the role of eicosanoid signaling in the anti-colorectal cancer effects of ω-3 PUFAs. Our results showed that dietary feeding of ω-3 PUFAs-rich diets suppressed growth of MC38 colorectal tumor, and modulated profiles of fatty acids and eicosanoid metabolites in C57BL/6 mice. Notably, we found that dietary feeding of ω-3 PUFAs significantly increased levels of epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs, metabolites of ω-3 PUFA produced by cytochrome P450 enzymes) in plasma and tumor tissue of the treated mice. We further showed that systematic treatment with EDPs (dose=0.5 mg/kg per day) suppressed MC38 tumor growth in mice, with reduced expressions of pro-oncogenic genes such as C-myc, Axin2, and C-jun in tumor tissues. Together, these results support that formation of EDPs might contribute to the anti-colorectal cancer effects of ω-3 PUFAs.     

Effects of altering dietary fatty acid composition on prostaglandin synthesis and fertility

Several studies over the past 20 years have demonstrated that subjects on diets composed of substances with high levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (e.g. fish) have a decreased incidence of heart disease. On this basis, a recent report from the Department of Health has advised UK consumers to decrease the proportion of saturated as opposed to unsaturated fats in their diet and to increase the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFAs. This could be achieved by altering the amounts of these constituents in milk and meat. n-3 Fatty acids can most easily be added to animal feed as either fish oil or linseed oil and can be increased in the blood and milk of ruminants following protection to avoid hydrogenation in the rumen. In western countries the ratio of consumption of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs is greater than 10 and current evidence tends to suggest that a ratio nearer 5 would be more desirable and compatible with cardiovascular well being. As fertility in the UK dairy herd is already poor, it is important to establish whether alterations in dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFAs affects herd fertility before widespread changes in animal diets are recommended. Therefore, this review considers the role played by PUFAs and eicosanoids in fertility, with particular reference to the implications for farm livestock production. The evidence reviewed shows that alteration of the concentration and ratio of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in feeds can influence prostaglandin synthesis/metabolism in a number of mammalian systems. The changed patterns of prostaglandin synthesis can as a consequence, affect the diverse functions (e.g. hormone secretion) that are normally mediated via prostaglandins. Similarly, changes in prostaglandin synthesis effected through manipulation of PUFAs has a major bearing on fertility (as PGs affect many reproductive parameters, e.g. ovulation). Several studies in cattle and other mammals, show that feeding or infusing different types of fat with varying PUFA content to females can alter: the number and size of ovarian follicles, the ovulation rate, progesterone production by the corpus luteum, the timing of luteolysis and gestational length. In the male most recent work has focussed on sperm production and experiments in fowl have demonstrated clear effects of dietary PUFAs on both the sperm membrane phospholipid composition and on fertilizing ability.     

Modulation of T-cell signalling by non-esterified fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to be immunosuppressive. In particular, they can decrease important T-cell functions that may have a profound impact on the acquired immune response. Several mechanisms may explain the immunosuppressive properties of PUFAs. Here we review the mechanisms by which they interfere with T-cell activation. PUFAs affect lipid rafts composition and function that play an essential role in T-cell signalling. The possible physiological and pathological significances of this immunomodulation by PUFAs are discussed. Further mechanistic studies and randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to assess more accurately their effects in healthy and pathological states.