番茄属和茄属的属间细胞杂交研究进展

综述了番茄属和茄属的属间细胞杂交研究进展,并对植物细胞杂交研究的发展和存在问题进行了讨论。     

中国景天属一新亚属——楚雄亚属

经鉴定近年来各单位在西南地区采得的景天属标本,发现采自云南楚雄境内的一号标本,其归属碍于适当安排、因为从蝎尾状聚伞花序和短缩的花梗看,应属于景天亚属(Sedum L.subgen.Sedum),但从蓇葖的直立,而腹面无浅囊状隆起,则又应属于山景天亚属(Sedum L.subgen.Oreades K.T.Fu)。故作者认为将其置于景天属之下,另建立一个新亚属,作为景天亚属向山景天亚属过渡之亚属较为适宜。     

山白树属及其近缘属聚类分析

运用系统聚类分析法,对山白树属及其近缘属进行定量分析,结果表明山白树属与牛鼻栓属亲缘关系密切,可组成一族,该族与蚊母树族有着较近的亲缘。     

圆星虫属及其类同属

在中、新生代陆相地层中,有三属介形类化石(圆星虫属(Metacypris)、季米利亚虫属(Timiriasevia)和兽神虫属(Theriosynoecum))的外形、壳饰都很相似,难以鉴别。它们的壳体构造亦较简单,差别不大。因此,在分类问题上,各学者的意见不一。有的学者将相似类型的种类,分别定为不同的属;另一些学者将不同类型的种类,又归在一起,造成这三属介形类的种与种之间的混杂现象。为了探讨这个问题的解决途径,笔者通过我国现有的这类介形类化石标本的研究,对这三个相近似属的特征进行比较,明确各属的定义。笔者认为季米利亚虫属应予废除,将其中一部分种归入圆星虫属,另一部分种建立一个新属,取名为枣星虫(Ziziphocypris)。文中描述了8个种,其中3个是新种。     

中国无忧花属、仪花属和紫荆属资料

<正> 无忧花属 Saraca Linn. 1.云南无忧花(新拟) Saraca griffithiana Prain in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 66(2): 419.1887; G. F. P. Zuijderh. in Blumea 15: 417. 1967.     

金叶树属和土楠属——云南的两新记录属

报道云南热带地区两个新记录属,它们是山榄科（Sapotaceae）的金叶树属（Chrysophyllum）和樟科（Lauraceae）的土楠属（Endiandra）,并报道该地区的两个新记录种,即金叶树（Chrysophyllum lanceolatum var.stellatocarpon）和长果土楠（Endiandra dolichocarpa）。     

油料植物一新属——蒜头果属

萼小,4深裂。花瓣4片,下位,镊合状排列,内面下部有棉毛,先端内折。雄蕊为花瓣数的两倍;花丝丝状;花药线状,直立,腰着,纵向开裂。子房上位,下部2室,近顶端1室;花柱不分枝;柱头近头状,微2裂;胚珠在每室内有1颗,线状,悬垂。核果扁球形,基部稍收狭,果肉肉质,核木质,有种子1颗;种子球形或扁球形,附着在核内部顶端;胚乳丰富,多少肉质。     

中国新记录属——枝穗霉属（丝孢纲）

Clonostachys phyllophila and Clonostachys rogersoniana were isolated from rhizosphere soil of Allium tuberosum in Chaoyang, Liaoning Province. It is the first report of the genus in China. The species was described morphologically and illustrated in this paper, the culture was stored in the Culture Collection of Liaoning Center of Culture Collection (LCCC).     

中国一新记录属-加氏菌属

从辽宁省鞍山市采集的玉米罹病籽粒上分离得到甜菜加氏菌Gabarnaudia betae。加氏菌属Gabarnaudia为我国新记录属。本文对其培养形态特征进行了描述,菌种保藏在大连民族学院真菌菌种保藏中心(菌株号IBE000935)。     

Clonostachys rosea BAFC3874 as a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum antagonist: mechanisms involved and potential as a biocontrol agent

Aims: To establish the modes of action of the antagonistic fungal strain Clonostachys rosea BAFC3874 isolated from suppressive soils against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and to determine its potential as a biocontrol agent. Methods and Results: The antagonistic activity of C. rosea BAFC3874 was determined in vitro by dual cultures. The strain effectively antagonized S. sclerotiorum in pot‐grown lettuce and soybean plants. Antifungal activity assays of C. rosea BAFC3874 grown in culture established that the strain produced antifungal compounds against S. sclerotiorum associated with secondary metabolism. High mycelial growth inhibition coincided with sclerotia production inhibition. The C. rosea strain produced a microheterogeneous mixture of peptides belonging to the peptaibiotic family. Moreover, mycoparasitism activity was observed in the dual culture. Conclusions: Clonostachys rosea strain BAFC3874 was proved to be an effective antagonist against the aggressive soil‐borne pathogen S. sclerotiorum in greenhouse experiments. The main mechanisms involve peptaibiotic metabolite production and mycoparasitism activity. Significance and Impact of the Study: Clonostachys rosea BAFC3874 may be a good fungal biological control agent against S. sclerotiorum. In addition, we were also able to isolate and identify peptaibols, an unusual family of compounds in this genus of fungi.     

Production of TMC-151, TMC-154 and TMC-171, a new class of antibiotics, is specific to ‘Gliocladium roseum’ group

A novel class of fungal metabolites, TMC-151, TMC-154, and TMC-171 series compounds, was found exclusively inGliocladium catenulatum, Clonostachys rosea and closely related strains. These compounds were not detected in any other fungi examined. The production spectrum of each component was correlated to the morphology of the secondary conidiophores and the conidia. TMC-151 was limited toClonostachys rosea (formerlyG. roseum) forming navicular or reniform conidia orG. catenulatum with gray-green conidial masses, whereas TMC-154 and 171 were limited to the strains closely related toGliocladium roseum, which grew more slowly and formed more symmetrical conidia.     

Biology and applications of Clonostachys rosea

Clonostachys rosea is a promising saprophytic filamentous fungus that belongs to phylum Ascomycota. Clonostachys rosea is widespread around the world and exists in many kinds of habitats, with the highest frequency in soil. As an excellent mycoparasite, C. rosea exhibits strong biological control ability against numerous fungal plant pathogens, nematodes and insects. These behaviours are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms such as secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes, production of antifungal secondary metabolites and induction of plant defence systems. Besides having significant biocontrol activity, C. rosea also functions in the biodegradation of plastic waste, biotransformation of bioactive compounds, as a bioenergy sources and in fermentation. This mini review summarizes information about the biology and various applications of C. rosea and expands on its possible uses.     

Real-time RT-PCR expression analysis of chitinase and endoglucanase genes in the three-way interaction between the biocontrol strain Clonostachys rosea IK726, Botrytis cinerea and strawberry

Clonostachys rosea is a well-known biocontrol agent against Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold in strawberry. The activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes might play a significant role for successful biocontrol by C. rosea. The expression pattern of four chitinases, and two endoglucanase genes from C. rosea strain IK726 was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR in vitro and in strawberry leaves during interaction with B. cinerea. Specific primers were designed for beta-tubulin genes from C. rosea and B. cinerea, respectively, and a gene encoding a DNA-binding protein (DBP) from strawberry, allowing in situ activity assessment of each fungus in vitro and during their interaction on strawberry leaves. Growth of B. cinerea was inhibited in all pathogen-antagonist interactions while the activity of IK726 was slightly increased. In all in vitro interactions, four of the six genes were upregulated while no change in expression of two endochitinases was measured. In strawberry leaves, the chitinase genes were upregulated 2-12-fold, except one of the endochitinases, whereas no change in expression of the two endoglucanases was measured. The results suggest that three out of four chitinase genes of IK726 are involved in biocontrol on leaves. This is the first example of monitoring of expression of chitinolytic genes in interactions between biocontrol agents and pathogens in plant material.     

Evaluation of fungal antagonists for grey mould management in early growth of pot roses

Several filamentous fungi can reduce disease incidence and suppress sporulation of Botrytis cinerea during early establishment and vegetative growth of pot roses. Two isolates of Ulocladium atrum were the most successful of those fungi tested, were consistently more effective than the fungicide, iprodione and not different from each other. Tween 80, added as a dispersant, had no effect on the efficacy of U. atrum. An isolate of Clonostachys rosea also gave better disease control than iprodione, although not to the levels given by isolates of U. atrum, nor was its behaviour consistent across experiments. Another isolate of C. rosea performed well in one trial, had no discernible effect in a second and was excluded from the third due to poor inoculum quality. Commercial Trichoderma harzianum preparations (Trichodex and Supresivit) failed to reduce disease incidence under the high disease pressure of these experiments, but did reduce sporulation of the pathogen relative to untreated controls.     

Use of Clonostachys rosea against sheep nematodes developing in pastures

The fungus Clonostachys rosea f. rosea has the potential to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep. A study was conducted using adult Merino sheep. Gender, egg count and initial body weights (BWs) were used to categorise animals into four groups which were randomly assigned to one of four C. rosea dietary treatments. Treatments were mixed with a complete diet and fed to sheep once daily for 10 weeks. There was no effect of treatment on eggs per gram of faeces. However, treatments reduced the number of larvae per gram in faecal cultures (P < 0.001) and larval development (LD) time (P < 0.001). Efficacy of treatments increased (P < 0.001) with time. On Day 70, treatments of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g of C. rosea chlamydospores per kilogram BW reduced LD time by 33, 72 and 89%, respectively, whereas in the control, LD was reduced by only 2.6%. C. rosea significantly (P < 0.001) reduced numbers of third-stage larvae (L₃) found in pastures. Our findings suggest that daily feeding with C. rosea has a potential to reduce larval stages of GIN in pastures.     

Suppressive soil against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a source of potential biocontrol agents: selection and evaluation of Clonostachys rosea BAFC1646

The fungal diversity structures of soils that are suppressive and non-suppressive to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were characterised and screened for fungal strains antagonistic to the S. sclerotiorum pathogen. Soil suppressiveness was associated with a particular fungal diversity structure. Principal component analysis showed that antagonism by fungal species in suppressive soils was associated with the occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Talaromyces flavus var. flavus and Clonostachys rosea f. rosea. In particular, C. rosea f. rosea occurred exclusively in suppressive soil samples, suggesting that this morpho-species plays an important role in suppression of S. sclerotiorum diseases. One strain of C. rosea f. rosea (BAFC1646) was selected for further experiments. Dual-culture assays confirmed the antagonistic behaviour of C. rosea f. rosea BAFC1646 against three different S. sclerotiorum strains. Antifungal activity was corroborated by diffusion assays with metabolite extracts. Greenhouse assays with soybean plants showed that the selected C. rosea f. rosea strain reduced the percentage of dead plants when co-inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. In addition, inclusion of C. rosea f. rosea alone increased shoot lengths significantly. In this work, we established the involvement of fungal species in soil suppressiveness and in further assays confirmed that C. rosea f. rosea BAFC1646 exhibits a bioprotective effect against S. sclerotiorum in soybean plants.     

中国寄蝇属一新种记述(双翅目,寄蝇科)

记述双翅目寄蝇科寄蝇属1新种,辽宁寄蝇Tachina liaoningensis sp.nov..模式标本保存于沈阳师范大学昆虫标本馆(SNU).